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Maskrey BH, Dean K, Morrell N, Younger A, Turner AD, Katsiadaki I. Seasonal profile of common pharmaceuticals in edible bivalve molluscs. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 200:116128. [PMID: 38377862 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are recognised as environmental contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) due to their increasing presence in the aquatic environment, along with high bioactivity linked to their therapeutic use. Therefore, information on environmental levels is urgently required. This study examined the presence of a range of common pharmaceuticals in oysters and mussels intended for human consumption from England and Wales using stable isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. A range of compounds were detected in bivalve tissue, with the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor antidepressant sertraline being most abundant, reaching a maximum concentration of 22.1 ng/g wet weight shellfish tissue. Levels of all pharmaceuticals showed seasonal and geographical patterns. A dietary risk assessment revealed that the levels of pharmaceuticals identified in bivalve molluscs represent a clear hazard, but not a risk for the consumer. This study highlights the requirement for further monitoring of the presence of pharmaceuticals and other CECs in bivalve molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
| | - Karl Dean
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Morrell
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Younger
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
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Gautam H, Katna S, Dubey JK, Sharma A, Brar GS, Singh S, Devi N, Kumar A, Prashad H. Residue estimation and dietary risk assessment of fenvalerate, novaluron, and profenofos in bell pepper grown under protected and open field conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:10934-10949. [PMID: 38212561 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31846-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Residue studies were conducted in bell pepper crops (green and yellow bell pepper) to ensure the safe use of fenvalerate, profenofos, and novaluron (under open field and protected conditions) in randomized block design (RBD) following three applications at a 10-day interval over two consecutive years, 2021 and 2022. A robust analytical method was developed using quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for the determination of pesticide residues in bell pepper samples. The half-lives for fenvalerate were 2.47-2.87 and 2.50-3.03 days on bell pepper under open field conditions, whereas the corresponding values for bell pepper under protected conditions were 3.84-4.58 and 4.17-4.71 days, during 2021 and 2022, respectively. Profenofos displayed half-lives of 2.03-2.65 and 2.15-2.77 days in open field conditions and 3.05-3.89 and 3.16-3.78 days in protected conditions during 2021 and 2022, respectively. Similarly, novaluron had half-lives of 2.87-3.49 and 3.24-3.75 days under protected conditions in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The maximum residue limits (MRLs) were calculated to be 0.6 mg/kg for fenvalerate, while for profenofos it was 0.7 mg/kg on bell pepper under open field conditions at double doses, at the proposed pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 3 days. Likewise, for bell peppers grown under protected conditions, MRLs at the PHI of 3 days were determined to be 0.8 mg/kg for fenvalerate, 0.3 mg/kg for novaluron, and 1.5 mg/kg for profenofos. A dietary risk assessment study indicated that the percentage of acute hazard index (% aHI) was significantly lower than 100, and hazard quotient (HQ) values were below 1, signifying no acute or chronic risk to consumers. These findings underscore the safety of consuming bell peppers treated with fenvalerate, profenofos, and novaluron under the protected and open field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Gautam
- Department of Entomology, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, India.
| | - Sapna Katna
- Department of Entomology, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, India
| | - Jatiender Kumar Dubey
- Department of Entomology, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, India
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Entomology, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, India
| | | | - Shubhra Singh
- Department of Entomology, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, India
| | - Nisha Devi
- Department of Entomology, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Entomology, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, India
| | - Hema Prashad
- R&D, Biology, PI Industries Limited, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Aytekin Sahin G, Aykemat Y, Yildiz AT, Dishan A, Inanc N, Gonulalan Z. Total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A levels, dietary exposure and cancer risk assessment in dried fruits in Türkiye. Toxicon 2024; 237:107540. [PMID: 38042309 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to measure total aflatoxin (AF) (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) levels in dried fruit samples and to evaluate the potential dietary exposure and cancer risk to these mycotoxins in Kayseri/Türkiye. Dried fruit samples were collected between April-May 2021. A total of 11 dried grapes and apricot samples, 7 dried fig and plum samples were collected. Total aflatoxins and OTA in dried fruits were determined by ELISA method. Then, the margin of exposure (MOE) and cancer risk were calculated. Total AF was detected in dried fruit samples between 42.86%, and 100%. Between 18.18% and 57.14% of samples exceeded the European Commission (EC) limits for total AF. Moreover, OTA was detected in all samples. Between 71.43% and 100% of samples exceeded the EC limits for OTA. Cancer risk due to OTA exposure was higher than total AF and it was determined that OTA exposure could pose a risk for public health (MOE < 10,000). Although mycotoxin exposure seems to be low due to the low consumption of dried fruit in Türkiye, the risk of exposure and cancer may increase because of complying with the recommendations of the dietary guidelines. The findings provide new insights into exposure to total AF and OTA through the consumption of dried fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Aytekin Sahin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Yusuf Aykemat
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Tugba Yildiz
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Adalet Dishan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Neriman Inanc
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zafer Gonulalan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey; Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Zhao J, Li P, Hu J. Multi-residue monitoring and dietary risk assessment of 17 pesticides and 3 related metabolites in rice and rice flour from markets in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:5275-5288. [PMID: 38114704 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues in rice have attracted widespread public attention in recent years. This research aimed to monitor the residues of 17 pesticides and their 3 metabolites in 120 samples of rice and rice flour collected from markets in China using the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) pretreatment method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The monitoring results showed that isoprothiolane, tricyclazole, fenoxanil, and tebuconazole were detected in the rice samples, with detection frequencies of 33.3%, 17.5%, 8.3%, and 2.5%, and concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.1 mg/kg (median = 0.04), 0.01 to 0.17 mg/kg (median = 0.14), 0.04 to 0.06 mg/kg (median = 0.05), and 0.01 to 0.02 mg/kg (median = 0.01), respectively. The residues of these four pesticides were all below their corresponding maximum residue levels (MRLs) set by China. Additionally, isoprothiolane, tricyclazole, fenoxanil, and tebuconazole were detected in rice flour samples, with detection frequencies of 74.2%, 55.0%, 5.0%, and 2.5%, and concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg (median = 0.04), 0.01 to 0.04 mg/kg (median = 0.02), 0.01 to 0.06 mg/kg (median = 0.03), and 0.02 to 0.04 mg/kg (median = 0.03), respectively. Furthermore, the chronic dietary intake risk (HQc), the acute dietary intake risk (HQa), and cumulative dietary risk (HI) for all the detected pesticides were evaluated and found well below 100%, indicating that the dietary intake risks would not pose potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Zhao
- Lab of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Lab of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiye Hu
- Lab of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Sharma A, Katna S, Dubey JK, Sharma S, Istatu PS, Devi N, Brar GS, Kumar A, Singh S, Prashad H. Residue behaviour and health risk assessment of chlorpyrifos and mancozeb in apple fruits and soil. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 196:58. [PMID: 38110624 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Mancozeb residue estimation was done using second derivative ultraviolet spectroscopy by Shimadzu ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, and chlorpyrifos was estimated by QuEChERS technique using GC-FPD. The persistence for chlorpyrifos was carried out at two locations, and for mancozeb, persistence studies were carried out at four locations. Initial deposits of mancozeb on apple fruits ranged from 1.33 to 1.63 mg/kg at the recommended dose and from 2.55 to 3.26 mg/kg at double the recommended dose at all four locations. Chlorpyrifos residues in apple fruits had an initial deposit of 0.94-0.99 mg/kg at recommended dose and 1.75-1.92 mg/kg at double the recommended dose. Mancozeb residues in apple fruit were below the detection limit (BDL) after 20 days at recommended dose and after 25 days at double the recommended dose at two locations, while mancozeb residue at the other two locations and the residues of chlorpyrifos at all locations reached BDL after 15 and 20 days at recommended and double the recommended doses, respectively. Half-life of mancozeb varied from 3.07 to 4.02 days at recommended dose and from 3.30 to 4.32 days at double the recommended dose, whereas chlorpyrifos residues dissipated to half their initial concentration on 2.33-2.35 days at recommended dose and 2.89-2.90 days at double the recommended dose. The soil samples showed no presence of residues of chlorpyrifos and mancozeb at harvest. The risk assessment revealed that hazard quotient for the intake of mancozeb was in the range of 0.06-0.13% and 0.20-0.44% for rural and urban population, while for the intake of chlorpyrifos, hazard quotient was in the range of 0.10-0.12% for rural population and 0.33-0.38% for urban population, and theoretical maximum dietary intake (9.67 × 10-5 mg/person and 3.18 × 10-4 mg/person for rural population and urban population in case of mancozeb and 3.22 × 10-5 mg/person and 1.06 × 10-4 mg/person for rural population and urban population in case of chlorpyrifos) was also found to be less than maximum permissible intake (1.38 mg/kg for mancozeb and 0.60 mg/kg for chlorpyrifos). The results of risk assessment thereby indicated that apple consumption does not pose a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Sharma
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sapna Katna
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Jatiender Kumar Dubey
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sakshi Sharma
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Pankaj Sharma Istatu
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Nisha Devi
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gaganpreet Singh Brar
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhra Singh
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Hema Prashad
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Wang X, Hu S, Meng L, Wang K, Zhang X, Li K, Wang N, Zou N, Xu Y, Li B, Mu W, Pang X. Residue dissipation dynamics and dietary risk assessment of emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, and lufenuron in cabbage. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:121748-121758. [PMID: 37955734 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Emamectin benzoate (EB), chlorantraniliprole (CTP), chlorfenapyr (CFP), and lufenuron (LFR) are widely used to control Spodoptera exigua on cabbage. This study is aimed at establishing a universal, sensitive, accurate, and efficient method for the determination of these pesticide residues in cabbage using QuEChERS pretreatment combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‒MS/MS or GC‒MS/MS). The recoveries of these pesticides (containing metabolites) in cabbage detected by the optimized method ranged between 80.9% and 99.9%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.164-12.5%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the four pesticides was determined to be 0.01 mg/kg. The standard curve, accuracy, precision, and LOQ of the analysis method all met the requirements of pesticide residue detection. The optimized method was used to detect the dissipation dynamics and terminal residues in 12 regions. The dissipation half-lives of CTP, CFP, and LFR were 3.35-7.01 d, 2.29-4.75 d, and 3.24-6.80 d, respectively. The terminal residues of all these pesticides were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs). The dietary risk assessment indicated that the dietary risk probabilities for EB, CTP, CFP, and LFR were all less than 1 and were within the acceptable range. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the residues and dietary risks of EB, CTP, CFP, and LFR for the scientific use of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Lingtao Meng
- Shandong Binnong Technology Co., Ltd., Binzhou, 256600, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Shandong Binnong Technology Co., Ltd., Binzhou, 256600, Shandong, China
| | - Xianxia Zhang
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Ke Li
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Zou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Beixing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuyu Pang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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Hazra DK, Mondal P, Purkait A, Mandal S, Bhattacharyya S, Karmakar R, Roy S, Banerjee T, Banerjee H. Determination of quizalofop-p-ethyl in onion: residual dissipation pattern, weed control efficiency, and food safety assessment under field conditions. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:1067. [PMID: 37598129 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring pesticide residue levels becomes crucial to maintain quality and guarantee food safety as the consumption of onion green leaves and immature and mature bulbs (either raw or processed) rises. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons with quizalofop-p-ethyl (5% EC) at 50 and 100 g a.i. ha-1 to evaluate weed control efficiency and to determine terminal residues. Post-emergence application of fop herbicide at 100 g a.i. ha-1 kept the weed density and dry weight reasonably at a lower level and enhanced the productivity of onion with higher economic returns. A rapid, sensitive, and analytical method was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with excellent linearity (r2 > 0.99). The limit of quantification for quizalofop-p-ethyl was established at 0.04 mg kg-1 with signal to noise (S/N) ratio ≥ 10. The method was successfully applied and initial quantified residues were in the range of 2.5-4.4 mg kg-1 irrespective of seasons and doses. Finally, the presence of targeted herbicide residues in harvested samples was confirmed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) under optimized operating conditions. Dietary risk assessment assured harvested onions were safe for consumption at the recommended dose. It also can be concluded that quizalofop ethyl did not adversely influence soil micro-organisms at standard rates of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Hazra
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Prithusayak Mondal
- Regional Research Station (Terai Zone), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, 736165, India.
