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Manohar H, Asokan K, Madegowda RK, Kommu JVS, Seshadri S. Children's vulnerabilities and pathways to conflict with the law: Insights from Swatantra Clinic, a specialised mental health service at a tertiary care centre in India. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 96:104048. [PMID: 38677051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
'Swatantra-Clinic' at NIMHANS, India, provides mental healthcare to vulnerable children. This study describes the clinical profile, vulnerability and protective factors of 77 adolescents in conflict with the law (CICL). 90.9 % (n=70) reported Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), 58.4 % (n=45) had school-related difficulties, 68.9 % (n=53) reported child labour experiences, 64.9 % (n=50) had deviant peer associations, and 40 % (n=31) experimented with substance use. Despite vulnerabilities, 72.7 %(n=56) had a positive future orientation, 45.5 % (n=35) had supportive caregivers and exhibited prosocial skills. only 12 % (n=9) followed up on recommendations, highlighting the need for collaborative and transdisciplinary care to promote CICL rehabilitation and community integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini Manohar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Kiruthika Asokan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Rajendra Kiragasur Madegowda
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
| | - John Vijay Sagar Kommu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Shekhar Seshadri
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Advisor, Support, Advocacy & Mental Health Interventions for Children in Vulnerable Circumstances And Distress (SAMVAD), A National Initiative & Integrated Resource for Child Protection, Mental Health, & Psychosocial Care, Established by Ministry of Women & Child Development, Government of India, India
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Clifton RL, Carson I, Dir AL, Tu W, Zapolski TCB, Aalsma MC. Who gets screened and who tests positive? Drug screening among justice-involved youth in a midwestern urban county. Health Justice 2024; 12:13. [PMID: 38578372 PMCID: PMC10997690 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given high rates of substance use among justice-involved youth, justice systems have attempted to monitor use through drug screening (DS) procedures. However, there is discretion in deciding who is screened for substance use, as not every youth who encounters the system is screened. The aim of the current study was to examine factors associated with selection for and results of oral DS among justice-involved youth assigned to probation to better inform potential DS policy. Electronic court records from 4,668 youth with first-incident records assigned to probation in a midwestern urban county's juvenile justice system between 2011 and 2016 were included in the analytical sample. Race/ethnicity, gender, age, number of charges and charge type for the current incident were included as independent variables. RESULTS Multivariable hierarchical logistic regression analyses indicated that males were more likely to be assigned to DS (aOR = 0.40, 95%CI [0.34, 0.46]), and more likely to test positive for use (aOR = 0.43, 95% CI [0.34, 0.54]) than females. As age increased, youth were less likely to be assigned to DS (aOR = 0.91, 95% CI [0.87, 0.94]), with non-significant differences in DS results. Greater number of charges were associated with a higher likelihood of being assigned to DS (aOR = 1.55, 95% CI [1.43, 1.68]). Youth with violent offenses were more likely to be assigned to DS than those with other offense types (property offenses, drug offenses, statutory offenses, disorderly conduct, and all other offenses), but less likely to test positive for use. CONCLUSIONS Many factors were associated with differences in DS, but these factors were not always associated with differential DS results. Demographic or charge-based decisions may not be appropriate for DS assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richelle L Clifton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian Carson
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Allyson L Dir
- Department of Psychiatry, Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Wanzhu Tu
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tamika C B Zapolski
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew C Aalsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adolescent Medicine, Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Hipple NK, Lentz TS, Lewis SD. The Influence of Routine Health care on Reoffending in a Sample of Gun Involved Youths. J Community Health 2024; 49:277-285. [PMID: 37932628 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-023-01294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
In the wake of heightened concerns about gun violence and its impacts on youth, "what works" in gun violence prevention remains a critical public health concern. Gun violence prevention in the U.S. is increasingly interdisciplinary, involving both the criminal legal system and the health care system in developing an evidence base for promising programs and policies. The current study contributes to the literature by examining recidivism outcomes (i.e., rearrest) for a cohort of n = 409 Indianapolis youth involved in gun violence who were court-ordered to complete a health education-based prevention program called Project Life. The youth in our sample were predominantly from marginalized communities, all had been charged with a gun-involved or violence offense, 96% were detained by the juvenile justice system for some time, and 64% received at least one routine well check within five years prior to Project Life. Survival analyses of merged juvenile court records and health records show that routine health care (i.e., well visits) and completing the Project Life program were protective against recidivism, whereas time spent in detention increased risk. The findings provide evidence for the value of interdisciplinary approaches that include the health system in disrupting cycles of gun violence, while reducing the carceral footprint on youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodore S Lentz
- Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Stuart D Lewis
- Division of Geriatrics and Primary Care, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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Nelson V, Wood J, Belenko S, Pankow J, Piper K. Conditions of successful treatment referral practices with justice-involved youth: Qualitative insights from probation and service provider staff involved in JJ-TRIALS. J Subst Use Addict Treat 2024; 162:209358. [PMID: 38548060 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2024.209358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compared to the general U.S. adolescent population, young people involved in the juvenile justice system are at greater risk of experiencing substance use (SU) issues. There are critical opportunities across the juvenile justice continuum, at points of interface with community-based treatment services, to screen and assess for SU issues, identify unmet treatment needs, and refer those in need to treatment. The treatment referral process is, however, complex, and contingent on a seamless nexus between juvenile justice operations and the wider treatment provider landscape. Given the lack of successful SU referrals among justice-involved youth and the variable referral rates across jurisdictions, this study's aim is to provide a qualitative, explanatory understanding of the conditions that together contribute to successful referring practices. METHODS The study is based on an analysis of a qualitative dataset comprising focus group data with probation and community-based behavioral health treatment staff working in 31 sites in 6 different states as part of the clustered randomized trial of an organizational change intervention known as JJ-TRIALS (Juvenile Justice Translational Research on Interventions for Adolescents in the Legal System). The data contain respondents' narratives on the achievements, successes, and challenges with implementing the intervention. The data were analyzed through a combination of strategies to identify the conditions that both facilitate and impede referral processes between probation offices and community-based SU treatment providers. RESULTS Participants across sites discussed the positive impacts that the JJ-TRIALS intervention had on their improved ability to communicate, collaborate, and collect data. From the interviews, seven main conditions were observed to contribute to successful SU treatment referral practices: (1) communication (inter-organizational); (2) collaboration; (3) data-driven practices; (4) family engagement; (5) institutionalized policy and referral documentation; (6) efficient referral policies and procedures; and (7) suitable and accessible system of treatment providers. CONCLUSION Findings highlight the value of a holistic understanding of successful treatment referrals for justice-involved youth and help inform research and practice efforts to identify and measure the many dimensions of referral-making at the interface of juvenile probation and behavioral health services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jen Pankow
- Texas Christian University, United States of America
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Letourneur EKN, Gouadon E, Mansouri M. Diagnosing psychopathy in an intercultural setting: Applications and implications in postcolonial contemporary Mayotte. Int J Law Psychiatry 2024; 93:101963. [PMID: 38382355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2024.101963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
International scientific research has extensively studied psychopathy, but few studies focus on an intercultural and postcolonial context. Mayotte, a French overseas collectivity located in East Africa, offers a unique opportunity to study the application and effects of psychopathy diagnosis in the criminal justice field within a social context shaped by colonial legacy. This research uses a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data, to show that in Mayotte, the majority of individuals diagnosed with psychopathy are young, low-income individuals who act in groups. Among them are minors, and the majority have no prior criminal history. This article provides a complementarist reflection on this phenomenon, informed by immersive field anthropology and theoretical contributions from psychology, sociology, and criminology. Through an inductive research process, this study posits the hypothesis that diagnoses of psychopathy in post-colonial contexts may be influenced by complex determinants rooted in collective history and contemporary power relations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erwann Gouadon
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, UTRPP Laboratory, Clinical Psychologist, France
| | - Malika Mansouri
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, UTRPP Laboratory, Clinical Psychologist, France
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Belisle LA, Pinchevsky GM, Ortega G. Examining the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among justice-involved youth in the U.S.: The importance of accounting for race/ethnicity, gender, and gendered racial/ethnic groups. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 149:106514. [PMID: 38359774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth in the U.S. juvenile justice system are exposed to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) at higher rates than youth in the general public. Additionally, research has demonstrated ACEs can vary by race/ethnicity and gender. However, little is known about how ACEs are experienced across gendered racial/ethnic groups of justice-involved youth. OBJECTIVE To address this gap, this exploratory study is the first to apply an intersectional lens to examine the prevalence of ACEs among a group of justice-involved youth in the U.S. PARTICIPANTS & SETTING Using secondary data, this study examines ACEs by gender, race/ethnicity, and six gendered racial/ethnic groups of justice-involved youth referred to the Division of Youth and Family Services (DYFS) in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. METHODS Descriptive analyses are presented by gender and race/ethnicity separately, followed by gendered racial/ethnic groups to understand differential rates of exposure to ACEs. RESULTS The study's findings align with previous research and reinforce that justice-involved youth experience higher rates of adversity than the general public. The results also support the feminist pathway's perspective within an intersectional context, emphasizing the importance of accounting for race/ethnicity and gender simultaneously to identify the unique experiences of ACEs among justice-involved youth. CONCLUSION Recommendations related to these findings and considerations surrounding ACE measures are discussed. Specifically, findings from this study stress the importance of accounting for gender and race/ethnicity simultaneously when measuring experiences of adversity. This is a critical step to providing equitable treatment and services to address trauma-related needs across gendered racial/ethnic groups of system-involved youth.
