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Mitra S, Saran RK, Srivastava S, Rensing C. Pesticides in the environment: Degradation routes, pesticide transformation products and ecotoxicological considerations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173026. [PMID: 38750741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Among rising environmental concerns, emerging contaminants constitute a variety of different chemicals and biological agents. The composition, residence time in environmental media, chemical interactions, and toxicity of emerging contaminants are not fully known, and hence, their regulation becomes problematic. Some of the important groups of emerging contaminants are pesticides and pesticide transformation products (PTPs), which present a considerable obstacle to maintaining and preserving ecosystem health. This review article aims to thoroughly comprehend the occurrence, fate, and ecotoxicological importance of pesticide transformation products (PTPs). The paper provides an overview of pesticides and PTPs as contaminants of emerging concern and discusses the modes of degradation of pesticides, their properties and associated risks. The degradation of pesticides, however, does not lead to complete destruction but can instead lead to the generation of PTPs. The review discusses the properties and toxicity of PTPs and presents the methods available for their detection. Moreover, the present study examines the existing regulatory framework and suggests the need for the development of new technologies for easy, routine detection of PTPs to regulate them effectively in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Mitra
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata 741245, WB, India
| | - R K Saran
- Department of Microbiology, Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sudhakar Srivastava
- Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India.
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
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B Turnipseed S, R Casey C. Suspect screening for chemical residues in aquacultured shrimp and fish using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry: comparison of data evaluation approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:733-744. [PMID: 37725115 PMCID: PMC10984254 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04927-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has become an important tool for monitoring chemical residues in food, but the time and effort required to evaluate the large amount of data generated by HRMS can be a limiting factor in the widespread application of this tool. Suspect screening, i.e., searching HRMS data against large compound databases or mass lists, represents a practical compromise between using HRMS data to only look for target compounds and performing full non-target analysis. Several different approaches for suspect screening using HRMS data were tested using data from shrimp and eel spiked with veterinary drugs and pesticides as well as from imported aquaculture samples. Most of the analytes (>70%) in the spiked samples were detected and identified by searching against compound databases. To query larger databases and on-line resources such as mzCloud, it was necessary to use software capable of differential analysis and selective filtering, such as Compound Discoverer. Using selective filtering, the number of compounds detected in fish sample extracts could be reduced from tens of thousands to a few hundred by subtracting method blanks and comparing to matrix blank extracts. This smaller list of potential compounds could be further evaluated and compared to available databases and libraries. Analysis of imported aquaculture samples resulted in detection of unexpected contaminants including the dewormer levamisole, the insecticide buprofezin, and potentially the plant alkaloid ricinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri B Turnipseed
- Animal Drugs Research Center, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, P.O. Box 25087, Denver, CO, 80225-0087, USA.
| | - Christine R Casey
- Denver Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, P.O. Box 25087, Denver, CO, 80225-0087, USA
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Soyel SKA, Hazra DK, Ruidas S, Mandal S, Bhattacharyya S, Poi R, Karmakar R, Mondal G, Majumder S, Mondal P. Simultaneous Monitoring and Decontamination of Pesticide Residues in Phytomedicine-Enriched Betel Leaf Utilizing QuEChERS-GC-MS/MS Technology to Safeguard Public Health. J AOAC Int 2023; 106:1209-1219. [PMID: 36622007 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of undesirable substances, including pesticides (xenobiotics) in betel leaf (Piper betel), is a great concern for consumers because it is chewed and consumed directly. To protect the consumer's health, a modified QuEChERS method for monitoring purposes and subsequent decontamination process has been developed. OBJECTIVE The goal of this work was to establish a multi-residue analytical method for monitoring nonpermitted organophosphorus pesticide residues in betel leaf, as well as cost-effective cleaning strategies. METHOD The homogenized 15 g samples (20 betel leaf samples collected in West Bengal, India) were extracted with a modified QuEChERS method using acetonitrile, reconstituted to acetone, and finally analyzed by GC-MS/MS. Possible decontamination techniques (such as tap water washing, 2% saltwater washing, and lukewarm water washing) were evaluated. RESULTS The limit of detection ranged from 0.003 to 0.005 mg/kg, and limit of quantification was 0.01 mg/kg. Recoveries ranged from 80 to 120% with RSDr 9%. One sample was found to contain three pesticides 4 to 7 times higher than MRLs. Suggested decontamination methods allowed reducing toxic traces below European limits. CONCLUSIONS The suggested approach is useful for determining pesticide residues in betel leaves quickly. Traditional techniques of processing betel leaves may reduce pesticide residues below regulatory limits. HIGHLIGHTS A multi-residue method and decontamination of pesticides in betel leaf using QuEChERS-GC-MS/MS technology with satisfactory method performance was achieved. Domestic decontamination techniques have a high efficacy in reducing pesticide residues from betel leaves, making them safe for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Amir Soyel
- Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Hazra
- Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
| | - Subhajit Ruidas
- Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
| | - Swagata Mandal
- Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
| | - Sudip Bhattacharyya
- Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
| | - Rajlakshmi Poi
- Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
| | - Rajib Karmakar
- Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
| | - Goutam Mondal
- Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, AICRP on MAP & Betelvine, Department of Plant Pathology, Directorate of Research, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
| | - Sujan Majumder
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221305, India
| | - Prithusayak Mondal
- Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Regional Research Station (Terai Zone), Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal 736165, India
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Hazra DK, Mondal P, Purkait A, Mandal S, Bhattacharyya S, Karmakar R, Roy S, Banerjee T, Banerjee H. Determination of quizalofop-p-ethyl in onion: residual dissipation pattern, weed control efficiency, and food safety assessment under field conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1067. [PMID: 37598129 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring pesticide residue levels becomes crucial to maintain quality and guarantee food safety as the consumption of onion green leaves and immature and mature bulbs (either raw or processed) rises. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons with quizalofop-p-ethyl (5% EC) at 50 and 100 g a.i. ha-1 to evaluate weed control efficiency and to determine terminal residues. Post-emergence application of fop herbicide at 100 g a.i. ha-1 kept the weed density and dry weight reasonably at a lower level and enhanced the productivity of onion with higher economic returns. A rapid, sensitive, and analytical method was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with excellent linearity (r2 > 0.99). The limit of quantification for quizalofop-p-ethyl was established at 0.04 mg kg-1 with signal to noise (S/N) ratio ≥ 10. The method was successfully applied and initial quantified residues were in the range of 2.5-4.4 mg kg-1 irrespective of seasons and doses. Finally, the presence of targeted herbicide residues in harvested samples was confirmed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) under optimized operating conditions. Dietary risk assessment assured harvested onions were safe for consumption at the recommended dose. It also can be concluded that quizalofop ethyl did not adversely influence soil micro-organisms at standard rates of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Hazra
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Prithusayak Mondal
- Regional Research Station (Terai Zone), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, 736165, India.
| | - Aloke Purkait
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Palli-Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva - Bharati, Sriniketan, Bolpur, Birbhum, West Bengal, 731236, India
| | - Swagata Mandal
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Sudip Bhattacharyya
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Rajib Karmakar
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Sankhajit Roy
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Tirthankar Banerjee
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Hemanta Banerjee
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
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Elango D, Siddharthan N, Alaqeel SI, Subash V, Manikandan V, Almansour AI, Kayalvizhi N, Jayanthi P. Biodegradation of neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid by earthworm gut bacteria Brucella intermedium PDB13 and its ecotoxicity. Microbiol Res 2023; 268:127278. [PMID: 36565686 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extensive use of neonicotinoid insecticides in recent decade had contaminated water and soil systems and poses serious environmental and health risk. Microbial degradation of toxic contaminants in the environment has been established as a sustainable tool towards its remediation. Under this context, the present study focused on the biodegradation of neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid, by bacterial strain Brucella intermedia PDB13 isolated from the gut of the acetamiprid exposed earthworms. To enhance acetamiprid biodegradation, suitable parameters such as pH, temperature, inoculum size and acetamiprid concentration range were optimised using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The experimental results showed that the Brucella intermedium PDB13 can tolerate and degrade relatively high concentrations of acetamiprid (50 - 350 mg L-1). The results confirmed that maximum degradation of about 89.72% was achieved under optimized conditions. Further, confirmation of acetamiprid biodegradation was assessed through the occurrence of its degraded metabolites through HPLC, FTIR, and LCMS analysis. Based on this analysis, possible acetamiprid biodegradation pathway by Brucella intermedia PDB13 was proposed. Additionally, cytotoxicity, earthworm acute toxicity, and zebrafish embryo toxicity studies were also performed to assess the toxicity variations between the parent compound and its metabolites. The acetamiprid treated group resulted in cytotoxic effects apparently, with the increase in aberrant cells frequency (22.5 ± 3.3), when compared with its metabolites (2.3 ± 4.3) and control (1.9 ± 5.6) respectively. All these results evidently reported the degradation potential of Brucella intermedia PDB13, thereby establishing the scope for further advanced biodegradation studies towards mitigating the pesticide pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Elango
- Department of Environmental Science, Periyar University, Salem 636011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Shatha Ibrahim Alaqeel
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, (034), Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Velu Subash
- Department of Environmental Science, Periyar University, Salem 636011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velu Manikandan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwaragno Nowon-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Abdulrahman I Almansour
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Palaniyappan Jayanthi
- Department of Environmental Science, Periyar University, Salem 636011, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Su C, Dong C, Jiang D, Shan X, Chen Z. Construction of electrochemiluminescence aptasensor for acetamiprid detection using flower-liked SnO2 nanocrystals encapsulated Ag3PO4 composite as luminophore. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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