| | - Aloke Purkait
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Palli-Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva - Bharati, Sriniketan, Bolpur, Birbhum, West Bengal, 731236, India
| | - Swagata Mandal
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Sudip Bhattacharyya
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Rajib Karmakar
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Sankhajit Roy
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Tirthankar Banerjee
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Hemanta Banerjee
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
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Gao R, Wang J, Zhu J, Ji J, Liu D, Gao Z, Liao W, Wang M, Ma Y. Dissipation, residue, and dietary risk assessment of dimethachlon in grapes. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:91199-91206. [PMID: 37474856 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Dimethachlon, a dicarboximide fungicide, has gained widespread usage in Asian countries. While considered a low-toxicity fungicide, concerns regarding potential health effects, such as nephrotoxicity, have emerged. To date, neither China nor other countries have established maximum residue limit (MRL) for dimethachlon on grapes, and exposure risk assessment of dimethachlon is lacking. Here, we developed a QuEChERS method coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to investigate the dissipation rates and terminal residues of dimethachlon in grapes, along with an assessment of dietary risk to consumers. Our results indicated that the average recoveries of dimethachlon in grapes ranged from 74 to 76%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.050 mg/kg. After undergoing 112 days of storage at -18 °C, the dissipation rate of dimethachlon in grapes was found to be less than 30%, suggesting a state of stable storage. In the context of good agricultural practice (GAP) guidelines, the half-lives of dimethachlon in grapes were 14.3-18.1 days, which is notably longer compared to the reported values for other crops. The terminal residues of dimethachlon in grapes at 14 and 21 days were found to be < 0.05-0.53 mg/kg and < 0.05-0.29 mg/kg, respectively. Regarding the dietary risk assessment, the calculated risk quotient (RQ) value was significantly below 100%, indicating a negligible chronic risk of dimethachlon in grapes at the recommended dosage. This study provides an important reference for the analysis of dimethachlon and offers valuable empirical data to support the establishment of MRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumin Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Ji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Desheng Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zepu Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Liao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Ma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Li W, Hou H, Hu J. Simultaneous determination of residues of multiple pesticides and their metabolites in citrus and orange juice from markets in China: residue levels and dietary risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27956-5. [PMID: 37380858 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Consumers are becoming more concerned about pesticide residues in food. Since citrus represent a significant portion of the diet, it is appropriate to monitor the pesticide residues in citrus. In this paper, we modified a QuEChERS method combined with HPLC-MS/MS to investigate residue levels of 15 pesticides and 3 metabolites in citrus (whole fruit and pulp) and orange juice from the markets in China. And the dietary exposure risks were evaluated by using the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) methods based on deterministic and probabilistic models. The recoveries of the modified method ranged from 70 to 112% at three spike levels of 0.005-0.5 mg/kg with relative standard deviations of 1.0-18.1%. Pesticide residues were detected in 85.84% of the whole citrus and 40.00% of pulp, with concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.47 mg/kg, which did not exceed their maximum residue limits (MRLs) in China. The HQ (0.01-11.41%) and HI (0.07-16.2%) were both less than 100%, demonstrating that chronic, acute, and cumulative dietary risks were acceptable. Notably, the risk for children (1-6 years old, 1.96-16.2%) was higher than that for the general population (0.76-6.25%). The results of our study can provide a valuable reference for regular monitoring to protect public health and ensure pesticide management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Huizhen Hou
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiye Hu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Wu T, Li X, Zheng Z, Liu Z, Yang M, Zhang N, Cui J, Zhang B. Hexabromocyclododecanes in surface soil-maize system around Baiyangdian Lake in North China: Distribution, enantiomer-specific accumulation, transport, temporal trend and dietary risk. J Hazard Mater 2023; 451:131180. [PMID: 36924746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in soil-maize system around Baiyangdian Lake. The total concentration of ΣHBCDs was in the order of industrial area > residential area > marginal area > Fuhe River estuary in soil. γ-HBCD was predominated in soils, roots and stems, while α-HBCD was the main diastereoisomer in leaves and kernels. Concentration of ΣHBCDs and three diastereoisomer concentrations in soils were significantly reduced and remained low level from 2018 to 2019. Selectivity enrichment of (+)α- and (-)γ-HBCD was found in soils, roots, stems and leaves, whereas only (+)β-HBCD dominated in stems. Most of the total root bioaccumulation factors (ΣRCFs) were less than 1.0, but no significant correlation was showed between translocation factors (TFs) and log Kow. RCFs and TFs of enantiomers suggested (-)β- and (-)γ-HBCD were easily translocated from soil to roots, while (+)α-, (-)β- and (-)γ-HBCD tended to translocate from stems to leaves. Estimated daily intake (EDI) and of ΣHBCDs, diastereoisomers and enantiomers were all lower than the threshold value, while the Calculated margins of exposure (MOE) were well above the threshold value, which demonstrate the safe consumption of Maize around Baiyangdian Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Xixi Li
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zheng
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Zixin Liu
- School of Sciences, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, Hebei, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Jiansheng Cui
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Bingzhu Zhang
- Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang 050026, China
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11
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Song C, Fang L, Hao G, Xing L, Fan L, Hu G, Qiu L, Song J, Meng S, Xie Y, Giesy JP. Assessment of the benefits of essential fatty acids and risks associated with antimicrobial residues in aquatic products: A case study of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). J Hazard Mater 2023; 451:131162. [PMID: 36907059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Much attention has been given to the safety and quality of aquatic products, including consuming Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), which offers both nutritional benefits and toxicological risks. Eighteen sulfonamides, 9 quinolones and 37 fatty acids were analyzed in 92 crab samples from primary aquaculture provinces in China. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin have been mentioned as typical antimicrobials occurring at the greatest concentrations (>100 μg/kg, wm). By use of an in vitro method, the proportions of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and essential fatty acids (EFAs, DHA and EPA) in ingested nutrients were determined to be 12 %, none and 95 %, respectively. The risk-benefit quotient (HQ) between the adverse effects of antimicrobials and nutritional benefits of EFAs in crabs found that HQs based on data after digestion were significantly less (HQ = 0.0086) than that of the control group where no digestion occurred (HQ = 0.055). This result suggested that (1) there was less risk posed by antimicrobials due to the consumption of crab, and (2) ignoring the bioaccessible fraction of antimicrobials in crabs might overestimate risks to the health of humans due to dietary exposure. Meaning bioaccessibility can improve the accuracy of the risk assessment process. Realistic risk evaluation should be recommended to achieve a quantified assessment of the dietary risks and benefits of aquatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100000, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Longxiang Fang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100000, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Guijie Hao
- Key laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
| | - Luchang Xing
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Limin Fan
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Gengdong Hu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Liping Qiu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jinglong Song
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Shunlong Meng
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Yuwei Xie
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan SK S7N 5B3, Canada.
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada; Department of Integrative Biology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, US; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, US.
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12
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Yang C, Zhang F, Duan Y, Lu X, Peng X, Wang J, Pan L, Liu W, Wang H. Method validation and dissipation kinetics of the novel HPPD-inhibiting herbicide cypyrafluone in winter wheat using QuEChERS method coupled with UPLC-MS/MS. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 260:115090. [PMID: 37267777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cypyrafluone, a novel hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicide, can successfully control a wide species of grass and broadleaf weed in wheat fields. However, the dissipation behaviors and terminal residues of cypyrafluone in wheat fields remain unclear. Here, a simple, accurate, and dependable approach for the analysis of cypyrafluone in soil, wheat plant, and grain was constructed utilizing an adapted QuEChERS extraction combined with UPLC-MS/MS. For accurate quantification, matrix-matched calibrations with high linearity (R2 >0.99) were employed to eliminate matrix interference. The method possessed high accuracy with recoveries in the range of 85.5%- 100.6% and precision with relative standard deviations < 14.3%, as well as high sensitivity with limits of quantifications of 0.001 mg kg-1 in the three matrixes. The dissipation kinetics and terminal residues of cypyrafluone were determined at two separate locations with different climates, soil types and cropping systems in 2018. The half-lives of cypyrafluone in soil and wheat plant were 1.47-1.55 d and 1.00-1.03 d, respectively. At harvest, the terminal residue values of cypyrafluone detected in wheat plants were 0-0.0025 mg kg-1 and 0.0044-0.0057 mg kg-1 at the recommended dose and 1.5 times of the recommended dose, respectively, and 0.0049 mg kg-1 of this herbicide was detected in grain at 1.5 times of the recommended dose, which was below the maximum residue limit (MRL). Finally, the risk quotient for cypyrafluone ranged from 0.33% to 0.81% (<1) for different age groups in China, indicating that the impact of residues from the cypyrafluone application on wheat was acceptable. These findings above will offer scientific guidelines for cypyrafluone application in the wheat field ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Fengwen Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Yunxia Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Xingtao Lu
- Qingdao Kingagroot Chemical Compound Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, PR China
| | - Xuegang Peng
- Qingdao Kingagroot Chemical Compound Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, PR China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Lang Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128 Changsha, PR China
| | - Weitang Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China.
| | - Hengzhi Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China.
