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DaViera AL, Uriostegui M, Gottlieb A, Onyeka OC. Risk, race, and predictive policing: A critical race theory analysis of the strategic subject list. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 73:91-103. [PMID: 37067014 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Predictive policing is a tool used increasingly by police departments that may exacerbate entrenched racial/ethnic disparities in the Prison Industrial Complex (PIC). Using a Critical Race Theory framework, we analyzed arrest data from a predictive policing program, the Strategic Subject List (SSL), and questioned how the SSL risk score (i.e., calculated risk for gun violence perpetration or victimization) predicts the arrested individual's race/ethnicity while accounting for local spatial conditions, including poverty and racial composition. Using multinomial logistic regression with community area fixed effects, results indicate that the risk score predicts the race/ethnicity of the arrested person while accounting for spatial context. As such, despite claims of scientific objectivity, we provide empirical evidence that the algorithmically-derived risk variable is racially biased. We discuss our study in the context of how the SSL reinforces a pseudoscientific justification of the PIC and call for the abolition of these tools broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L DaViera
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marbella Uriostegui
- Applied Research & Equitable Evaluation, Education Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Aaron Gottlieb
- Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Folk JB, Ramaiya M, Holloway E, Ramos L, Marshall BDL, Kemp K, Li Y, Bath E, Mitchell DK, Tolou-Shams M. The Association Between Expanded ACEs and Behavioral Health Outcomes Among Youth at First Time Legal System Contact. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1857-1870. [PMID: 36565372 PMCID: PMC10290175 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-01009-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of literature has documented high rates of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their effects on behavioral health among adolescents impacted by the juvenile legal system. Most research with justice-impacted youth assesses the ten standard ACEs, encompassing abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. This body of work has largely ignored the five expanded ACEs which assess social and community level adversity. Justice-impacted youth commonly experience expanded ACEs (racial discrimination, placement in foster care, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood, witnessing violence, bullying), and inclusion of these adversities may enhance predictive utility of the commonly used ACEs score. The current study examined the prospective impact of total ACEs (standard and expanded) on alcohol and cannabis use, substance-related consequences, and psychiatric symptoms during the year following first ever contact with the juvenile court. Results indicate justice-impacted youth experience multiple expanded ACEs prior to first court contact. The expanded ACEs did not predict any of the behavioral health outcomes assessed, over and above the standard ACEs. Inclusion of expanded ACEs in the standard ACEs score may not increase utility in identifying prospective behavioral health outcomes among youth in first time contact with the juvenile legal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna B Folk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan Ramaiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Evan Holloway
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lili Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brandon D L Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kathleen Kemp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eraka Bath
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daphne Koinis Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Jones G, Al-Suwaidi M, Castro-Ramirez F, McGuire TC, Mair P, Nock MK. Race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and crime arrests. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1169692. [PMID: 37692301 PMCID: PMC10484513 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1169692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psilocybin use has been linked to lowered odds of crime-related outcomes across a host of observational studies. No studies have investigated how these associations may differ among those of different races and ethnicities. Methods Using a nationally-representative sample of 734,061 adults from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2020), we investigated whether race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and four measures of crime arrests (property crime, assault, serious violence, and miscellaneous crimes). Results First, we replicated prior findings and demonstrated that psilocybin confers lowered odds of crime arrests for all four outcomes in question. Second, we demonstrated that race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and crime arrests for three of our four outcomes. Third, we examined the associations between psilocybin and crime arrests across different races and ethnicities (White, Black, Indigenous, Asian, Multiracial, and Hispanic participants). Psilocybin conferred lowered odds of at least one crime arrest outcome for all racial and ethnic groups except for Black and Hispanic participants. Discussion Future investigations should take an intersectional approach to studying the interrelationship of sociodemographic factors, psychedelic use, and crime, examine the structural factors (i.e., systemic racism) that may underlie these results, and investigate whether psychedelics can alleviate mental health disorders that contribute to cycles of recriminalization for communities of color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Jones
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Maha Al-Suwaidi
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Taylor C. McGuire
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Patrick Mair
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Matthew K. Nock