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Piper KN, Jahn A, Escoffery C, Woods-Jaeger B, Nunn A, Schwartz DP, Smith-Curry C, Sales J. A mixed methods evaluation of family-driven care implementation in juvenile justice agencies in Georgia. Health Justice 2024; 12:8. [PMID: 38407654 PMCID: PMC10895769 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving family engagement in juvenile justice (JJ) system behavioral health services is a high priority for JJ systems, reform organizations, and family advocacy groups across the United States. Family-driven care (FDC) is a family engagement framework used by youth-serving systems to elevate family voice and decision-making power at all levels of the organization. Key domains of a family-driven system of care include: 1) identifying and involving families in all processes, 2) informing families with accurate, understandable, and transparent information, 3) collaborating with families to make decisions and plan treatments, 4) responding to family diversity and inclusion, 5) partnering with families to make organizational decisions and policy changes, 6) providing opportunities for family peer support, 7) providing logistical support to help families overcome barriers to participation, and 8) addressing family health and functioning. FDC enhances family participation, empowerment, and decision-making power in youth services; ultimately, improving youth and family behavioral health outcomes, enhancing family-child connectedness, and reducing youth recidivism in the JJ setting. METHODS We evaluated staff-perceived adoption of the eight domains of FDC across detention and community services agencies in the state of Georgia. We collected mixed methods data involving surveys and in-depth qualitative interviews with JJ system administrators, staff, and practitioners between November 2021- July 2022. In total, 140 individuals from 61 unique JJ agencies participated in surveys; and 16 JJ key informants participated in qualitative interviews. RESULTS FDC domains with the highest perceived adoption across agencies included identifying and involving families, informing families, collaborative decision-making and treatment planning, and family diversity and inclusion. Other domains that had mixed or lower perceived adoption included involving families in organizational feedback and policy making, family peer support, logistical support, and family health and functioning. Adoption of FDC domains differed across staff and organizational characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this mixed methods assessment will inform strategic planning for the scale-up of FDC strategies across JJ agencies in the state, and serve as a template for assessing strengths and weaknesses in the application of family engagement practices in systems nationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin N Piper
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Alexandra Jahn
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cam Escoffery
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Briana Woods-Jaeger
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amy Nunn
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - Jessica Sales
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bronsard G, Leroux PA, Diallo I, Eleuterio J, Le Bihan A, Boyer L, Lavenne-Collot N. Prevalence of mental disorders in closed educational centers in France. Encephale 2024:S0013-7006(24)00016-2. [PMID: 38368185 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2023.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Closed educational centres (CEC) receive young offenders who most often have a conduct disorder (CD). Mental disorders other than conduct disorder are a negative factor in the effect of educational actions. Moreover, adverse life experiences are frequent vulnerability factors in this population. This article aims to document the prevalence and links between psychiatric disorders, exposure to trauma, and the psycho-behavioural characteristics of adolescents placed in CEC. METHOD We conducted a multicentre epidemiological study on a sample of 101 adolescents placed in nine closed educational centres in France. Psychiatric disorders were measured by the MINI-KID 2 and Conners Rating Scale questionnaires. Several questionnaires were used to collect sociodemographic data and the psychological profile of each adolescent. RESULTS Among the adolescents, 90.2% had at least one mental disorder with a predominance of conduct disorder (80%). Comorbidity was also frequently found: among the subjects with conduct disorder, 37% had at least one other psychiatric disorder. Interestingly, the intensity of conduct disorder and the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) score were significantly correlated. Furthermore, two subgroups were identified: adolescents with isolated conduct disorder (44.6%) and adolescents with other psychiatric disorders (45.7%) with or without conduct disorder. The latter subgroup showed higher vulnerability and poorer outcomes in terms of attachment patterns, feelings of abandonment, hostility and impulsivity. CONCLUSION This study is the first French epidemiological study of mental disorders in juvenile offenders. It suggests that the detection of psychiatric disorders in young people in CEC is an important prerequisite for the implementation of targeted interventions according to different profiles. Furthermore, collaboration between the medical-psychological and judicial fields, in the form of an operational partnership, is necessary to guarantee better support for these young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bronsard
- Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Bohars Hospital, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France; EA7479 SPURBO, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France; EA3279 CEReSS, University of Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Antoine Leroux
- Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Bohars Hospital, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France; EA7479 SPURBO, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Issaga Diallo
- EA3279 CEReSS, University of Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Jules Eleuterio
- Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Bohars Hospital, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France; EA7479 SPURBO, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Alban Le Bihan
- Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Bohars Hospital, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France; EA7479 SPURBO, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- EA3279 CEReSS, University of Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France; Medical Information Department, Public Assistance-Marseille University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Lavenne-Collot
- Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Bohars Hospital, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France; EA7479 SPURBO, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France; Inserm U1101, LATIM, Brest, France.