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13
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Tripathy V, Sharma KK, Gupta R, Yadav R, Devi S, Sharma K, Singh G, Kalra S, Aggarwal A, Tandekar K, Verma A, Walia S. Simultaneous monitoring and dietary risk assessment of 386 pesticides in market samples of black tea. Food Chem 2023; 420:136103. [PMID: 37040686 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Black tea samples (390) collected from local markets situated in different locations of India were monitored for the residues of 386 pesticides using QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) based extraction and analysis by gas and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS). Residues of seventeen pesticides were detected, of which propargite, cypermethrin, and novaluron showed the highest % positive detections. A comparison of the concentrations of the detected pesticide residues with the available national and international maximum residue limits (MRLs) showed that seven samples exceeded the Indian MRLs while no sample was found to exceed the CODEX MRLs. The risk due to the detected pesticide levels evaluated in terms of hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) was found to be very low (<1), suggesting that the pesticide residues in the tea were safe for consumption by Indian adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Tripathy
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India.
| | - Krishan Kumar Sharma
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Rajbir Yadav
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Suneeta Devi
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Khushbu Sharma
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Gitansh Singh
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Shobhita Kalra
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Akanksha Aggarwal
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Kesar Tandekar
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Ankita Verma
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Suresh Walia
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
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14
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Xu M, Hu J. Residue analysis and dietary risk assessment of thiamethoxam, flonicamid and their metabolites in cucumber under field conditions in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:55471-55484. [PMID: 36892702 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Thiamethoxam and flonicamid are two representative insecticides of neonicotinoids which are used to treat cucumber aphids, causing food safety and human health problems. A 60% thiamethoxam-flonicamid commercial mixture water dispersible granule (WDG) is being prepared for registering in China, so it is essential to investigate the residue levels of these neonicotinoids and their metabolites in cucumber and evaluate the dietary risks of these insecticides. We developed a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin, flonicamid and its metabolites 4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid (TFNA), 4-trifluoromethilnicotinamide (TFNA-AM), 4-(trifluoromethyl) nicotinol glycine (TFNG) in cucumber. Method validation indicated good selectivity, linearity (r ≥ 0.9996), accuracy (recoveries of 80-101%), precision (relative standard deviations (RSD) ≤ 9.1%), sensitivity (limits of detection (LOD), 0.28-1.44 × 10-3 mg/L; limits of quantification (LOQ), 0.01 mg/kg) and minor matrix effect (ME) ( ≤|± 5%|). In the terminal residue trials under good agricultural practice (GAP) conditions, the residue levels of six analytes in cucumber samples were ˂0.01-0.215 mg/kg after application trice with an interval of 7 days based on pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 3 days under the high recommended dosage of 54 g active ingredient/ha (g a.i./ha). Relevant toxicological, residual chemistry parameters and dietary consumption of the residents were applied to assess the potential risk of dietary exposure. The chronic and acute dietary exposure assessment risk quotient (RQ) values were less than 1. The above results indicated that the potential dietary intake risk of this formulation was negligible to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Xu
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiye Hu
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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15
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Chen L, Li F, Zhang Z, Jing J, Zhao E, Yu P, He M, Tao Y, Zhang J. Residues and dietary risk assessment of fluazinam in root mustard after field experiments. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:56836-56843. [PMID: 36929251 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The residue levels of fluazinam in root mustard were investigated by using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) technique with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Samples of leaf and root mustard were analyzed. The recoveries of fluazinam were 85.2-110.8% for leaf mustard with the coefficient of variation of 1.0-7.2%, and 88.8-93.3% for root mustard with the coefficient of variation of 1.9-12.4%. The suspension concentrate formulation of fluazinam was applied on root mustard at 262.5 g a.i. ha-1 in accordance with good agricultural practice (GAP), respectively. After the final application, the root mustard samples were collected at 3, 7, and 14 days. Fluazinam residues in root mustard were less than 0.01-0.493 mg kg-1. The dietary risk of fluazinam was predicted by comparing intake amounts with the toxicological data, namely acceptable daily intake (ADI) and acute reference dose (ARfD). The risk quotient (RQ) was 72.2-74.3%, for ordinary consumers, which showed negligible risk. According to the maximum residue limit (MRL) and dietary risk assessment, it is suggested that the pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 3 days; meanwhile, the MRL of 2 mg kg-1 was suggested for fluazinam in root mustard, which indicates that the dietary risk of fluazinam 500 g L-1 suspension concentrate (SC) with the recommended usage on root mustard is negligible. This study provided basic data on the use and safety of fluazinam in root mustard to help the Chinese government formulate a maximum residue level for fluazinam in root mustard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fugen Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Beijing, 100125, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhenTao Zhang
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Jing
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Ercheng Zhao
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingzhong Yu
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Min He
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tao
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
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16
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Zhang Q, Cao R, Tang T, Ying Z, Hu S, Xu Y. The integrated exposure assessment and potential risks of five organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables in Zhejiang, China (2018-2020). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:28916-28924. [PMID: 36401015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This research surveyed the concentrations of five organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) in vegetables with the purpose of assessing the potential integrated health risks of residents. From 2018 to 2020, 870 samples of eight kinds of vegetables from Zhejiang Province were collected. Gas chromatography coupled with a flame photometric detector (GC-FPD) analyzed the five OPs. OPs were most frequently detected in celery (18.9% of samples), cowpeas (18.3% of samples), and leeks (16.9% of samples) compared to other vegetables. Among the 11 cities in Zhejiang, the cities with high detection rates of OPs were Ningbo and Hangzhou. The integrated concentrations of OPs in different cities ranged from 71.9 to 376 μg/kg. The cumulative risk assessment revealed that the estimated daily intake (EDI) of leek in Wenzhou was the highest, which was 0.0077 (mg/kg bw) and 0.0059 (mg/kg bw) in adults and children respectively. The health risks of residents who consume these vegetables were within a safe range. The data provided demonstrate the distribution and potential health hazards of OPs in commonly consumed vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeteng Ying
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shitao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yitian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
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17
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Li C, Chen Y, Huang L, Zhang Y, Cao N, Guo X, Yao C, Li X, Duan L, Pang S. Potential toxicity and dietary risk of tricyclazole to Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in the rice-crab co-culture model. Environ Pollut 2023; 316:120514. [PMID: 36309304 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tricyclazole is used as a common fungicide to control rice blast. However, studies on the toxicity of tricyclazole to crabs in the rice-crab co-culture system are still extremely rare. Here, the environmental dissipation of tricyclazole was monitored in this model, and the potential toxicity of tricyclazole to E. sinensis at environmental concentrations as well as the dietary risk was evaluated. The results showed that tricyclazole had no significant acute toxicity to E. sinensis (LC50 > 100 mg/L), while it promoted body weight gain. Tricyclazole in the hepatopancreas had a higher persistent bioaccumulation risk than in the muscle. Tricyclazole suppressed the immune response of E. sinensis under prolonged exposure and there should be gender differences, with females being more sensitive. Lipid metabolism enzymes were also significantly inhibited. While tricyclazole stimulated males molting but prolonged molting duration, both molting and duration of females were also disturbed. The dietary risk assessment indicated that tricyclazole intake from current crab consumption was low risk. This evidence demonstrated that tricyclazole may have potential risks to individual development, nutritional quality, and economic value on E. sinensis and should be used with caution in rice-crab co-culture system whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Institute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Niannian Cao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuanjun Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlian Yao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liusheng Duan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Pang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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18
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Tan H, Wu Q, Hao R, Wang C, Zhai J, Li Q, Cui Y, Wu C. Occurrence, distribution, and driving factors of current-use pesticides in commonly cultivated crops and their potential risks to non-target organisms: A case study in Hainan, China. Sci Total Environ 2023; 854:158640. [PMID: 36113805 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple pesticides are heavily applied in crops grown in China's tropics due to the prevalence of diseases and pests, thus posing potential risks to nontarget organisms (e.g., honeybees, lacewings, ladybugs, and humans). However, there is little information on this topic. This study is the first assessment of the occurrence, driving factors, and ecological/human health risks of 32 current-use pesticides (CUPs) in 10 frequently-planted crops collected from practicing rice-vegetable rotation systems in Hainan, China. Of the 132 whole crop samples, 44 (33.3 %) residues from ≥8 pesticides were detected in 9.09 % of crop samples with concentrations ≥0.5 mg kg-1. Six pesticide residues, namely carbendazim, pyraclostrobin, acetamiprid, thiophanate methyl, phoxim, and imidacloprid, were detected in 72.7 % of samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.0021 to 13.5 (median = 0.032) mg kg-1. Among them, carbendazim, pyraclostrobin, and acetamiprid were the most common, contributions from 10.2 to 25.5 % and a detection frequency ranging from 25.6 to 56.1 %. The order of total concentration of 32 CUPs (∑32 CUP) concentrations during the year was January > May > November > August and vegetables > rice, being highly related with pesticides usage pattern, crop type, plant accumulation/dissipation and plant lipid contents. The ecological risk quotients (RQs) to four beneficial terrestrial organisms showed that 9.6-39.1 % of samples posed a potential medium or high ecological risk, with 13.6-65.9 % of samples at ∑RQ > 1 being highly affected by the residues of neonicotinoids and emamectin benzoate. Emamectin benzoate (8.9 %) and acetamiprid (5.6 %) exceeded the individual Maximum Residue Levels based on Chinese legislation (GB2763-2021). Moreover, cumulative dietary exposure presented a higher risk to humans in 11.0 and 22.0 % of the cases for acute and chronic, mainly originating from the higher concentration contributors of systemic pesticides in edible crops. Therefore, the regulation and monitoring of CUP residues is imperative for rice-vegetable rotation systems in tropical China to avoid negative effects on nontarget organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Tan
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China; Danzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Danzhou 571737, PR China; National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment, Danzhou 571737, PR China; Hainan Engineering Research Center for Non-point Source and Heavy Metal Pollution Control, Danzhou 571737, PR China
| | - Qiumin Wu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China; School of Resources and Environment, Central China Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Rong Hao
- School of Resources and Environment, Central China Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Chuanmi Wang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Jinlin Zhai
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Qinfen Li
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China; Danzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Danzhou 571737, PR China; National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment, Danzhou 571737, PR China; Hainan Engineering Research Center for Non-point Source and Heavy Metal Pollution Control, Danzhou 571737, PR China
| | - Yanmei Cui
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Chunyuan Wu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China; Danzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Danzhou 571737, PR China; National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment, Danzhou 571737, PR China; Hainan Engineering Research Center for Non-point Source and Heavy Metal Pollution Control, Danzhou 571737, PR China.