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Concannon C, Na C. Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Prosecutor's Bail Requests and Downstream Decision-making. RACE AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS 2023; 16:1-18. [PMID: 36619940 PMCID: PMC9810515 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although research into prosecutorial and judicial decision-making has been conducted for the past three decades, a great deal still remains unknown. Most research focuses on the 'back end' of the adjudication process, leaving decision points prior to the final phases unanalyzed. Drawing on unique data from the New York County District Attorney's Office that tracks 43,971 felony complaints, this research explores racial and ethnic disparity at multiple decision points during case processing, with a focus on the prosecutor's initial bail request. A combination of regression modeling and path analysis were applied, revealing that the effects of race and ethnicity vary by decision point. Black defendants demonstrated increased bail requests and likelihood of indictment. However, together with Latino defendants, they were less likely to be detained prior to trial compared with White defendants. Despite identifying a mix of positive and negative cumulative effects, we found significant indirect effects of black defendants via bail request that contribute to the unwarranted racial disparities in both pre-trial detention and indictment outcomes. Insights gleaned from this research help prosecutors understand how their initial actions influence final outcomes, as well as contributing to the national conversation on the use of cash bail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Concannon
- Former Deputy Director of Analytics at the New York County District Attorney’s Office, New York, USA
| | - Chongmin Na
- Graduate School of Public Administration, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
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Saad MK, Rivera LM, Veysey BM. A Positive Versus Negative Interaction Memory Affects Parole Officers’ Implicit Associations Between the Self-Concept and the Group Parolees. Front Psychol 2022; 13:787583. [PMID: 35967703 PMCID: PMC9368575 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.787583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parole officers are one of many actors in the legal system charged with interpreting and enforcing the law. Officers not only assure that parolees under their supervision comply with the terms of their release, but also monitor and control parolees’ criminal behavior. They conduct their jobs through their understanding of their official mandate and make considered and deliberate choices while executing that mandate. However, their experiences as legal actors may impact their implicit cognitions about parolees. This experiment is the first of its kind to examine implicit (i.e., automatic) associations between the self and parolees among actors of the legal system. Objective The present study examines the implicit cognitive consequences of the quality of the parole officer-parolee relationship from the perspective of the parole officer; specifically, whether parole officers who are reminded of positive experiences with parolees implicitly associate more with the group parolees than those reminded of a negative experience. In addition, we explore the moderating effects of parole officers’ subjective professional orientation and identification. Method Eighty-four New Jersey parole officers participated in the study. First, an experimental manipulation of either a past positive or negative experience was administered via a writing task. Participants then completed an Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure associations between the self-concept of parole officers with parolees who are part of the group criminal, followed by measures of professional orientation and identification. Results Participants who were reminded of a positive experience with a parolee exhibited stronger associations between self and the group parolee when compared to those who were reminded of a negative experience. Neither professional orientation nor parole officer group identification were related to implicit associations and did not moderate the effect of the past experience reminder on implicit associations. Conclusion and Implications Implicit cognitions of parole officers may influence their behaviors and interactions with those whom they supervise. Positive reminders affect implicit self-associations with parolees presumably via empathy, which is known to affect the quality of therapeutic and supervision relationships; thus, theoretically, leading to improved outcomes for both officers and parolees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina K. Saad
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Hackensack, NJ, United States
- School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Marina K. Saad,
| | - Luis M. Rivera
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, United States
- Luis M. Rivera,
| | - Bonita M. Veysey
- School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, United States
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Christie-Mizell CA, Talbert RD, Frazier CG, Rainock MR, Jurinsky J. Race-gender variation in the relationship between arrest history and poor health from adolescence to adulthood. J Natl Med Assoc 2022; 114:353-362. [PMID: 35337664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to examine how criminal justice involvement, specifically arrests, shapes health by race-gender status and age for Black, Latinx, and White men and women from adolescence to adulthood. METHOD Data were from sixteen waves (1997-2013) of data of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort (N = 7,674). Respondents were 12-16 years during the first wave of the survey. Multivariate logistic regression with interactions were used to determine how age and race-gender status shape the association between poor health and arrests over time. RESULTS With the exception of Black men, arrest history is positively associated with the probability of poor health and this relationship strengthens with age. Arrests have the least detrimental impact on the health of Black men. For those without an arrest history, the probability of poor health also increases with age, but with a less steep incline over time than those who have been arrested. Overall, women who have been arrested, regardless of race, have the worst health prospects. CONCLUSIONS A history of arrest is important for health from adolescence to adulthood and varies by race-gender status and age. Those without arrests in their backgrounds enjoy better health at both younger and older ages. For those who experience arrest, they generally report poorer health from adolescence into adulthood. One exception is Black men for whom those with an arrest history report the lowest probability of poor health, compared to Black women, Latinx men, Latinx women, White men, and White women.
