Web-based Korean maximum residue limit evaluation tools: an applied example of maximum residue limit evaluation for trichlorfon in fishery products

Affinity-Based Analysis Methods for the Detection of Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Residues in Animal-Derived Foods: A Review

With the increasingly serious problem of aminoglycoside antibiotic residues, it is imperative to develop rapid, sensitive and efficient detection methods. This article reviews the detection methods of aminoglycoside antibiotics in animal-derived foods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fluorescent immunoassay, chemical immunoassay, affinity sensing assay, lateral flow immunochromatography and molecular imprinted immunoassay. After evaluating the performance of these methods, the advantages and disadvantages were analyzed and compared. Furthermore, development prospects and research trends were proposed and summarized. This review can serve as a basis for further research and provide helpful references and new insights for the analysis of aminoglycoside residues. Accordingly, the in-depth investigation and analysis will certainly make great contributions to food safety, public hygiene and human health.

Advances in organophosphorus pesticides pollution: Current status and challenges in ecotoxicological, sustainable agriculture, and degradation strategies

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are one of the most widely used types of pesticide that play an important role in the production process due to their effects on preventing pathogen infection and increasing yield. However, in the early development and application of OPPs, their toxicological effects and the issue of environmental pollution were not considered. With the long-term overuse of OPPs, their hazards to the ecological environment (including soil and water) and animal health have attracted increasing attention. Therefore, this review first clarified the classification, characteristics, applications of various OPPs, and the government's restriction requirements on various OPPs. Second, the toxicological effects and metabolic mechanisms of OPPs and their metabolites were introduced in organisms. Finally, the existing methods of degrading OPPs were summarized, and the challenges and further addressing strategy of OPPs in the sustainable development of agriculture, the environment, and ecology were prospected. However, methods to solve the environmental and ecological problems caused by OPPs from the three aspects of use source, use process, and degradation methods were proposed, which provided a theoretical basis for addressing the stability of the ecological environment and improving the structure of the pesticide industry in the future.

Protective effects of diet containing rutin against trichlorfon-induced muscle bioenergetics disruption and impairment on fatty acid profile of silver catfish Rhamdia quelen

Trichlorfon is an organophosphate insecticide that is widely used on fish farms to control parasitic infections. It has been detected in freshwater ecosystems as well as in fishery products. There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that certain feed additives may reduce or prevent pesticide-induced toxicity in fish. The aim of the present study was to determine whether acute exposure to trichlorfon would alter bioenergetic homeostasis and alter fatty acid profiles in muscles of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). We also sought to determine whether rutin prevents or reduces these effects. Cytosolic and mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK) and activities of complexes II-III and IV in muscle were significantly inhibited by exposure to 11 mg/L trichlorfon for 48 h compared to effects in the unexposed group. Total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6) were significantly lower in muscle of silver catfish exposed to 11 mg/L trichlorfon for 48 h than in the unexposed group. Addition of 3 mg rutin/kg feed increased CK activity and prevented inhibition of complex IV activity, as well as preventing all alterations of muscle fatty acid profiles elicited by exposure to trichlorfon. No significant differences were observed between groups with respect to muscle adenylate kinase or pyruvate kinase activities, as well as total content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Our findings suggest that exposure (48 h) to 11 mg trichlorfon/L water inhibits cytosolic and mitochondrial CK activity in muscle. Trichlorfon also affects activities of complexes II-III and IV in respiratory chain, with important consequences for adenosine triphosphate production. The pesticide alters fatty acid profiles in the fish and endangers human consumers of the product. The most important finding of the present study is that inclusion of rutin improves bioenergetic homeostasis and muscle fatty acid profiles, suggesting that it reduces trichlorfon-induced muscle damage.

Multi-Class Determination of 64 Illicit Compounds in Dietary Supplements Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

In this work, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for screening and confirmation of 64 illicit compounds in dietary supplements. The target compounds were illegally used pharmaceutical drugs, prohibited compounds, and not authorized ingredients for different therapeutics (sexual enhancement, weight loss, muscular strengthening, and relaxing products). The validation procedure was performed to evaluate selectivity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, and precision according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists guidelines. The linearity was >0.98 in the range of 0.5-200 µg L-1. The LOQs were in the range 1-10 µg kg-1 for all target compounds. The accuracy (expressed as recovery) was 78.5-114%. The precision (expressed as the relative standard deviation) was below 9.15%. The developed method was applied for the determination of illicit compounds in dietary supplements collected from websites. As a result, the total detection rate was 13.5% (27 samples detected in 200 samples). The concentrations of detected samples ranged from 0.51 to 226 mg g-1. The proposed methodology is suitable for monitoring the adulteration of illicit compounds in dietary supplements.