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19
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Wang R, Yang Y, Deng Y, Hu D, Lu P. Multiresidue analysis and dietary risk assessment of pesticides in eight minor vegetables from Guizhou, China. Food Chem 2022; 380:131863. [PMID: 34996635 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Several minor vegetables are widely employed as hot pot dishes and condiments in Southwest China. To gain insight into pesticide exposure risk via the intake of minor vegetables, vegetable samples (400) obtained from different farms in Guizhou were subjected to multiresidue analyses. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were developed to detect and quantify 97 pesticide residues simultaneously in samples using modified QuEChERS methods. The results showed that no pesticides were detected in 248 samples. Pesticides of different levels were detected in 152 samples, of which 69 samples exhibited residue concentrations exceeding maximum residue limit of European Union. The acute and chronic dietary exposure risk of 15 pesticides in eight minor vegetables were accepted. The risk ranking result showed the most samples contained low-risk pesticides. The results will provide a reference for designing future pesticide supervision programs and risk management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ya Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yao Deng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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20
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Cheng C, Liang Y, Hu J. Estimation of residue levels and dietary risk assessment of cyproconazole and azoxystrobin in cucumber after field application in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:34186-34193. [PMID: 35034293 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Residue field trials in cucumber were conducted for the safe use of a commercial formulation of cyproconazole·azoxystrobin 28% suspension concentrate (SC 294 g a.i. ha-1, three applications at a 7-day interval) in the year 2018, in China. To determine the residues of cyproconazole and azoxystrobin in cucumber, a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This validated method was applied to analyze cucumber samples collected from 12 specified regions. At the 3-day interval to harvest, the highest residue (HR) of azoxystrobin was 0.150 mg kg-1, which was lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL; 0.5 mg kg-1) permitted in China, and the HR of cyproconazole was 0.084 mg kg-1, for which no MRL value has been set in China. The chronic risk quotient values of cyproconazole and azoxystrobin for Chinese adults at a 3-day interval to harvest were 2.56% and 13.72%, respectively. The acute risk quotient values of cyproconazole in cucumber were specified as 5.52% for children (1-6 years old) and 2.83% for the adults (> 18 years old) in China. These results indicate that cyproconazole·azoxystrobin 28% SC sprayed on cucumber at the pre-harvest interval of 3 days has no significant potential risk for Chinese consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanying Cheng
- Lab of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yiran Liang
- Lab of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiye Hu
- Lab of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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21
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Zhang C, Li Y, Luo Y, Wang X, He H, Jiang J, Fang N, Zhao X, Liu Y, Wang Q. Residue and Risk Assessment of Imidacloprid and Chlorantraniliprole in Open Field and Greenhouse Celery. J Food Prot 2022; 85:835-843. [PMID: 35468197 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The residue levels and risk assessment of imidacloprid (IMI) and chlorantraniliprole (CAP) in celery grown under open field and greenhouse cultivation were investigated. Both pesticides were used through foliar application and soil drench application at the recommended dose (RD) and 10-fold recommended dose (10RD). The half-lives of IMI and CAP in celery were 1.9 to 5.8 days and 4.3 to 6.5 days after foliar application, respectively, and the dietary risk quotients of IMI and CAP were 14.8 to 18.3% and 1.0 to 1.2%, respectively. For soil drench application, the half-lives of IMI and CAP in soil were 17.5 to 28.5 days and 15.1 to 23.7 days, respectively. Celery plants were able to absorb both insecticides from the soil. The highest concentrations of IMI in celery plants were 0.12 to 0.24 mg kg-1 (RD) and 0.34 to 0.39 mg kg-1 (10RD), and those for CAP were 0.0081 to 0.015 mg kg-1 (RD) and 0.028 to 0.057 mg kg-1 (10RD). Based on the highest residues of IMI and CAP in celery, the dietary risk quotients of IMI and CAP were 15.0% (RD) to 15.6% (10RD) and 1.0% (RD and 10RD) after soil drench application, respectively. The observed bioconcentration factors were 1.38 to 2.11 (IMI) and 0.35 to 0.48 (CAP), indicating that celery accumulated IMI more easily than CAP. The foliar and soil applications of IMI and CAP in celery at the RD and 10RD do not pose a safety risk to consumers. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Changpeng Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition/Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition/Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqin Luo
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition/Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyun Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition/Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei He
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition/Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Jiang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition/Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Fang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition/Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition/Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition/Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition/Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
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22
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Guo C, Di S, Chen X, Wang Y, Qi P, Wang Z, Zhao H, Gu Y, Xu H, Lu Y, Wang X. Evaluation of chiral triticonazole in three kinds of fruits: enantioseparation, degradation, and dietary risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:32855-32866. [PMID: 35020143 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective behaviors of chiral pesticides would affect the accuracy of risk assessment. This study evaluated the enantioselectivity of chiral triticonazole (a widely used fungicide) in three kinds of fruits. Firstly, the enantioseparation of triticonazole enantiomers was carried out within 1.2 min utilizing CHIRALPAK OJ-3 column with a mixture of CO2 and methanol (93:7, v/v) using SFC-MS/MS. Secondly, field trials were conducted to clarify the enantioselective degradation and residue of S-( +)-triticonazole and R-(-)-triticonazole in fruits. The initial concentrations of rac-triticonazole were 25.1-93.1 ng/g, and enantioselective degradation was observed in pear, peach, and jujube after 2 h, 10 days, and 3 days, respectively. The degradation of S-( +)-triticonazole was fastest in pear (T1/2, 2.01 days), while the T1/2 of R-(-)-triticonazole was 5.02 days. The residue concentrations of rac-triticonazole were less than the MRL set by EU (10 ng/g) on the 3rd and 21st day in pear and peach, respectively, which were lower than 10 ng/g in jujube on the 30th day (no MRL). Finally, we found that the dietary intake risks of rac-triticonazole in fruits were low for 2-7 age, 20-50 age/female, and 20-50 age/male. The current study could provide complimentary references for the rational usage, MRL formulation, and risk assessment of chiral triticonazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Guo
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanlin Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuele Lu
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China
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23
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Pearson AJ, Gaw S, Hermanspahn N, Glover CN, Anderson CWN. Radium in New Zealand agricultural soils: Crop uptake and estimation of current and future ionising radiation dose. J Environ Radioact 2022; 244-245:106808. [PMID: 35091216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2021.106808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Crop uptake of 226Ra over a range of key New Zealand agricultural and horticultural growing areas was analysed to establish the dietary implications of an increase in soil 226Ra activity concentrations. Thirty crop samples, covering both feed and food commodities, were quantified for 226Ra activity concentrations, and concentration ratio (CRs) from the soil activity were calculated. The calculated CRs correlated with international default values for estimating crop uptake. Variation in CRs established that there was no increase in the crop activity concentration, relative to soil 226Ra from pasture foliage at a fertiliser impacted site, with a gradient of soil 226Ra activity concentrations. Based on the calculated CRs, the upper bound of the theoretical range of dietary exposures to 226Ra was 78.1 μSv/yr for teenage boys. Future forecasting of the increased dietary dose of 226Ra that might occur at the current soil loading rate, based on current fertiliser activity concentrations, confirmed that long-term loading of soil with 226Ra is unlikely to present a dietary risk. The forecast model calculated that the increase in dietary ionising radiation burden is unlikely to reach thresholds requiring regulatory intervention for two millennia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Pearson
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 2526, Wellington, 6011, New Zealand; University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Sally Gaw
- University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Nikolaus Hermanspahn
- Institute of Environmental Science & Research Ltd, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, 8540, New Zealand.
| | - Chris N Glover
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Canada.
| | - Chris W N Anderson
- Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 444, New Zealand.