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Franz DJ, Schweer-Collins ML, Cioffi CC, Leve LD. Adolescent child custody loss and substance use treatment as predictors of young adult substance use trajectories among females with foster care and juvenile justice involvement. Child Youth Serv Rev 2024; 157:107421. [PMID: 38371910 PMCID: PMC10868730 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify trajectories of substance use from adolescence to young adulthood among 166 females with dual child welfare and juvenile justice system involvement, and to explore the influence of adolescent child custody status and substance use treatment on substance use trajectories. Results identified four substance use trajectory groups (stable moderate substance use, decreasing substance use, increasing substance use, stable high substance use). Custody loss during adolescence predicted membership in the stable high substance use trajectory group (log odds estimate = 2.99, p = < 0.01). No significant associations were found with adolescent substance use treatment. The findings can inform policymakers, foster care professionals, and law enforcement officers to promote the delivery of timely and appropriate substance use services that respond to the unique needs of females across the child welfare and juvenile justice system populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daschel J. Franz
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, 1600 Millrace Dr, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | | | - Camille C. Cioffi
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, 1600 Millrace Dr, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Leslie D. Leve
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, 1600 Millrace Dr, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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Rázuri EB, Yang Y, Tinius E, Knight DK. Adaptation of a trauma-informed intervention to prevent opioid use among youth in the legal system. J Subst Use Addict Treat 2024:209294. [PMID: 38272116 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2024.209294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youth in the legal system are at high risk for opioid and other substance use problems and exhibit high rates of trauma exposure. Trauma-focused therapeutic approaches to prevent substance use show promise, but few evidence-based interventions are designed with justice-involved youth in mind. Consequently, implementing trauma-informed, evidence-based interventions within juvenile justice systems is challenging. The current paper describes the systematic adaptation of Trust-Based Relational Intervention (TBRI) as a family-centered substance use prevention program for youth transitioning from secure residential facilities. METHODS The study utilized the ADAPT-ITT methodological framework to adapt TBRI Caregiver Training, an evidence-based, trauma-informed intervention designed to help caregivers support children and youth with histories of trauma. Phases of adaptation included (1) Assessment, (2) Decision, (3) Prototype Development, and (4) Testing and Integration. The adaptation process explored contextual factors (e.g., systems, facilities, and staff) and the needs of the new target population (i.e., youth in the legal system and their caregivers). Adaptations were made to both content (e.g., terminology and activities) and structure (e.g., session duration and delivery setting) with input from participants from the target population, key stakeholders, and content experts. RESULTS The systematic adaptation of the intervention model resulted in a two-phase, four-component intervention package that can be implemented in juvenile justice settings as part of youth reentry services. The primary intervention, delivered while youth are in residential facilities, includes the TBRI Caregiver Curriculum, TBRI Youth & Young Adult Curriculum, and TBRI Nurture Groups. The secondary intervention, delivered after youth transition home, includes the TBRI Family Coaching Curriculum. CONCLUSIONS Utilizing a systematic methodological framework to guide adaptation has implications for developing accessible, culturally relevant, and contextually appropriate interventions. Accounting for contextual factors and population needs can improve the fit of evidence-based interventions for youth in the legal system, facilitating uptake and ultimately improving outcomes for youth at risk for substance use problems. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04678960.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Becker Rázuri
- Karyn Purvis Institute of Child Development, Texas Christian University, United States.
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, United States
| | - Elaine Tinius
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, United States
| | - Danica Kalling Knight
- Karyn Purvis Institute of Child Development, Texas Christian University, United States; Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, United States
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Scaggs SJA, Starseed SC, Kluckman M, Tueller S, Yu L. A state-wide analysis of characteristics and predictors of dual system involvement among child victims of human trafficking. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 147:106530. [PMID: 37979486 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The child welfare system is pivotal in identifying and responding to child (younger than age 18) human trafficking victims. Children who have experienced human trafficking-or are at risk of victimization-are increasingly recognized as also being served in the juvenile justice system. Yet little is known about human trafficking victimization among children in the juvenile justice population or among children with child welfare and juvenile justice involvement. OBJECTIVE Building on previous research with child welfare-and juvenile justice-involved children, we investigated characteristics and system experiences among children who have experienced a human trafficking abuse allegation in Florida. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The overall study population included all children born on or after January 1, 1993, who had at least one DCF-documented maltreatment allegation before March 1, 2020. This study examined a total of 12,167 allegations in the first set of analyses and the first human trafficking allegation for each child (N = 9300) in the second set of analyses. METHODS Analyses are based on linked administrative data for a cohort of children involved with Florida's Departments of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) and/or Children and Families (DCF). We used descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses to document the characteristics of single and dual system-involved children and examine predictors of child welfare, juvenile justice, and dual system involvement. RESULTS (1) Nearly half of children with a human trafficking abuse allegation are involved in DCF at the time of the allegation, (2) females who experienced trafficking are more likely to be involved in DCF (with or without DJJ involvement) than involved in no system, (3) Black children with an alleged trafficking incident were more likely than White children to be involved in both systems compared with DCF only, and (4) children who experienced labor trafficking abuse allegations were less likely than those who experienced sex trafficking to be involved with either system. CONCLUSIONS This study depicts child victims of sex and labor trafficking who are involved with one or both systems in one state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J A Scaggs
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Stacey Cutbush Starseed
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Marianne Kluckman
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Stephen Tueller
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Lilly Yu
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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Folk JB, Ramaiya M, Holloway E, Ramos L, Marshall BDL, Kemp K, Li Y, Bath E, Mitchell DK, Tolou-Shams M. The Association Between Expanded ACEs and Behavioral Health Outcomes Among Youth at First Time Legal System Contact. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1857-1870. [PMID: 36565372 PMCID: PMC10290175 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-01009-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of literature has documented high rates of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their effects on behavioral health among adolescents impacted by the juvenile legal system. Most research with justice-impacted youth assesses the ten standard ACEs, encompassing abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. This body of work has largely ignored the five expanded ACEs which assess social and community level adversity. Justice-impacted youth commonly experience expanded ACEs (racial discrimination, placement in foster care, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood, witnessing violence, bullying), and inclusion of these adversities may enhance predictive utility of the commonly used ACEs score. The current study examined the prospective impact of total ACEs (standard and expanded) on alcohol and cannabis use, substance-related consequences, and psychiatric symptoms during the year following first ever contact with the juvenile court. Results indicate justice-impacted youth experience multiple expanded ACEs prior to first court contact. The expanded ACEs did not predict any of the behavioral health outcomes assessed, over and above the standard ACEs. Inclusion of expanded ACEs in the standard ACEs score may not increase utility in identifying prospective behavioral health outcomes among youth in first time contact with the juvenile legal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna B Folk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan Ramaiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Evan Holloway
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lili Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brandon D L Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kathleen Kemp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eraka Bath
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daphne Koinis Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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13
