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Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether-mediated nanostructured lipid carriers enhance trans-ferulic acid delivery by Caco-2 cells superior to solid lipid nanoparticles. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:133-143. [PMID: 36692464 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to compare the performance of trans-ferulic acid-encapsulated nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for transport by Caco-2 cells. The NLC particles (diameter: 102.6 nm) composed of Compritol® 888 ATO, ethyl oleate, Cremophor® EL, and Transcutol® P were larger than the SLNs (diameter: 86.0 nm) formed without liquid lipid (ethyl oleate), and the former had a higher encapsulation efficiency for trans-ferulic acid (p < 0.05). In vitro cultured Caco-2 cell transport was used to simulate intestinal absorption, and the cellular uptake of NLCs was higher than that of SLNs (p < 0.05). Compared to SLNs, NLCs greatly enhanced trans-ferulic acid permeation through the MillicellTM membrane (p < 0.05). This work confirms that NLCs have better properties than SLNs in terms of increasing drug transport by Caco-2 cells. This helps to comprehend the approach by which NLC-mediated oral bioavailability of trans-ferulic acid is better than that mediated by SLNs, as shown in our previous report.
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Qiu J, Zhang J, Li A. Cytotoxicity and intestinal permeability of phycotoxins assessed by the human Caco-2 cell model. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114447. [PMID: 38321666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Phycotoxins are a class of multiple natural metabolites produced by microalgae in marine and freshwater ecosystems that bioaccumulate in food webs, particularly in shellfish, having a great impact on human health. Phycotoxins are mainly leached and absorbed in the small intestine when human consumers accidentally ingest toxic aquatic products contaminated by them. To assess the intestinal uptake and damage of phycotoxins, a typical in vitro model was developed and widely applied using the human colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cell line. In this review, the application cases were summarized for multiple phycotoxins, including microcystins (MCs), cylindrospermopsins (CYNs), domoic acids (DAs), saxitoxins (STXs), palytoxins (PLTXs), okadaic acids (OAs), pectenotoxins (PTXs) and azaspiracids (AZAs). The results of the previous studies showed that each group of phycotoxins presented different cytotoxicity and mechanisms to Caco-2 cells, and significant discrepancies in the transport of phycotoxin across the Caco-2 cell monolayers. Therefore, this review describes the evaluation assays of the Caco-2 cell monolayer model, illustrates the principles of several primary cytotoxicity evaluation assays, and summarizes the cytotoxicity of each group of phycotoxins to Caco-2 cells line and their cellular transport, and finally proposes the development of multicellular intestinal models for future comprehensive studies on the toxicity and absorption of phycotoxins in the intestine. It will improve the understanding of Caco-2 cell monolayer models in the toxicology studies on phycotoxins and the potentially detrimental effects of microalgal toxins on the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jingrui Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Jiang L, Xiong Y, Tu Y, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Nie P, Yan X, Liu H, Liu R, Xu G. Elucidation of the Transport Mechanism of Puerarin and Gastrodin and Their Interaction on the Absorption in a Caco-2 Cell Monolayer Model. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041230. [PMID: 35209020 PMCID: PMC8875129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Puerarin (PUR) and gastrodin (GAS) are often used in combined way for treating diseases caused by microcirculation disorders. The current study aimed to investigate the absorption and transportation mechanism of PUR and GAS and their interaction via Caco-2 monolayer cell model. In this work, the concentration in Caco-2 cell of PUR and GAS was determined by HPLC method. The bidirectional transport of PUR and GAS and the inhibition of drug efflux including verapamil and cyclosporine on the transport of these two components were studied. The mutual influence between PUR and GAS, especially the effect of the latter on the former of the bidirectional transport were also investigated. The transport of 50 μg·mL−1 PUR in Caco-2 cells has no obvious directionality. While the transport of 100 and 200 μg·mL−1 PUR presents a strong directionality, and this directionality can be inhibited by verapamil and cyclosporine. When PUR and GAS were used in combination, GAS could increase the absorption of PUR while PUR had no obvious influence on GAS. Therefore, the compatibility of PUR and GAS is reasonable, and GAS can promote the transmembrane transport of PUR, the effect of which is similar to that of verapamil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (L.J.); (Y.T.); (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (P.N.); (X.Y.); (H.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Etiopathogenesis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yanling Xiong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China;
| | - Yu Tu
- Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (L.J.); (Y.T.); (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (P.N.); (X.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Wentong Zhang
- Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (L.J.); (Y.T.); (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (P.N.); (X.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Qiyun Zhang
- Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (L.J.); (Y.T.); (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (P.N.); (X.Y.); (H.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Etiopathogenesis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Peng Nie
- Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (L.J.); (Y.T.); (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (P.N.); (X.Y.); (H.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Etiopathogenesis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (L.J.); (Y.T.); (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (P.N.); (X.Y.); (H.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Etiopathogenesis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Hongning Liu
- Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (L.J.); (Y.T.); (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (P.N.); (X.Y.); (H.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Etiopathogenesis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China;
| | - Guoliang Xu
- Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (L.J.); (Y.T.); (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (P.N.); (X.Y.); (H.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Etiopathogenesis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, China
- Correspondence:
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Pires CL, Praça C, Martins PAT, Batista de Carvalho ALM, Ferreira L, Marques MPM, Moreno MJ. Re-Use of Caco-2 Monolayers in Permeability Assays-Validation Regarding Cell Monolayer Integrity. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101563. [PMID: 34683857 PMCID: PMC8537988 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caco-2 monolayers are a common in vitro model used to evaluate human intestinal absorption. The reference protocol requires 21 days post-seeding to establish a stable and confluent cell monolayer, which is used in a single permeability assay during the period of monolayer stability (up to day 30). In this work, we characterize variations in the tightness of the cell monolayer over the stable time interval and evaluate the conditions required for their re-use in permeability assays. The monolayer integrity was assessed through TEER measurements and permeability of the paracellular marker Lucifer Yellow (LY), complemented with nuclei and ZO-1 staining for morphological studies and the presence of tight junctions. Over 150 permeability assays were performed, which showed that manipulation of the cell monolayer in the permeability assay may contribute significantly to the flux of LY, leading to Papp values that are dependent on the sampling duration. The assay also leads to a small decrease in the cell monolayer TEER, which is fully recovered when cell monolayers are incubated with culture media for two full days. When this procedure is followed, the cell monolayers may be used for permeability assays on days 22, 25, and 28, triplicating the throughput of this important assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana L. Pires
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.L.P.); (P.A.T.M.)
| | - Catarina Praça
- CNC—Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, CIBB—Centro de Inovação em Biomedicina e Biotecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.P.); (L.F.)
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia A. T. Martins
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.L.P.); (P.A.T.M.)
| | - Ana L. M. Batista de Carvalho
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.L.M.B.d.C.); (M.P.M.M.)
| | - Lino Ferreira
- CNC—Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, CIBB—Centro de Inovação em Biomedicina e Biotecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.P.); (L.F.)
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula M. Marques
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.L.M.B.d.C.); (M.P.M.M.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Moreno
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.L.P.); (P.A.T.M.)
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-239854481
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