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24
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Singh S, Dubey JK, Katna S, Sharma A, Devi N, Brar GS, Singh G, Gautam H, Thakur N. Dissipation pattern and dietary risk assessment of some commonly used insecticides on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5372. [PMID: 35304759 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide residue in food commodities is a serious concern in relation to the consumer safety and also the most significant barrier in the trade of food commodities. The dissipation pattern of four insecticides viz., novaluron, λ-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, and fenazaquin was evaluated on tomato fruits and cropped soil. The residues were extracted using the QuEChERS analytical method and quantized using GC-ECD, GC-MS, and HPLC-PDA. The analytical method was validated using parameters like recovery, linearity, accuracy, matrix effect, specificity with limit of detection and limit of quantitation established to be 0.01 and 0.05 mg kg-1, respectively for all the pesticides. The average initial deposits (samples collected after two hours of spray) at recommended dose of novaluron, λ-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid and fenazaquin were 0.593, 0.293, 0.227 and 0.431 mg kg-1 on tomato fruits, respectively and were below the limit of quantification in soil. The pre-harvest interval of 17, 8, 1 and 13 days were suggested for novaluron, λ-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid and fenazaquin on tomato, respectively. The risk assessment studies revealed that all pesticides under study are safe and did not pose any threat to humans as (TMDI) theoretical maximum dietary intake is less than maximum permissible intake (MPI) and acceptable daily intake (ADI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhra Singh
- Department of Entomology, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan
| | - Jatiender Kumar Dubey
- Department of Entomology, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan
| | - Sapna Katna
- Department of Entomology, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Entomology, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan
| | - Nisha Devi
- Department of Entomology, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan
| | - Gaganpreet Singh Brar
- Department of Entomology, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan
| | | | - Himani Gautam
- Department of Entomology, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan
| | - Nimisha Thakur
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Research and Development
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25
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Wang JX, Cheng YF, Pan XH, Luo P. Tissue-specific accumulation, transformation, and depuration of fipronil in adult crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 232:113234. [PMID: 35085889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation and biotransformation of pesticides in fish tissues are essential to assess their toxicity and associated human exposure risk. The mechanisms on time-dependent and tissue-specific accumulation and transformation of fipronil in adult fish are limited. An experiment consisting of 25-d uptake of fipronil at two levels (10 and 50 μg/L) and 25-d depuration in adult crucian carp (Carassius auratus) was conducted. Fipronil concentration at 25-d exposure was tissue-specific with the order of liver > kidney > blood > muscle. The uptake rate constant of fipronil in the liver (low exposure group: 2.38 ± 0.27 L/kg/d; high exposure group: 1.10 ± 0.11 L/kg/d) was significantly higher than that in other tissues (p < 0.05), and the lowest in muscle (low exposure group: 0.10 ± 0.01 L/kg/d; high exposure group: 0.16 ± 0.11 L/kg/d). The bioconcentration factors of fipronil in different tissues were 1.04-12.7 L/kg wet weight and 177-4268 L/kg lipid. The tissue-blood distribution coefficients of the liver and kidney were lower than 1 based on lipid normalized concentration but higher than 1 based on wet weight concentration, suggesting fipronil was dispersed into other tissues mainly via blood in the lipid-combination pattern. Fipronil sulfone had 1.2-32 times higher concentration and longer depuration time than fipronil, implying fipronil sulfone was more retender in fish bodies. The estimated daily intake of fipronil via fish muscle consumption at 25-d exposure was 8.5-101 and 27-320 ng/kg bw/d for adults and children, respectively. Overall, the human health risk of fipronil and its metabolites with consumption of the polluted fish cannot be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Yan-Fang Cheng
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Xin-Hong Pan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Pei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Changsha Research Station for Agricultural & Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
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26
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Mozzaquatro JDO, César IA, Pinheiro AEB, Caldas ED. Pesticide residues analysis in passion fruit and its processed products by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS: Method validation, processing factors and dietary risk assessment. Food Chem 2021; 375:131643. [PMID: 34836670 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of 80 pesticides (including five metabolites) in passion fruit using ethyl acetate extraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS was validated at LOQ of 0.005 or 0.010 mg kg-1 (70 to 120% recovery; RSD ≤ 20%). Fifty-five passion fruit samples were obtained from producers, and 30 samples of frozen pulp and 12 samples of flour purchased. About 27% of the pesticides were detected; at least one in 60% of the peel samples, mainly imidacloprid and carbendazim (max. of 0.274 mg kg-1). Median processing factor was 0.5 for washed peel and 6.5 for dried peel (flour). About 63% of frozen pulp samples were positive, and 4 flour samples contained residues, mainly methamidophos. About 70% of the detected pesticides are not authorized in passion fruit in Brazil. Chronic and acute exposure from the consumption of passion fruit products did not indicate a health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izabelle Araújo César
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Anna Eduarda Barbosa Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Dutra Caldas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District 70910-900, Brazil.
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Sharma KK, Tripathy V, Sharma K, Gupta R, Yadav R, Devi S, Walia S. Long-term monitoring of 155 multi-class pesticide residues in Indian vegetables and their risk assessment for consumer safety. Food Chem 2021; 373:131518. [PMID: 34772571 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A systematic long-term study was conducted to monitor the pesticide residues in commercially important vegetables that are produced, consumed, and exported from India. Residues of 155 commonly used pesticides were determined in 966 samples of cabbage, green chilli, and okra grown in North and North-Western part of India. The residues were extracted using modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. Acetamiprid, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, metalaxyl, and profenofos were the most frequently detected pesticides. No pesticide was detected in 94.4% cabbage, 34.5% green chilli, and 61% okra samples. The chronic risk assessment due to the dietary exposure of the pesticides was evaluated for Indian adult and child. The results suggested that the detected residue levels in vegetables were within safe limits and their consumption will not pose any dietary risk to the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar Sharma
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Vandana Tripathy
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India.
| | - Khushbu Sharma
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Rajbir Yadav
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Suneeta Devi
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Suresh Walia
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
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28
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Liang Y, Wei L, Hu J. Residues and dietary intake risk assessments of clomazone, fomesafen, haloxyfop-methyl and its metabolite haloxyfop in spring soybean field ecosystem. Food Chem 2021; 360:129921. [PMID: 33991974 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Soybean is an important oilseed crop, but weed can have a significant effect on soybean yield. Clomazone, fomesafen, and haloxyfop-methyl are high-efficacy herbicides, and the combination of these herbicides shows an ideal effect on weed control. However, the residues of these herbicides and their impacts on human health are still largely unknown. In the current study, a rapid, sensitive, and selective method using modified QuECHERS procedure combined with HPLC-MS/MS was established to detect these herbicides in soybean matrices. The limits of quantification were 0.01, 0.01 and 0.025 mg/kg for haloxyfop-methyl, haloxyfop and fomesafen, and 0.005, 0.005 and 0.0125 mg/kg for clomazone in green soybean, soybean grain, and straw, with the average recoveries ranging from 80% to 107%. The terminal residues of the target compounds were all below the corresponding limits of quantification. The dietary risk assessment showed that the risk quotient values were far below the acceptable human consumption levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Liang
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lan Wei
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jiye Hu
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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29
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Badawy MH, Morgan N, Lewis KA. Correlation between dietary and dislodgeable foliar (DFR) crop residues decline data; A proposed approach to refine non- dietary risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 127:105049. [PMID: 34619289 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide residues in crop plants are routinely measured in an edible commodity or in feed items to determine safe use. Pesticides present as dislodgeable foliar residues (DFR) are measured for use in non-dietary risk assessments where worker, resident and bystander re-entry may lead to contact with the treated foliage. Possible correlations between dietary and DFR residue decline have been investigated considering data from 177 dietary residue trials along with 56 DFR trials from outdoor studies on the same crops besides residue decline data available in the Plant Properties Database (PPDB).The residue studies proved to follow the non-normal distribution and the comparison between DT50 of both types of residues for all the active substances revealed higher numerical DT50 mean values of the dietary residue compared to the DFRs. The dissipation from dietary residue studies is slower with a higher population mean compared to the mean for DFR studies for most active substances studied. A DT50 value from dietary residue studies could potentially act as a conservative surrogate DT50 for DFR which could be useful in determining the length of DFR studies and benefit both the agrochemical industry and the regulatory bodies in supporting non-dietary pesticide risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Badawy
- University of Hertfordshire, School of Life and Medical Sciences, Hatfield, Herts, AL10 9AB, United Kingdom.
| | - Neil Morgan
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen A Lewis
- University of Hertfordshire, School of Life and Medical Sciences, Hatfield, Herts, AL10 9AB, United Kingdom
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30
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Fu Y, Wang Q, Zhang L, Ling S, Jia H, Wu Y. Dissipation, occurrence, and risk assessment of 12 pesticides in Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 222:112487. [PMID: 34252681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The residual behaviors and dietary risk probability of 12 pesticides in Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo cultivated at two representative locations under green house conditions were investigated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Field trials showed that the half-lives of 12 pesticides ranged from 0.9 to 14.4 days in fresh D. officinale stems. Based on maximum residue levels (MRLs), the ultimate residues of imidacloprid, dimethomorph, metalaxyl, tebuconazole, and cyazofamid at a pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 28 days were within acceptable limits. For abamectin, indoxacarb, and difenoconazole, 35-day PHIs were needed. The PHIs of trifloxystrobin and fluopyram were 42 days, the time required for their residues to be reduced to an MRL of 4 mg/kg. The chronic and acute risk quotients of target pesticides at PHIs of 28-42 days were below 5.929% and 0.532%, respectively, showing that the evaluated D. officinale exhibited an acceptably low dietary risk to the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fu
- The Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, PR China
| | - Quansheng Wang
- The Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- The Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, PR China
| | - Shuping Ling
- The Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, PR China
| | - Huiyan Jia
- The Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, PR China
| | - Yinliang Wu
- The Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, PR China.
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31
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Li H, Chang Q, Bai R, Lv X, Cao T, Shen S, Liang S, Pang G. Simultaneous determination and risk assessment of highly toxic pesticides in the market-sold vegetables and fruits in China: A 4-year investigational study. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 221:112428. [PMID: 34146981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the levels of highly toxic pesticides (HTPs) in 6554 vegetable and fruit samples from 31 regions of China, along with the associated risk of dietary exposure for the population between 2014 and 2017. 18 HTPs were detected in 325 (4.96%) samples, and the levels of HTPs in 103 (1.57%) samples were found to be higher than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of China. The rate of detection of HTPs in six types of vegetables and fruits, in a decreasing order, was found to be as follows: eggplant (8.84%) >grape (5.58%) >tomato (5.43%) >cucumber (5.43%) >pear (3.12%) >apple (2.30%). The level of contamination of HTPs was found to be higher in vegetables compared with fruits. The vegetable and fruit samples with the highest percentages of HTPs exceeding MRLs were found in eggplants from Guangxi (20%) and grapes from Inner Mongolia (12.5%), respectively. Both, the average target hazard quotient (THQ) of a single highly toxic pesticide (HTP) and the average hazard index (HI) of the mixture of HTPs for adults and children from vegetables and fruits from the 31 regions were found to be less than one. Omethoate, carbofuran, ethoprophos, triazophos, and phorate were identified as the major contributors to the average HI for vegetables, and carbofuran, ethoprophos, omethoate, phorate, and phosphamidon were identified as the primary contributors to the average HI for fruits. The results of this study revealed that HTPs in vegetables and fruits did not cause any significant chronic risk of dietary exposure. The detection of HTPs exceeding MRLs in some of the samples implied that appropriate management guidelines for HTPs should be implemented to protect the health of the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, 071002, China.