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Wanta JW, Gianakakos G, Nguy A, Balsamo DN. Systems-Involved Transgender and Gender-Diverse Youth: Homelessness, Juvenile Legal Systems, and Child Welfare and Foster Care. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2023; 32:839-848. [PMID: 37739638 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth are overrepresented in legal and social support systems intended to protect and support youth along their developmental journeys. However, these systems often fall short for TGD youth and further stigmatize an already vulnerable population. This article provides an overview of the experience, care, and treatment of systems-involved TGD youth. Working with systems-involved transgender and gender-diverse youth necessitates a high level of compassion and advocacy in pursuit of more equitable care and access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon W Wanta
- Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Box 10, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - George Gianakakos
- Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Box 10, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Austin Nguy
- University of California, Riverside, School of Medicine, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Dalia N Balsamo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, School of Medicine, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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14
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Ahrens K, Blackburn N, Aalsma M, Haggerty K, Kelleher K, Knight DK, Joseph E, Mulford C, Ryle T, Tolou-Shams M. Prevention of Opioid Use and Disorder Among Youth Involved in the Legal System: Innovation and Implementation of Four Studies Funded by the NIDA HEAL Initiative. Prev Sci 2023; 24:99-110. [PMID: 37393415 PMCID: PMC10961647 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-023-01566-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Youth involved in the legal system (YILS) experience rates of opioid and substance use disorders (OUD/SUDs) and overdose that is well above those in the general population. Despite the dire need, and the existing programs that focus on treatment of these problems in YILS, research on opioid initiation, and OUD prevention, including feasibility and sustainability, are severely limited. We present four studies testing interventions that, while not necessarily novel as SUD treatments, test novel structural and interpersonal strategies to prevent opioid initiation/OUD precursors: (1) ADAPT (Clinical Trial No. NCT04499079) provides real-time feedback using community-based treatment information system data to create a more effective mental health and SUD treatment cascade to prevent opioid use; (2) HOME (Clinical Trial No. NCT04135703) provides youth experiencing homelessness, including YILS, with direct access to shelter in independent living without prerequisites as an opioid initiation prevention strategy; (3) LeSA (Clinical Trial No. NCT04678960) uses the Trust-Based Relational Intervention® to equip YILS and their caregivers with self-regulatory and communication skills during the transition from secure confinement to reduce opioid initiation/re-initiation; and (4) POST (Clinical Trial No. NCT04901312) tests two interventions integrating interpersonal/drinking and drug refusal skills, case management, and goal setting among YILS in transitioning out of secure detention as opioid initiation prevention strategies. We discuss early implementation barriers and facilitators, including complexities of prevention research with YILS and adaptations due to COVID-19. We conclude by describing anticipated end products, including implementation of effective prevention interventions and integration of data from multiple projects to address larger, multi-site research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kym Ahrens
- Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - Matthew Aalsma
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kevin Haggerty
- University of Washington Social Development Research Group, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Danica K Knight
- Texas Christian University Karyn Purvis Institute of Child Development, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth Joseph
- Texas Christian University Institute of Behavioral Research, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | - Ted Ryle
- Washington State Dept. of Children, Youth and Families/Juvenile Rehabilitation, Olympia, WA, USA
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- University of California San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Grabbe L, Duva I, Jackson D, Johnson R, Schwartz D. The impact of the Community Resiliency Model (CRM) on the mental well-being of youth at risk for violence: A study protocol. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2023; 46:121-126. [PMID: 37813494 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Assess the effect of a brief, somatic awareness resiliency training, the Community Resiliency Model (CRM)®, on the mental well-being of incarcerated youth. SPECIFIC AIM 1: Explore the relationship between youth demographics and justice history to baseline well-being scores and response to treatment. Q1: How do personal variables, including length of time in juvenile justice, relate to baseline mental health scores and response to the wellness skills intervention? SPECIFIC AIM 2: Examine the mental health scores over time to determine effectiveness of participating in CRM training while incarcerated. Hypothesis 1: Well-being scores will increase after CRM training. Hypothesis 2: Emotional distress will decrease after participating in a CRM training. Hypothesis 3: Pro-social feelings and behaviors will increase after participating in a CRM training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Grabbe
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
| | - Ingrid Duva
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Douglas Jackson
- Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice, United States of America
| | - Rufus Johnson
- Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice, United States of America
| | - David Schwartz
- Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice, United States of America
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16
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Stokes ML, Abram KM, Aaby DA, Welty LJ, Meyerson NS, Zawitz CJ, Teplin LA. Substance Use Disorders and HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviors in Youth After Juvenile Detention: A 16-Year Longitudinal Study. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:640-649. [PMID: 37716716 PMCID: PMC10513729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association between substance use disorders (SUDs) and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors in detained youth as they age. METHODS Prospective longitudinal study of a stratified random sample of 1,829 youth aged 10 to 18 years at baseline, sampled between November 1995 and June 1998 from the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center, Chicago, Illinois, and reinterviewed up to 13 times (to median age 32); 17,766 interviews overall. RESULTS Youth had greater odds of engaging in every risk behavior when they had an SUD compared with when they did not have an SUD. For example, SUD was associated with condomless vaginal sex with a high-risk partner (OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.84-2.82). SUD was also associated with multiple partners, although the strength varied by time and sex (e.g., 16 years after baseline, OR: 3.58, 95% CI: 2.46-5.23 females; OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.48-2.88 males). Types of SUD-alcohol, comorbid alcohol and marijuana, drugs other than marijuana-were also associated with HIV/AIDS risk behaviors. DISCUSSION SUDs and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors are linked among youth in the juvenile justice system and as they age. There is a longstanding need for targeted and integrated HIV and SUD services, but this need remains unmet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marquita L Stokes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M Abram
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - David A Aaby
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leah J Welty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicholas S Meyerson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chad J Zawitz
- Cermak Health Services, Cook County Department of Corrections, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Linda A Teplin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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17
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Viglione J, Childs KK, Peck JH, Chapman JE, Drazdowski TK, McCart MR, Sheidow AJ. Examining the measurement precision of behavior problems among a sample of primarily rural youth on juvenile probation and their parents. Child Youth Serv Rev 2023; 152:107039. [PMID: 38312220 PMCID: PMC10836716 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Accurate and timely intervention in the justice system is particularly critical in rural communities, given documented barriers to accessible, evidence-based services for youth. As youth in the juvenile justice system have a high prevalence of behavioral health needs, accurate assessment of those needs is a critical first step in linking youth to appropriate care. The goal of the current study is to examine the reliability of a brief assessment (the Brief Problem Checklist [BPC]) among a sample of 222 justice-involved youth and their caregivers who primarily reside in rural communities in the United States. Using a series of reliability analyses and tests of agreement, we examined whether youth and caregiver BPC produces reliable scales, the strength of the convergence among each of the BPC scales, and youth and caregiver agreement on the BPC scales. Findings support the reliability of the BPC, but not inter-rater reliability. Poor agreement between youth and caregiver reports exists for both youth internalizing and externalizing problems. Additionally, the BPC was significantly related to several theoretically relevant constructs, including treatment, substance use disorder severity, and family history of substance use. These findings lend merit to discussions about the need for more research on the reliability and validity of assessment instruments before their widespread use in guiding youth- and agency case planning decisions, along with informing conclusions about program effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Viglione
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, 12805 Pegasus Drive, Orlando, FL 8216, United States
| | - Kristina K. Childs
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, 12805 Pegasus Drive, Orlando, FL 8216, United States
| | - Jennifer H. Peck
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, 12805 Pegasus Drive, Orlando, FL 8216, United States
| | - Jason E. Chapman