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Affiliation(s)
- C André Christie-Mizell
- Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, VU Station B, Box 351811, 37325-1811, Nashville, TN 37325, United States.
| | - Ryan D Talbert
- Department of Sociology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
| | | | - Meagan R Rainock
- Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, VU Station B, Box 351811, 37325-1811, Nashville, TN 37325, United States.
| | - Jordan Jurinsky
- Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, United States.
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Martin-Willett R, Bidwell LC. Call to Action for Enhanced Equity and Inclusion in Cannabis Research. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021; 6:77-81. [PMID: 33907711 PMCID: PMC8064966 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Policies regarding cannabis use are rapidly evolving in the United States as exemplified by the legalization of recreational use in 11 states and the District of Columbia. Previous cannabis-related laws, however, disproportionately targeted communities of color before legalization, and many argue new policies are not being developed with the input of minority stakeholders postlegalization. Given that biomedical research has also historically underrepresented communities of color, there is an obligation on the part of researchers now to actively work toward improving equity in cannabis research at a time when the field is rapidly expanding. This is particularly important for research concerning therapeutic uses of cannabis and risk liabilities. Objective: This article is a call to action to improve equity and inclusion in cannabis research design and practice. Specifically, it includes three recommendations focusing on (1) inclusiveness of recruitment, (2) improve demographic reporting in articles, and (3) strengthening publication requirements. Conclusion: These efforts will enhance the shared values and ethics of our field and improve the quality and validity of our research findings moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Martin-Willett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - L Cinnamon Bidwell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.,Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Lim JK, Forman LS, Ruiz S, Xuan Z, Callis BP, Cranston K, Walley AY. Factors associated with help seeking by community responders trained in overdose prevention and naloxone administration in Massachusetts. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107531. [PMID: 31526959 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community overdose responders do not always seek help from emergency services when administering naloxone. We aimed to identify responder, overdose event, and community characteristics associated with help seeking from emergency services during overdoses reported by Massachusetts Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) enrollees, and to assess trends in help seeking over time. METHODS We analyzed overdose reports submitted between 2007 and 2017 to the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. We used logistic regression, stratified by responder drug use status, to assess associations of characteristics with help seeking during an overdose. RESULTS From January 2007 through December 2017, there were 69,870 OEND enrollees. 5,588 enrollees reported 10,246 overdoses. Help seeking was more likely among responders who did not use drugs. Among responders who did not use drugs, help seeking was more likely when: the responder was older or female, the victim was a stranger or client, and when naloxone did not work. Among responders who used drugs, help seeking was more likely when: the responder was female or had not previously reported responding to an overdose, the victim was a stranger or client or did not use fentanyl, naloxone took a longer time to work, and when the overdose was public or occurred more recently. The percentage of overdoses where help seeking occurred reached a maximum in 2016 at 50%. CONCLUSIONS Help seeking by OEND enrollees was significantly associated with several responder, victim, and event characteristics. Targeted interventions to promote help seeking are warranted, particularly as the lethality of opioid supplies rises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie K Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, 1 Boston Medical Center Place, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Leah S Forman
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Sarah Ruiz
- Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 305 South St., Jamaica Plain, MA, 02130, USA; Bureau of Substance Addiction Services, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 250 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA.
| | - Ziming Xuan
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; Grayken Center for Addiction, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, 801 Massachusetts Ave., Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Barry P Callis
- Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 305 South St., Jamaica Plain, MA, 02130, USA.
| | - Kevin Cranston
- Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 305 South St., Jamaica Plain, MA, 02130, USA.
| | - Alexander Y Walley
- Grayken Center for Addiction, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, 801 Massachusetts Ave., Boston, MA, 02118, USA; Bureau of Substance Addiction Services, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 250 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA.
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