| | - Qiaoying Chang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruobin Bai
- Beijing Uni-Star Inspection Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xuechong Lv
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, 071002, China
| | - Tengliang Cao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, 071002, China
| | - Shigang Shen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, 071002, China
| | - Shuxuan Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, 071002, China.
| | - Guofang Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, 071002, China; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
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32
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Mandal S, Poi R, Banerjee K, Ansary I, Bhattacharyya S, Hazra DK, Ghosh R, Karmakar R. Bioefficacy, residue dynamics and dietary risk assessment of gibberellic acid in improving the potential yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Environ Monit Assess 2021; 193:652. [PMID: 34528153 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of gibberellic acid (GA3) to promote fruit growth and yield has necessitated research into its trace level determination and estimation in harvested product. The phytohormone has increased the tomato yield (tonne ha-1) up to 24.7% with uniform fruit shape, size colour and lustre. A fast, simple, high-throughput analytical method was standardised based on electrospray ionisation - liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The samples were extracted using acidified (1% formic acid) methanol. The method was validated as per the SANTE/12682/2019 guidelines. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.01 and 0.05 mg kg-1. The average recoveries at LOQ and higher levels were in the range of 86-108% with relative standard deviation (RSD) < 20%. The validated method was successfully applied under field condition by following first-order kinetics with half-lives (T1/2) 1.76 days (recommended dose) and 1.99 days (double dose). The estimated pre-harvest intervals (PHIs) were 6 days (recommended dose) and 8 days (double dose). Studies on dietary risk assessment concluded that even after spray of GA3 at recommended dose, the harvested produce (tomato) could be consumed safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Mandal
- Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
- Department of Chemistry, Burdwan University, Bardhaman, West Bengal, 712104, India
| | - Rajlakshmi Poi
- Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, India
| | - Inul Ansary
- Department of Chemistry, Burdwan University, Bardhaman, West Bengal, 712104, India
| | - Sudip Bhattacharyya
- Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Hazra
- Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajarshi Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Burdwan University, Bardhaman, West Bengal, 712104, India
| | - Rajib Karmakar
- Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India.
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Yang L, Zhou X, Deng Y, Gong D, Luo H, Zhu P. Dissipation behavior, residue distribution, and dietary risk assessment of fluopimomide and dimethomorph in taro using HPLC-MS/MS. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:43956-43969. [PMID: 33846922 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dimethomorph is a morpholine broad-spectrum fungicide and effectively controls taro blight, cucumber downy mildew, rice blast disease, and others. Fluopimomide is a newly developed broad-spectrum fungicide to primarily control oomycetes and rhizoctonia diseases. Taro, one of the earliest cultivated crops, is a staple food in Africa, Oceania, and Asia. Recently, a commercial suspension concentrate formulation containing 15% fluopimomide and 25% dimethomorph has been registered in China, the second largest taro producer in the world. The objective of this study was to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to detect the residues of fluopimomide and dimethomorph concurrently in taro samples. The results showed that the average recoveries of fluopimomide and dimethomorph ranged from 83 to 108%, and relative standard deviations (RSD) ranged from 1 to 11%. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.01 mg kg-1 for the two compounds. The dissipation results demonstrated that both fluopimomide and dimethomorph in taro degraded rapidly in taro fields, and the residues of the two fungicides were below the LOQ within 14 days post-application. The final residue levels of fluopimomide and dimethomorph in taro were lower than 0.066 mg kg-1 28 days post-application. For dietary risk assessments, the dietary structure of different genders and age of people in China exposure risk assessment and whole diet exposure risk assessment shows that the risk quotient (RQ) values were substantially lower than 100%, suggesting that the long-term risks of fluopimomide/dimethomorph mixed formulation in taro at the recommended dosage were negligible. In summary, our combined results from the dissipation behaviors, terminal residues, and dietary risk assessments provide the critical empirical data for the establishment of the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of the two broad-spectrum fungicides in taro, a traditional food for African, Oceanic, and South Asian cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Yaocheng Deng
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Daoxin Gong
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Haifeng Luo
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
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34
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Yuan L, Chai Y, Li C, Liu R, Chen Z, Li L, Li W, He Y. Dissipation, residue, dietary, and ecological risk assessment of atrazine in apples, grapes, tea, and their soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:35064-35072. [PMID: 33661496 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine is one of the most used herbicides in China. It is a persistent organic pollutant but has been widely used on Chinese farmlands for a long time. To assess its dietary and ecological risks to human and environment, in this study, atrazine residues were extracted with acetonitrile and then plant samples were detected with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and soil samples were determined with gas chromatography coupled with nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method was 0.01 mg/kg for all matrices. The recoveries ranged from 82.0 to 105.4% for plant samples and 75.6 to 85.6% for soil samples. The final residues of atrazine in all plant samples were lower than LOQ. Dietary risk assessment suggested that under good agricultural practices (GAP) conditions, intake of atrazine from apples, grapes, and tea would exhibit an acceptably low health risk on consumers. However, the final residues of atrazine in soil samples were <0.01-9.2 mg/kg, and the half-lives were 2.0-9.1 days. Based on the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) model, the potential affected fraction (PAF) of atrazine in soil samples ranges from 0.01 to 65.8%. Atrazine residues in 43.1% soil samples were higher than 0.11 mg/kg, which was the hazardous concentration for 5% of species (HC5) of atrazine in soil. These results suggested that the ecological risks of atrazine in apples, grapes, and tea garden soil would exhibit a high risk on environmental species even under the same GAP conditions. This study could provide guidance for comprehensive risk assessment of atrazine properly used in apple, grape, and tea gardens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yida Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Congdi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zenglong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yujian He
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
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35
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Jing X, Zhang W, Xie J, Wang W, Lu T, Dong Q, Yang H. Monitoring and risk assessment of pesticide residue in plant-soil-groundwater systxem about medlar planting in Golmud. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:26413-26426. [PMID: 33483934 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Farm worker and consumers are vulnerable to the potentially toxic pesticides accumulated in the environment and food. Nonetheless, few studies have investigated the pesticide pollution and risk in the medlar planting site at a large scale. Hereupon, this study focused on the pesticide contamination distribution, their potential risk assessment of contaminated sites and dietary. The 11 pesticide pollution sources were collected from the five systems of fruit, leaf, soil, groundwater, and honey based on a systematic review in medlar planting site. Seventy-six samples were analyzed by chromatography technique. Residues of 4 (36.7%) compounds were found in the samples. The most distributed pesticides were imidacloprid for all samples, followed by avermectin for leaf, soil, groundwater, and honey, and carbendazim for leaf, glyphosate for soil, and those with the highest average concentrations were carbendazim (3.8-8.4 mg/kg of leaf) and glyphosate (0.21-1.3 mg/kg of soil). The vertical migration characteristic of imidacloprid was relatively stable, and the residual concentration gradually declined with the increase of burial depth. However, glyphosate tended to accumulate gradually or was close to the surface concentration with the increase of burial depth. The distribution of abamectin had no obvious regularity. Imidacloprid was lower than the MRL in fruit and honey. Imidacloprid, avermectin, and glyphosate no MRL in soil and groundwater are set. Using the monitoring data, potential health risk come from fruit, soil, and groundwater was evaluated. The HI and HQ could be considered safe for pesticide residues in fruit, soil, and groundwater. Even if these results are in general safe to eat, the effects of insecticide on human health, especially on genetic toxicity, have gradually aroused more attention. To minimize the increasing human health risk, this study suggests that authorities must regulate the usage of agrochemicals, to strengthen the controls for effective implementation of the pesticide bans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Jing
- School of Geology and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- School of Geology and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jinyan Xie
- School of Geology and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- School of Geology and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Tong Lu
- School of Geology and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Qiangfei Dong
- School of Geology and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
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36
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Guo C, Li G, Lin Q, Wu X, Wang J. Residual dynamics and dietary exposure risk of dimethoate and its metabolite in greenhouse celery. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10789. [PMID: 33717673 PMCID: PMC7934647 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the residual dynamics and dietary risk of dimethoate and its metabolite omethoate in celery. Celery was sprayed with 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate (EC) at either a low concentration of 600 g a.i./ha or a high concentration of 900 g a.i./ha. Plants in the seedling, transplanting, or middle growth stages were sprayed once, and the samples were collected 90 days after transplantation. Plants in the harvesting stage were sprayed two or three times. The samples were collected on days 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 after the last pesticide application. The dimethoate and omethoate compounds were extracted from the celery samples using acetonitrile, and their concentrations were detected using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Also, the dietary risk assessments of dimethoate and omethoate were conducted in various populations and on different foods in China. The metabolism led to the formation of omethoate from dimethoate in the celery. The degradation dynamics of dimethoate and total residues in greenhouse celery followed the first-order kinetic equation. The half-lives of the compounds were 2.42 days and 2.92 days, respectively. The celery which received one application during the harvesting stage had a final residue of dimethoate after 14 days, which was lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL) 0.5 mg kg−1 for Chinese celery. The final deposition of the metabolite omethoate after 28 days was less than the maximum residue limit of 0.02 mg kg−1 for Chinese celery. Furthermore, the risk quotients of dimethoate in celery were less than 1; therefore, the level of chronic risk was acceptable after day 21. Only children aged 2–7 years had an HQ of dimethoate more than 1 (an unacceptable level of acute risk), while the acute dietary risks to other populations were within acceptable levels. It was recommended that any dimethoate applications to celery in greenhouses should happen before the celery reached the harvesting stage, with a safety interval of 28 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjing Guo
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Lab of Agricultural Product Quality Safety Risk Assessment (Shenyang), Shenyang, China
| | - Guang Li
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Lab of Agricultural Product Quality Safety Risk Assessment (Shenyang), Shenyang, China
| | - Qiujun Lin
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Lab of Agricultural Product Quality Safety Risk Assessment (Shenyang), Shenyang, China
| | - Xianxin Wu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Lab of Agricultural Product Quality Safety Risk Assessment (Shenyang), Shenyang, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Lab of Agricultural Product Quality Safety Risk Assessment (Shenyang), Shenyang, China
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37
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Chen R, Xue X, Wang G, Wang J. Determination and dietary intake risk assessment of 14 pesticide residues in apples of China. Food Chem 2021; 351:129266. [PMID: 33639431 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of pesticide residues in apples raises serious health concerns. In this study, a novel, sensitive, high-performance method was developed to simultaneously analyze the residues of 14 pesticides in apples using modified QuEChERS sample pretreatment coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The optimized purification procedure demonstrated satisfactory recovery and precision for all the tested pesticides. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) values of 14 pesticides in the apple matrix ranged from 0.03 μg/kg to 0.3 μg/kg and 0.1 μg/kg to 1.0 μg/kg, respectively. The proposed method detected six pesticides in the apple samples collected from 20 counties in China's major apple-producing regions. Furthermore, the risk quotient (RQ, %) of the detected pesticides was evaluated by the national estimated acceptable daily intake. The RQs of six pesticides in Chinese people of different age groups were less than 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Chen
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, 66 Longtan Rd., Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Xiaomin Xue
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, 66 Longtan Rd., Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Guiping Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, 66 Longtan Rd., Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Jinzheng Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, 66 Longtan Rd., Tai'an 271000, China.