- Oregon Social Learning Center (OSLC), 10 Shelton McMurphey Blvd., Eugene, OR 97401, United States
| | - Tess K. Drazdowski
- Oregon Social Learning Center (OSLC), 10 Shelton McMurphey Blvd., Eugene, OR 97401, United States
| | - Michael R. McCart
- Oregon Social Learning Center (OSLC), 10 Shelton McMurphey Blvd., Eugene, OR 97401, United States
| | - Ashli J. Sheidow
- Oregon Social Learning Center (OSLC), 10 Shelton McMurphey Blvd., Eugene, OR 97401, United States
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18
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Kemp K, Micalizzi L, Becker SJ, Cheaito A, Suazo NC, Fox K, Hernandez L, Spirito A. Intervention for marijuana using, court-involved non-incarcerated youth. J Subst Use Addict Treat 2023; 152:209100. [PMID: 37315797 PMCID: PMC10529931 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Justice-involved youth (JIY) are at elevated risk for substance use and for substance use-related harm compared to non-JIY. Marijuana use is of significant concern in this population, as it is tied to reoffending. Motivational enhancement therapy (MET) and electronic interventions show promise in reducing youth substance use; the degree to which these findings extend to JIY requires additional research attention. Thus, the purpose of this study was to test the preliminary feasibility and effectiveness of a combined brief electronic parenting intervention plus a brief MET-based electronic intervention for JIY adolescents, followed by feedback and development of a change plan with a court worker, on marijuana use. METHODS Participants were 83 parent-youth dyads recruited from a diversionary family court program who screened positive for past-year marijuana use. At baseline and 3- and 6-month follow-ups, youth self-reported on their substance use, parental monitoring, peer substance use, and dyads completed a discussion task querying parental monitoring, limit setting, and substance use. The study randomized dyads to psychoeducation or the experimental intervention condition post-baseline. The MET-based intervention involved the self-administered e-TOKE (an electronic, marijuana-specific assessment and feedback tool) and a brief follow-up meeting with court staff counselors to review feedback and create a marijuana use change plan. Caregivers completed a computer program aimed at improving parenting and communication with their adolescents. The study administered feasibility and acceptability measures for both conditions. RESULTS Feasibility of study procedures was demonstrated through recruitment and retention (∼75 % success). Acceptability ratings from youth, parents, and court staff were high and positive. While levels of parental monitoring, as assessed by an observational task, improved over the course of the study, the intervention did not result in a significant change in any of the outcomes tested. CONCLUSIONS Despite high acceptability and feasibility ratings for the use of an electronic plus in-person MET intervention, reduction of marijuana and other substances was limited for most youth. This suggests that a more intensive intervention, such as stepped care, may be necessary for JIY who are not specifically referred for court proceedings due to marijuana use or those with already well-established use patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Kemp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI 02912, United States; Rhode Island Family Court Mental Health Clinic, 1 Dorrance Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Lauren Micalizzi
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Sara J Becker
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Aya Cheaito
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Nazaret C Suazo
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Kara Fox
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Lynn Hernandez
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI 02912, United States; UMass Chan Medical School, 55 N Lake Avenue, Worcester, MA 01655, United States
| | - Anthony Spirito
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
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Dir AL, Pederson C, Khazvand S, Schwartz K, Wiehe SE, Aalsma MC. Caregiver and Juvenile Justice Personnel Perspectives on challenges and importance of caregiver engagement and the potential utility of a peer navigator program in the Juvenile Justice System. Health Justice 2023; 11:30. [PMID: 37542571 PMCID: PMC10403869 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For youth involved in the juvenile justice (JJ) system, caregiver involvement and engagement in the system is crucial for youth development and outcomes of JJ cases; however, there are challenges to establishing positive/productive partnerships between caregivers and JJ representatives. The current project examines perspectives of caregivers and JJ personnel regarding facilitators and barriers to establishing JJ-caregiver partnerships, as well as their perceptions of the use of a caregiver navigator program to support caregivers of system-involved youth. Results are used to inform development of a caregiver navigator program to support caregivers and help them navigate the JJ system. RESULTS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with caregivers of youth involved in JJ (n = 15, 53% White, 93% female), JJ personnel (n = 7, 100% White, 50% female), and JJ family advisory board members (n = 5, 100% Black, 100% female). Caregivers reported varying experiences across intake/arrest, court, and probation processes. Positive experiences were characterized by effective communication and feeling supported by JJ. Negative experiences related to feeling blamed and punished for their child's system involvement and feeling unsupported. JJ interviews corroborated caregiver sentiments and also illustrated facilitators and barriers to JJ-caregiver partnerships. Both JJ personnel and caregivers endorsed potential benefits of a peer-based caregiver navigator program to provide social, informational, and emotional support. CONCLUSION Continued work is needed to improve JJ-caregiver partnerships and use of a peer-based navigator program has the potential to address barriers to caregiver engagement in the JJ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson L Dir
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Casey Pederson
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shirin Khazvand
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Katie Schwartz
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sarah E Wiehe
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew C Aalsma
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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20
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Knight DK, Funk RR, Belenko S, Dennis M, Wiese AL, Bartkowski JP, Dembo R, Elkington KS, Flynn PM, Harris PW, Hogue A, Palinkas LA, Robertson AA, Scott CK. Results of a national survey of substance use treatment services for youth under community supervision. Health Justice 2023; 11:29. [PMID: 37515602 PMCID: PMC10385917 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00233-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the heightened risk for substance use (SU) among youth in the juvenile justice system, many do not receive the treatment that they need. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which youth under community supervision by juvenile justice agencies receive community-based SU services and the factors associated with access to such services. METHODS Data are from a nationally representative sample of Community Supervision (CS) agencies and their primary behavioral health (BH) partners. Surveys were completed by 192 CS and 271 BH agencies. RESULTS SU services are more often available through BH than CS for all treatment modalities. EBPs are more likely to be used by BH than by CS. Co-location of services occurs most often in communities with fewer treatment options and is associated with higher interagency collaboration. Youth are more likely to receive services in communities with higher EBP use, which mediates the relationship between the availability of SU treatment modalities and the proportion of youth served. CONCLUSION Findings identify opportunities to strengthen community systems and improve linkage to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica K Knight
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, 3034 Sandage Avenue, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
| | - Rod R Funk
- Chestnut Health Systems, 1003 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Bloomington, IL, 61701, USA
| | - Steven Belenko
- Temple University, 1801 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Michael Dennis
- Chestnut Health Systems, 448 Wylie Drive, Normal, IL, 61761, USA
| | - Amanda L Wiese
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, 3034 Sandage Avenue, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - John P Bartkowski
- University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78248, USA
| | - Richard Dembo
- University of Southern Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Katherine S Elkington
- Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Patrick M Flynn
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, 3034 Sandage Avenue, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Philip W Harris
- Temple University, 1801 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Aaron Hogue
- Partnership to End Addiction, Family and Adolescent Clinical Technology & Science (FACTS), 485 Lexington Avenue, 3rd Floor, New York, NY, 10017, USA
| | - Lawrence A Palinkas
- University of Southern California, 669 W. 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Angela A Robertson
- Mississippi State University, 1 Research Blvd., Suite 103, Starkville, MS, 39759, USA
| | - Christy K Scott
- Lighthouse Institute, Chestnut Health Systems, 221 W. Walton, Chicago, IL, 60610, USA
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21
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Menon SE, Barthelemy JJ. Disrupting the Trauma- To - Prison Pipeline For Justice-Involved Young Women Victimized By Violence. J Child Adolesc Trauma 2023; 16:209-220. [PMID: 37234831 PMCID: PMC10205930 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-022-00488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Rates of aggressive offending among Justice-Involved Young Women (JIYW) have increased over the past few decades. Yet, there is little discourse, research, or intervention to address it among young women. Aims/hypotheses This study hypothesized that a higher capacity for self-restraint measured on the Weinberger Adjustment Inventory (WAI) scale among 14-18-year-old JIYW would moderate the relationship between the exposure to violence and serious aggressive offending. Methods The pathways to desistance project, a multi-site, longitudinal study, included a sample of JIYW aged 14-18 years old (n = 184). The baseline data were analyzed using linear multiple regression. Results After controlling for two variables, race and neighborhood conditions, the overall model was significant (F = 8.31 (df = 7,176), p = .001). The predictor variables (exposure to violence and self-restraint) explained 25% of the outcome variable (level of aggressive offending). The moderation result was significant such that higher self-restraint weakens the relationship between exposure to violence and aggressive offending (B = - 0.01, t (176) = -2.39, p = .018). Conclusions/implications This study highlights the need to disrupt the trauma- to- prison pipeline by enhancing positive social skills in a trauma-responsive manner, which could mitigate the effect of exposure to violence among JIYW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeeta Elizabeth Menon
- Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, 3511 Cullen Blvd Room 110HA, 77204-4013 Houston, TX United States
| | - Juan J. Barthelemy
- Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, 3511 Cullen Blvd Room 110HA, 77204-4013 Houston, TX United States
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22
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Johnson ME, Alejandro AD, Vroom EB. Homegrown: Parent and Sibling Substance Abuse Linked to Opioid Misuse Among Justice-Involved Children. J Child Fam Stud 2023; 32:1495-1503. [PMID: 37605752 PMCID: PMC10441619 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-022-02417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Opioid misuse (OM) is a priority public health concern, especially for those in correctional settings. Understanding the etiology of OM among justice-involved children (JIC) is key to resolving this crisis. On average, 12% of all children and up to 50% of JIC in the United States have experienced household substance misuse (HSM). Theory and empirical research suggest that HSM may increase risk for OM, but these relationships have not been examined among JIC. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of sibling and parent substance misuse on OM among JIC. Cross-sectional data on 79,960 JIC from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice (FLDJJ) were examined. Past 30-day opioid (P30D) OM was indicated by urine analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed. In the total sample, nearly 3% met FLDJJ criteria for P30D OM and nearly 25% lived with a parent/caregiver or sibling who misused substances. Among opioid misusers, one third lived with a parent/caregiver who misused substances and nearly half lived with a parent/caregiver or sibling who misused substances. Compared to JIC without HSM, JIC reporting sibling substance misuse had 1.95 times higher odds of OM (95% CI, 1.63-2.33), JIC with parent substance misuse had over twice the odds of OM (95% CI, 1.89-2.31), and those with both sibling and parent had more than three times higher odds of OM (95% CI, 2.75-3.87). Family-based approaches to OM intervention and prevention initiatives may be more effective than individual-focused approaches. Implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah E. Johnson
- Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, University of South Florida, 133301 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Alysse D. Alejandro
- The Study of Teen Opioid Misuse and Prevention Laboratory, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2401 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Enya B. Vroom
- Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, University of South Florida, 133301 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2401 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Wen A, Gubner NR, Garrison MM, Walker SC. Racial disparities in youth pretrial detention: a retrospective cohort study grounded in critical race theory. Health Justice 2023; 11:14. [PMID: 36882535 PMCID: PMC9993616 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-022-00203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHOD Pretrial detention makes up 75% of juvenile detention admissions and contributes to the disproportionate contact of minoritized youth in the juvenile carceral system. Given that prior evidence largely examines differences between Black and white youth, this study expands research on disproportionate contact in the pretrial detention setting to Hispanic/Latinx, Indigenous, and Asian youth. With a sample of over 44,000 juvenile cases in a northwest state, we used a generalized linear mixed model to estimate the effect of individual level characteristics while accounting for the random effect of differences at the county level. Additionally, we utilized Critical Race Theory (CRT) in formulating our theoretical model and predictions and apply CRT in our analysis and discussion of our results. In doing so we hope to build upon its application in public health discourse for naming and deconstructing processes that lead to unjust social and health stratification. RESULTS After factoring in gender, age, crime severity, previous offenses, and variation between counties, our analyses show that Black, Hispanic/Latinx, and American Indian/Alaskan Native youth are more likely to experience pretrial detention than white youth. The likelihood of pretrial detention for Asian youth and for youth identified as "Other" or "Unknown" was not significantly different from white youth. CONCLUSIONS As the iatrogenic effects of detention are disproportionately imposed upon youth of color-particularly Black, Indigenous, and Hispanic/Latinx youth-the disparities present in our study reveal further evidence of institutional racism. In this way, we can see how this carceral process operates as a mechanism of racialized social stratification as put forth by CRT. Considering implications for policy or further research, persistent disparity highlights an enduring need for building or strengthening diversion programs and alternatives to the carceral system, with emphasis on those that are culturally responsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Wen
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.
- University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, USA.
| | - Noah R Gubner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Sarah Cusworth Walker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA
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Zane SN, Pupo JA. What Predicts Out-of-Home Placement in Juvenile Court Dispositions? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:229-244. [PMID: 36261614 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that juvenile court dispositions are influenced by legal factors, such as offense severity and prior record, as well as extralegal factors, such as race/ethnicity, sex, and age. To date, however, no research has reviewed whether legal or extralegal factors are more predictive of juvenile court dispositions across extant research. To address this gap, the present study reports on a systematic review and meta-analysis of predictors of residential placement in the juvenile justice system. A total of 40 independent samples were analyzed from 33 studies that met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Meta-analytic techniques were used to examine the average effects of offense characteristics, prior record, age, preadjudication detention status, race and ethnicity, sex, and contextual factors on odds of placement. The findings suggest that legal factors are more strongly associated with juvenile court dispositions than extralegal or contextual factors. Additionally, the strongest predictor of placement was whether the juvenile defendant had been detained at intake, illustrating the influential role of early case assessment in juvenile court.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven N Zane
- College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Jhon A Pupo
- College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Bonham E, Snethen JA, Marino MA, Oruche U, Browne NT. American Academy of Nursing expert panel consensus statement on inequities in the juvenile justice system rooted in systemic and structural racism. Nurs Outlook 2023; 71:101889. [PMID: 36588043 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The overrepresentation of youth of color has long been acknowledged and accepted in juvenile justice and legal systems. Many risk factors contribute to the detention and incarceration of youth; however, there is little evidence to explain how structural inequities and systemic racism add to that vulnerability. Historically, laws were passed to benefit the White society and resulted in outcomes that caused grave aftereffects for people of color and in some cases, ethnic minorities. Within the context of juvenile justice and the lens of critical race theory, the authors of this paper seek to illuminate selected historical educational, environmental, legal, and health care policies, practices, and decisions that led to their detrimental consequences. Recommendations for mitigating both intended (through law, funding, policies) and the unintended barriers as experienced by youth of color are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia A Snethen
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee College of Nursing, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Marie Ann Marino
- Thomas Jefferson University College of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ukamaka Oruche
- University of South Florida College of Nursing, Tampa, FL
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26