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38
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Jiang D, Cheng Z, Chen X, Dong F, Xu J, Liu X, Wu X, Pan X, An X, Zheng Y. Occurrences of eight common-used pesticide adjuvants in ten vegetable species and implications for dietary intake in North China. Food Chem 2021; 347:128984. [PMID: 33503574 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide adjuvants (PAs) are important components of pesticide products. However, limited information is available regarding their occurrences in foodstuffs. Herein, eight common-used PAs were investigated in vegetables in North China in 2014-2016. The residue levels of total PAs in vegetables from markets and farms were 500 and 661 μg/kg, respectively. The highest residues of total PAs were found in cauliflowers (average: 1.53 × 103 μg/kg, market vegetables) and spinaches (average: 3.72 × 103 μg/kg, farm vegetables), respectively. In addition, Tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (TPE) dominated the total 8 PAs concentrations in most vegetable species. Moreover, the risk assessment showed that the human health risks associated with TPE and nonylphenol (NP) exposure via vegetables for adults were acceptable, and the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of other six PAs were in the range of <0.010-0.89 μg/kg bw/day, which were less likely to pose a threat to human health.
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Key Words
- Dietary risk assessment
- Dimethyl sulfoxide, PubChem CID: 679
- Methanol, PubChem CID: 887
- N,N-Dimethylformamide, PubChem CID: 6228
- Nonylphenol, PubChem SID: 1752
- Octylphenol, PubChem SID: 15730
- Pesticide adjuvants
- Residue levels
- Toluene, PubChem CID: 1140
- Tristyrylphenol ethoxylates, PubChem SID: 342551393
- Vegetables
- m-Xylene, PubChem CID: 7929
- o-Xylene, PubChem CID: 7237
- p-Xylene, PubChem CID: 7809
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xixi Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaokang An
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
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39
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Zhao Z, Sun R, Su Y, Hu J, Liu X. Fate, residues and dietary risk assessment of the fungicides epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin in wheat in twelve different regions, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 207:111236. [PMID: 32911182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fungicides epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin have been widely used to control wheat fusarium head blight. This study was designed to investigate the dissipation behaviors in different climate regions and provide data for the modification of maximum residue limits of the two fungicides. Wheat samples were collected from field sites in twelve different regions, China and analyzed with an HPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous detection of epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin in wheat. The average recoveries of epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin in wheat matrix were 87-112% and 85-102%, respectively, with the relative standard deviations ≤8.1%. The limits of quantification of epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin in grain and straw were both 0.01 mg/kg. The dissipations of epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin followed first-order kinetics, with the half-lives of 10.3 days and 7.6 days, respectively. The terminal residues of epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin in grain were below 0.034 and 0.028 mg/kg, separately, both lower than the maximum residue limits recommended by China. Based on Chinese dietary pattern and terminal residue distributions, the risk quotients of epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin were 13.9% and 65.9%, respectively, revealing the evaluated wheat exhibited an acceptably low dietary risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Runxia Sun
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yue Su
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiye Hu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaolu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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40
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Wyckhuys KAG, Aebi A, Bijleveld van Lexmond MFIJ, Bojaca CR, Bonmatin JM, Furlan L, Guerrero JA, Mai TV, Pham HV, Sanchez-Bayo F, Ikenaka Y. Resolving the twin human and environmental health hazards of a plant-based diet. Environ Int 2020; 144:106081. [PMID: 32889485 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Food can be health-giving. A global transition towards plant-based diets may equally help curb carbon emissions, slow land-system change and conserve finite resources. Yet, projected benefits of such 'planetary health' diets imperfectly capture the environmental or societal health outcomes tied to food production. Here, we examine pesticide-related hazards of fruit and vegetable consumption, and list proven management alternatives per commodity, geography and chemical compound. Across countries, pesticide use in these alleged healthful foods is extensive with up to 97% food items containing residues and up to 42% posing dietary risks to consumers. Multiple residues are present in 70-92% of US- and China-grown stone fruit while 58% US cauliflower is tainted with neonicotinoid insecticides. Science-based alternatives and decision-support frameworks can help food producers reduce risks and potential harm by deliberately abstaining from pesticide use. As such, opportunities abound to advance 'win-win' diets that simultaneously nurture human health and conserve global biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris A G Wyckhuys
- Institute of Plant Protection, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Chrysalis Consulting, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Marc Bonmatin
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Orléans, France.
| | | | | | - Trinh V Mai
- Institute of Agricultural Environment, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hoi V Pham
- Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Viet Nam
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41
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Chen G, Qiao Y, Liu F, Zhang X, Liao H, Zhang R, Dong J. Dissipation and dietary risk assessment of kasugamycin and saisentong in Chinese cabbage. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:35228-35238. [PMID: 32592058 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe pretreatment method using dispersive solid-phase extraction was developed to quantify kasugamycin in Chinese cabbage samples by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. A pretreatment method involving precolumn transformation was utilized to determine the residue of saisentong in Chinese cabbage through high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet detection. These methods were successfully applied through field trials to determine the contents of kasugamycin and saisentong in Chinese cabbage. The dissipation of kasugamycin and saisentong in Chinese cabbage followed first-order kinetics with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.9066-0.9731 at the 95% confidence level. The half-lives of kasugamycin and saisentong in Chinese cabbage were 1.8-2.0 and 2.2-3.8 days, respectively. Terminal residual levels of kasugamycin in Chinese cabbage were not detected 14 days after application. The dietary risk assessment of kasugamycin and saisentong in Chinese cabbage showed that their risk quotients were 0.93 and 2.58%, respectively, in the preharvest interval (PHI) of 14 days. Kasugamycin and saisentong in Chinese cabbage did not pose potential health hazards at PHI of 14 days. The maximum residue limits of kasugamycin and saisentong in Chinese cabbage were 0.02 and 0.36 mg/kg, respectively, and 14 days was the safe PHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Chen
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products,, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China.
| | - Yuxin Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products,, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products,, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Hui Liao
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products,, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products,, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Jiannan Dong
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products,, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
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42
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Lin H, Liu L, Zhang Y, Shao H, Li H, Li N, Zou P, Lu N, Guo Y. Residue behavior and dietary risk assessment of spinetoram (XDE-175-J/L) and its two metabolites in cauliflower using QuEChERS method coupled with UPLC-MS/MS. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 202:110942. [PMID: 32800224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spinetoram (XDE-175-J/L), a new spinosyn-based insecticide, is one of the most widely used bio-pesticide worldwide and its registration for direct application on cauliflower to control Plutella xylostella is currently under review in China. In this study, an accredited method for simultaneous determination of spinetoram and its two metabolites in cauliflower was established and validated using QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) preparation coupled with ultra-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The average recoveries using this method were ranged from 74 to 99% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 2.4-10.5%. The dissipation kinetics and terminal residues of spinetoram and its two metabolites in cauliflower were studied in Tianjin and Guizhou over two years under open field conditions. The dissipation experiments revealed that spinetoram was swiftly degraded in cauliflower, with the half-lives less than or equal to 4.85 days. The terminal residues of total spinetoram (sum of spinetoram and its two metabolites) detected in cauliflower samples were in the range of 0.009 mg/kg-0.337 mg/kg. Dietary risk assessment study was implemented based on the scientific data of field trials, food consumption and acceptable daily intake (ADI). The estimated long-term dietary risk probability (RQ) of total spinetoram from cauliflower was between 5.79% and 5.91%, indicating that spinetoram was associated with acceptable risk for dietary cauliflower consumption. The results would provide scientific guidance for proper usage of spinetoram in cauliflower field ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Lin
- Tianjin Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381, PR China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381, PR China.
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381, PR China.
| | - Hui Shao
- Tianjin Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381, PR China.
| | - Hui Li
- Tianjin Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381, PR China.
| | - Na Li
- Tianjin Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381, PR China.
| | - Pan Zou
- Tianjin Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381, PR China.
| | - Na Lu
- Tianjin Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381, PR China.
| | - Yongze Guo
- Tianjin Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381, PR China.