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Knight DK, Belenko S, Dennis ML, Wasserman GA, Joe GW, Aarons GA, Bartkowski JP, Becan JE, Elkington KS, Hogue A, McReynolds LS, Robertson AA, Yang Y, Wiley TRA. The comparative effectiveness of Core versus Core+Enhanced implementation strategies in a randomized controlled trial to improve substance use treatment receipt among justice-involved youth. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1535. [PMID: 36527067 PMCID: PMC9758864 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most justice-involved youth are supervised in community settings, where assessment and linkage to substance use (SU) treatment services are inconsistent and fragmented. Only 1/3 of youth with an identified SU need receive a treatment referral and even fewer initiate services. Thus, improving identification and linkage to treatment requires coordination across juvenile justice (JJ) and behavioral health (BH) agencies. The current study examines the comparative effectiveness of two bundled implementation intervention strategies for improving SU treatment initiation, engagement, and continuing care among justice-involved youth supervised in community settings. Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) served as the conceptual framework for study design and selection/timing of implementation intervention components, and the BH Services Cascade served as the conceptual and measurement framework for identifying and addressing gaps in service receipt. METHODS Part of a larger Juvenile-Justice Translational Research on Interventions for Adolescents in the Legal System (JJ-TRIALS) Cooperative, this study involved a multisite, cluster-randomized control trial where sites were paired then randomly assigned to receive Core (training teams on the BH Services Cascade and data-driven decision making; supporting goal selection) or Core+Enhanced (external facilitation of implementation teams) intervention components. Youth service records were collected from 20 JJ community supervision agencies (in five states) across five study phases (baseline, pre-randomization, early experiment, late experiment, maintenance). Implementation teams comprised of JJ and BH staff collaboratively identified goals along the BH Cascade and used data-driven decision-making to implement change. RESULTS Results suggest that Core intervention components were effective at increasing service receipt over time relative to baseline, but differences between Core and Core+Enhanced conditions were non-significant. Time to service initiation was shorter among Core+Enhanced sites, and deeper Cascade penetration occurred when external facilitation (of implementation teams) was provided. Wide variation existed in the degree and nature of change across service systems. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrate the criticality of early EPIS phases, demonstrating that strategies provided during the formative exploration and preparation phases produced some improvement in service receipt, whereas implementation-focused activities produced incremental improvement in moving youth farther along the Cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica K. Knight
- grid.264766.70000 0001 2289 1930Karyn Purvis Institute of Child Development, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Steven Belenko
- grid.264727.20000 0001 2248 3398Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Gail A. Wasserman
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - George W. Joe
- grid.264766.70000 0001 2289 1930Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Gregory A. Aarons
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - John P. Bartkowski
- grid.215352.20000000121845633Department of Sociology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Becan
- grid.264766.70000 0001 2289 1930Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Katherine S. Elkington
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Aaron Hogue
- grid.475801.fPartnership to End Addiction, New York, USA
| | - Larkin S. McReynolds
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
| | - Angela A. Robertson
- grid.260120.70000 0001 0816 8287Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- grid.264766.70000 0001 2289 1930Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Tisha R. A. Wiley
- grid.420090.f0000 0004 0533 7147Service Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, USA
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Johnson ME, Rigg KK, Vroom EB, Akbari Z, Bristol SC. Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Substance Misuse among Justice-Involved Children. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 58:54-65. [PMID: 36469650 PMCID: PMC9975643 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2148477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to substance use (SU) and substance use disorders (SUD). However, this relationship has yet to be tested among justice-involved children (JIC), and it is unclear if racial/ethnic differences exist. This study aimed to determine: (1) whether ACEs are associated with increased risk of SU and SUD among JIC; and (2) if the effects of ACEs on SU and SUD are moderated by race/ethnicity. Methods: Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to examine a statewide dataset of 79,960 JIC from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice. Marginal odds were estimated to examine how race moderates the relationship between ACEs and SU and SUD. Results: Results showed higher ACEs scores were linked to SU and SUD. Black JIC were 2.46 times more likely, and Latinx JIC were 1.40 times more likely to report SU than white JIC. Specifically, Black and Latinx JIC with a higher average ACEs score were more likely to report SU but less likely to have ever been diagnosed with a SUD when compared to white JIC with equivalent ACEs. Conclusions: Study results highlight the need to develop trauma-informed and culturally appropriate interventions for SU and SUD among JIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah E. Johnson
- Substance Misuse and Addiction Research Traineeship (SMART), Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Khary K. Rigg
- Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Enya B. Vroom
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zahra Akbari
- Department of Economics, Martha and Spencer Love School of Business, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina, USA
| | - Skye C. Bristol
- Substance Misuse and Addiction Research Traineeship (SMART), Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Swanson JW, Tong G, Easter MM, Sivaraman JC, Gifford EJ, Gardner BO, Donnelly EA, Evans KE, Copeland WE, Swartz MS, Bonnie RJ. Gun violence among young adults with a juvenile crime record in North Carolina: Implications for firearm restrictions based on age and risk. Prev Med 2022; 165:107279. [PMID: 36191654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Youth who acquire a juvenile crime record may be at increased risk of perpetrating gun violence as adults. North Carolina and 22 other states permit young adults who were adjudicated by a juvenile court - even for some felony-equivalent offenses - to legally access firearms. Effectiveness of gun restrictions for adults with juvenile crime histories has not been systematically studied. This article reports findings from a longitudinal study of arrests and convictions for gun-involved and other offenses in 51,059 young adults in North Carolina, comparing those with gun-disqualifying and not-disqualifying juvenile records. The annualized rate of arrest for gun-involved crime in those with a felony-level juvenile record was 9 times higher than the rate of reported comparable offenses in the same age group in the North Carolina general population (3349 vs. 376 per 100,000). Among those with a felony-equivalent juvenile delinquency adjudication who became legally eligible to possess firearms at age 18, 61.8% were later arrested for any criminal offense, 14.3% for a firearm-involved offense. Crimes with guns were most likely to occur among young adults who had committed more serious (felony or equivalent) offenses before age 18; had been adjudicated at younger ages; acquired a felony conviction as a youth; and spent time in prison. The prevalence of arrests for crimes involving guns among young adults in North Carolina with a gun-disqualifying felony record acquired before age 18 suggests that the federal gun prohibitor conferred by a felony record is not highly effective as currently implemented in this population. From a risk-based perspective, these restrictions appear to be justified; better implementation and enforcement may improve their effectiveness. Gun crime prevention policies and interventions should focus on these populations and on limiting illegal access to firearms.
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29
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Belenko S, Dembo R, Knight DK, Elkington KS, Wasserman GA, Robertson AA, Welsh WN, Schmeidler J, Joe GW, Wiley T. Using structured implementation interventions to improve referral to substance use treatment among justice-involved youth: Findings from a multisite cluster randomized trial. J Subst Abuse Treat 2022; 140:108829. [PMID: 35751945 PMCID: PMC9357202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youth involved in the justice system have high rates of alcohol and other drug use, but limited treatment engagement. JJ-TRIALS tested implementation activities with community supervision (CS) and behavioral health (BH) agencies to improve screening, identification of substance use service need, referral, and treatment initiation and engagement, guided by the BH Services Cascade and EPIS frameworks. This paper summarizes intervention impacts on referrals to treatment among youth on CS. METHODS This multisite cluster-randomized trial involved 18 matched pairs of sites in 36 counties in seven states randomly assigned to core or enhanced conditions after implementing the core intervention at all sites for six months. Enhanced sites received external facilitation for local change team activities to reduce unmet treatment needs; Core sites were encouraged to form interagency workgroups. The dependent variable was percentage referred to treatment among youth in need (N = 14,012). Two-level Bayesian regression assessed factors predicting referral across all sites and time periods. Generalized linear mixed models using logit transformation tested two hypotheses: (H1) referrals will increase from baseline to the experimental period, (H2) referral increases will be larger in enhanced sites than in core sites. RESULTS Although the intervention significantly increased referral, condition did not significantly predict referral across all time periods. Youth who tested drug positive, had an alcohol/other drug-related or felony charge, were placed in secure detention or assigned more intensive supervision, or who were White were more likely to be referred. H1 (p < .05) and H2 (p < .0001) were both significant in the hypothesized direction. Interaction analyses comparing site pair differences showed that findings were not consistent across sites. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of youth referred to treatment increased compared with baseline overall, and enhanced sites showed larger increases in referrals over time. However, variations in effects suggest that site-level differences were important. Researchers should carry out mixed methods studies to further understand reasons for the inconsistent findings within randomized site pairs, and how to further improve treatment referrals across CS and BH systems. Findings also highlight that even when CS agencies work collaboratively with BH providers to improve referrals, most justice-involved youth who need SU services are not referred.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Dembo