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Andrade PD, Dias JV, Souza DM, Brito AP, van Donkersgoed G, Pizzutti IR, Caldas ED. Mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based products: Incidence and probabilistic dietary risk assessment for the Brazilian population. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 143:111572. [PMID: 32673632 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A probabilistic dietary risk assessment on mycotoxins was conducted using the Monte Carlo Risk Assessment software, with consumption data from the 2008/2009 Brazilian Household Budget Survey for individuals who were at least 10 years old and occurrence data for 646 samples of rice, maize, wheat, and their products, collected in the Federal District and in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Processing factors were estimated and applied to concentration data. Chronic exposure was estimated for fumonisins (free and bound/hidden), deoxynivalenol (DON) (including the acetylated forms) and zearalenone (ZON) (including alfa-zearalenol) and acute exposure was estimated for DON. For the general population, the chronic exposure exceeded the safe exposure levels at the 95P for DON and at the 99P for fumonisins. Additionally, safe level exceedance occurred at the 97.5P for fumonisins and at the 95P for DON for teenagers, as well as at the 99P for fumonisins for women of child-bearing-age. No exceedances were found for chronic exposure to ZON and acute exposure to DON. Maize couscous contributed most of the total fumonisins (91%) and ZON intakes (~40%) and bread to total intake of DON (~30%). Further studies should be conducted with updated Brazilian consumption data, which should include information for individuals aged less than 10 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Diniz Andrade
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Brasília Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Jonatan Vinicius Dias
- Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants, Chemistry, Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Darliana Mello Souza
- Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants, Chemistry, Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Page Brito
- Brasília Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Gerda van Donkersgoed
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ionara Regina Pizzutti
- Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants, Chemistry, Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Dutra Caldas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Zheng Q, Qin D, Yang L, Liu B, Lin S, Ma Q, Zhang Z. Dissipation and distribution of difenoconazole in bananas and a risk assessment of dietary intake. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:15365-15374. [PMID: 32077026 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08030-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The dissipation and terminal residues of difenoconazole in whole bananas and pulp were investigated under field conditions. The residual levels of difenoconazole in various parts of bananas grown in Guangdong, Hainan and Yunnan were determined by a GC-ECD detection method after simple, rapid pretreatment. The mean recovery was 80.66~107.40%, and the relative standard deviation was 3.36~9.84%. The results showed that the half-lives of difenoconazole in whole bananas and in the pulp were 12.16~13.33 days and 17.77~20.38 days, respectively. At harvest intervals of 28 and 35 days after the last application, the terminal residues of difenoconazole in whole bananas and pulp were 0.45~0.84 mg/kg and 0.19~0.37 mg/kg, respectively, which were lower than the maximum residue level established in China. The distribution of difenoconazole in banana pulp and peels was studied. The results showed that until harvesting, the residue in the peels was always 2.19~12.30 times larger than that in the pulp. Difenoconazole was mainly absorbed by the banana peels but did not easily penetrate into the pulp. Based on dietary risk assessment results, the residual levels of difenoconazole at the sampling interval of 28 days after the last application were within acceptable limits for chronic and acute dietary risks in different populations in China. This study can provide a reference for the safe and rational use of difenoconazole as a fungicide and for the future research and application of banana pulp and peels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Deqiang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Liupeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Benju Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Sukun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Benigni R, Serafimova R, Parra Morte JM, Battistelli CL, Bossa C, Giuliani A, Fioravanzo E, Bassan A, Gatnik MF, Rathman J, Yang C, Mostrag-Szlichtyng A, Sacher O, Tcheremenskaia O. Evaluation of the applicability of existing (Q)SAR models for predicting the genotoxicity of pesticides and similarity analysis related with genotoxicity of pesticides for facilitating of grouping and read across: An EFSA funded project. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 114:104658. [PMID: 32334037 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate the practical implementation of the guidance on the residue definition for dietary risk assessment, EFSA has organized an evaluation of applicability of existing in silico models for predicting the genotoxicity of pesticides and their metabolites, including literature survey, application of QSARs and development of Read Across methodologies. This paper summarizes the main results. For the Ames test, all (Q)SAR models generated statistically significant predictions, comparable with the experimental variability of the test. The reliability of the models for other assays/endpoints appears to be still far from optimality. Two new Read Across approaches were evaluated: Read Across was largely successful for predicting the Ames test results, but less for in vitro Chromosomal Aberrations. The worse results for non-Ames endpoints may be attributable to the several revisions of experimental protocols and evaluation criteria of results, that have made the databases qualitatively non-homogeneous and poorly suitable for modeling. Last, Parent/Metabolite structural differences (besides known Structural Alerts) that may, or may not cause changes in the Ames mutagenicity were identified and catalogued. The findings from this work are suitable for being integrated into Weight-of-Evidence and Tiered evaluation schemes. Areas needing further developments are pointed out.
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Su Y, Wang W, Hu J, Liu X. Dissipation behavior, residues distribution and dietary risk assessment of tembotrione and its metabolite in maize via QuEChERS using HPLC-MS/MS technique. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 191:110187. [PMID: 31951902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The dissipation and residues of tembotrione in corn field application were investigated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The average recoveries of tembotrione in maize, corncob, and straw were in the ranges of 98-107% with relative standard deviations (RSDs ≤9.3%), respectively. The recoveries of M5 was in the ranges of 90-108% in all three matrices of maize, with RSDs were 3.3-12.8%. The LODs for tembotrione and M5 in maize were 0.85 μg/L and 1.0 μg/L, 0.84 μg/L and 0.43 μg/L in corncob, 0.94 μg/L and 1.5 μg/L in straw, respectively. The LOQs of the method in maize grain, corncob and straw were 0.01, 0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg for both analytes, respectively. The dissipation of tembotrione in straw was in compliance with the first-order dynamic equation, with half-lives of 1.18-1.23 days at Beijing and Heilongjiang. Total residue of tembotrione in maize grain and corncob matrix were both below 0.02 mg/kg, lower than the max residue limit (MRL) recommended by european food safety authority (EFSA). Risk quotients (RQs) of this pesticide was assessed via comparing national estimated daily intake with acceptable daily intake. The dietary intake risk of tembotrione residue in maize was very low for all groups of Chinese residents. These data could provide scientific data and strategies and facilitate Chinese government to establish the MRLs of tembotrione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Su
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Weijun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Jiye Hu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Xiaolu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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Czaja K, Struciński P, Korcz W, Minorczyk M, Hernik A, Wiadrowska B. Alternative toxicological methods for establishing residue definitions applied for dietary risk assessment of pesticides in the European Union. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111120. [PMID: 31931075 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumers are constantly exposed to trace levels of residues present in food commodities, arising from the use of pesticides. For this reason, assessing the risk caused by pesticide residues present in food requires not only identification and toxicological properties assessment of the active substance, but also of its metabolites, isomers, and degradates. This requires the use of many laboratory animals. On the other hand, currently there is an emphasis on minimizing the use of animals in toxicological research. This review article presents current activities of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) aiming to replace at least a part of toxicological tests on substances of unknown toxicity with the alternative methods. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) and Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) can be used for this purpose in procedure of establishing residue definitions applied for dietary risk assessment.
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Pang N, Fan X, Fantke P, Zhao S, Hu J. Dynamics and dietary risk assessment of thiamethoxam in wheat, lettuce and tomato using field experiments and computational simulation. Environ Pollut 2020; 256:113285. [PMID: 31733956 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thiamethoxam is a widely used pesticide applied to different field crops. To inform risk assessment for this pesticide across relevant crops, we usually rely on field trials, which require time, costs and energy. For providing reliable data across crops and reduce experimental efforts, field trials should be complemented with dynamic modelling. In the present work, we hence focused on combining field trials with dynamic modelling to simulate mass evolutions of the pesticide-plant-system for thiamethoxam applied to wheat, lettuce and tomato as three major food crops. Field trials were conducted with QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, which gave consistent maximum residue concentrations for thiamethoxam in wheat, lettuce and tomato. We used these residues to evaluate the related dietary risk of humans consuming these food crops. Our results indicated that thiamethoxam did not provide any unacceptable dietary risk for humans across these three food crops, which is in line with findings from previous studies. Results for the studied crops could be extrapolated to other crops and with that, our study constitutes a cost- and time-efficient way of providing reliable input for risk assessment of pesticides across crops, which is relevant for both practitioners and regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Pang
- Lab of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Xueqi Fan
- Lab of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Shengming Zhao
- Lab of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Jiye Hu
- Lab of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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Malhat F, Abdallah O. Residue distribution and risk assessment of two macrocyclic lactone insecticides in green onion using micro-liquid-liquid extraction (MLLE) technique coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Environ Monit Assess 2019; 191:584. [PMID: 31440848 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A micro-liquid-liquid extraction (MLLE) technique coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was established and validated to determine the residues of two macrocyclic lactone insecticides (spinetoram and spinosad) in green onion. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method, as demonstrated by the lowest acceptable recovery level, was 0.01 mg kg-1, and the obtained recoveries were 78.3-93.4% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) < 12.5%. The method was then applied for analyzing field samples collected after treatment with the tested insecticides under Egyptian open-field condition. The decline pattern, terminal residues, and dietary risk assessment of spinetoram and spinosad residues in green onion were evaluated for food safety. Spinetoram and spinosad residues' decline in green onion followed first-order kinetics with the half-lives of 1.2 and 1.42 days, respectively. Based on the results, the required period to reach their respective maximum residue limits (MRLs) was 1 and 0 days for spinetoram and spinosad residues in green onion, respectively, which indicates a short persistence level and high degradation rate. The results suggest that there is no unacceptable chronic or acute risk to human health from the consumption of green onion treated with spinetoram and spinosad according to the uses considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farag Malhat
- Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt.
| | - Osama Abdallah
- Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
- Food Safety Laboratory, Al-Qassim Municipality, Buraydah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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50
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Dong M, Ma L, Zhan X, Chen J, Huang L, Wang W, Zhao L. Dissipation rates and residue levels of diflubenzuron and difenoconazole on peaches and dietary risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104447. [PMID: 31430505 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dissipation kinetics, residue levels, and potential risks of diflubenzuron and difenoconazole on peaches were investigated under open field conditions. Two years of field trials were carried out in Shanghai, China, and the half-lives of diflubenzuron and difenoconazole on peaches ranged from 4.4 to 25d. Their terminal residue concentrations on peaches were 0.022-5.7 mg/kg after three of the tested sampling intervals. Based on the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of difenoconazole on peaches, a preharvest interval (PHI) of 14 d was proposed. A PHI of 10 d was proposed for diflubenzuron after a dietary safety assessment. During the safety assessment, the hazard quotient (HQ) and risk quotient (RQ) on peaches were determined. The results showed that the HQs (3.6-8.3%) and RQs(51-55%) of diflubenzuron were acceptable, proving that diflubenzuron poses no potential health risks. For difenoconazole, the HQs (0.027-0.071%) were satisfactory, but the RQs (115-116%) exceeded 100%, which indicated potential risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maofeng Dong
- Pesticide Safety Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, PR China
| | - Lin Ma
- Shanghai Agriculture Technical Extension Service Center, Shanghai, 201103, PR China
| | - Xiuping Zhan
- Shanghai Agriculture Technical Extension Service Center, Shanghai, 201103, PR China
| | - Jianbo Chen
- Shanghai Agriculture Technical Extension Service Center, Shanghai, 201103, PR China
| | - Lanqi Huang
- Shanghai Agriculture Technical Extension Service Center, Shanghai, 201103, PR China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Pesticide Safety Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Shanghai Agriculture Technical Extension Service Center, Shanghai, 201103, PR China.
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