- University of South Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Katherine S Elkington
- Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, United States of America
| | - Gail A Wasserman
- Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, United States of America
| | | | | | - James Schmeidler
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of America
| | - George W Joe
- Texas Christian University, United States of America
| | - Tisha Wiley
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, United States of America
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Scott JT, Prendergast S, Demeusy E, McGuire K, Crowley M. Trends and Opportunities for Bridging Prevention Science and US Federal Policy. Prev Sci 2022; 23:1333-1342. [PMID: 35930099 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-022-01403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prevention science sheds light on complex social policy problems, yet its social impact cannot reach full potential without the uptake of research evidence by policymakers. This mixed-methods study examined the US federal legislation pertaining to justice-involved youth to reveal opportunities for strengthening the use of prevention science in legislation. The results indicated that research language, particularly references to the type of study (e.g., longitudinal) or methodology (e.g., data mining), within bills predicted bill progression out of committee and enactment. Rigorous scientific methods may either lend credence to a bill during its progression in the legislative process or may be infused in language during mark-up and negotiation of bills that successfully progress in Congress. In-depth bill coding illustrated the ways that research has been used in legislation to define problems, reinforce effective practice, generate knowledge through research and evaluation, and disseminate findings. A prominent implication of these findings is that policies could be used to improve data monitoring and evaluation capacity in ways that enhance the implementation of evidence-based interventions. The comprehensive use of research in legislation increases the likelihood that policies reach their intended outcomes and benefit those they are designed to serve.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Taylor Scott
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Max Crowley
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Hachtel H, Jenkel N, Schmeck K, Graf M, Fegert JM, Schmid M, Boonmann C. Stability of self-reported psychopathic traits in at-risk adolescents in youth welfare and juvenile justice institutions. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2022; 16:55. [PMID: 35765005 PMCID: PMC9241249 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-022-00487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the self-reported stability of psychopathic traits in adolescents in residential care (both child welfare and juvenile justice placed juveniles) and potential influencing factors. METHODS We applied the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI) in a sample of 162 adolescents (M = 15.0 years, SD = 1.3) over a mean time interval of 11 months (min. 6, max. 21 months, SD = 3.14). RESULTS There was no significant difference in YPI total score nor in the three underlying dimensions Grandiose-Manipulative (GM), Callous-Unemotional (CU), and Impulsive-Irresponsible (II) between t1 and t2. Furthermore, approximately 70% of the adolescents showed no clinically significant reliable change on the YPI total score (as measured with the reliable change index), 15% improved, 15% deteriorated. The strongest predictor for psychopathic traits at t2 were psychopathic traits at t1. Additional predictors for higher levels of general psychopathic traits was male sex, for CU-traits male sex and lower levels of internalizing mental health problems, and for II-traits higher levels of externalizing mental health problems. Generally, the three reliable change groups (increase, no change, decrease) did not seemed to differ on relevant factors. CONCLUSIONS Our results add to the findings that psychopathic traits are relatively stable in this at-risk group over approximately a 1-year time interval. Research with a longer follow-up time and more time points is warranted to better interpret these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Hachtel
- grid.412556.10000 0004 0479 0775Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals (UPK) Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - N. Jenkel
- grid.412556.10000 0004 0479 0775Child and Adolescent Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals (UPK) Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - K. Schmeck
- grid.412556.10000 0004 0479 0775Child and Adolescent Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals (UPK) Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M. Graf
- grid.412556.10000 0004 0479 0775Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals (UPK) Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J. M. Fegert
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - M. Schmid
- grid.412556.10000 0004 0479 0775Child and Adolescent Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals (UPK) Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C. Boonmann
- grid.412556.10000 0004 0479 0775Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals (UPK) Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland ,grid.412556.10000 0004 0479 0775Child and Adolescent Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals (UPK) Basel, Basel, Switzerland ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Zagory JA, Short C, Evers P, Jones M, Brandt ML. Caring for Children in the Juvenile Justice System: A Trauma and Surgical Subspecialty-Focused Approach. J Surg Res 2022; 279:113-118. [PMID: 35759928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youth in the juvenile justice system are a vulnerable, high-risk population. While the role of pediatricians and mental health professionals in providing care for these children is well studied, the surgical needs of this population are not well understood. We sought to characterize the physical trauma and surgical subspecialty needs of this population. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed of all children transported under custody to a stand-alone urban children's hospital. Demographic information and inpatient and outpatient encounter data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Between January 2020 and March 2021, 74 patients were transported for 199 subspecialty evaluations. Sixty-nine (93%) were male, 66 (89%) identified as Black, and the median age was 16 y (range, 13-20). Of all patients, 19% had at least one documented medical condition, 43% had behavioral health history, and 73% had previous arrest. Of the 199 encounters, 137 were for physical trauma (65%). Of these, 47 (34%) were for physical trauma incurred at the time of their arrest. Sixty-three patients (85%) experienced previous physical trauma (69% blunt, 12% penetrating, and 7% both), 54% had documented head trauma, 23% had a history of self-harm, and 60% of girls had experienced sexual trauma. Of the 54 children with a previous arrest, 91% had a history of physical trauma compared to 70% who were not previously incarcerated (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Most subspecialty and emergency encounters for incarcerated children are for physical trauma, revealing an opportunity for trauma-focused care in this vulnerable population. Pediatric surgeons and emergency physicians play a major role in the care of incarcerated children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Aya Zagory
- Children's Hospital New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| | - Celia Short
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Patrice Evers
- Children's Hospital New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Maya Jones
- Children's Hospital New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Mary L Brandt
- Children's Hospital New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Cioffi CC, Schweer-Collins ML, Leve LD. Pregnancy and miscarriage predict suicide attempts but not substance use among dual-systems involved female adolescents. Child Youth Serv Rev 2022; 137:106494. [PMID: 37089705 PMCID: PMC10118061 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background To examine the associations between adolescent pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes on substance use and suicide attempts in a sample who is at greater risk for substance use and suicide attempts - those who have been involved with the uvenile justice and child welfare systems. Methods Using a prospective, longitudinal design, we examined the role of adolescent pregnancy outcomes on risk for suicide attempts and substance use among a sample of 166 female adolescents with juvenile justice system and child welfare involvement. Results Of participants, 36% (n = 60) reported at least one adolescent pregnancy with a total of 109 pregnancies reported. Adolescent pregnancy was associated with an increase in later suicide attempts (aOR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.06-2.72). Miscarriage was associated with a 2-fold increase in the likelihood of later suicide attempts, (aOR = 2.12, 95% CI 1.10-4.12). No participants who reported induced abortion (n = 13) reported suicide attempts. Adolescent pregnancy, miscarriage, and abortion were not significantly associated with later substance use (Ps > 0.05). Conclusions Healthcare professionals should conduct routine screening for suicidality in the months following a miscarriage, offer education to caregivers about how to support youth who experience pregnancy loss, provide additional social supports and familiarize themselves with local and virtual behavioral health resources to prevent suicide attempts among female adolescents who are at high risk and experience miscarriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille C. Cioffi
- Corresponding author at: Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, 1600 Millrace Drive, Suite 105, Eugene, OR 97403, United States. (C.C. Cioffi)
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Almquist L, Walker SC. Reciprocal associations between housing instability and youth criminal legal involvement: a scoping review. Health Justice 2022; 10:15. [PMID: 35394569 PMCID: PMC8991975 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-022-00177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth experiencing homelessness have disproportionate contact with the criminal legal system. This system contact represents a critical inflection point for enhancing risk or opportunities for stabilization; however, the policy and scholarly traditions examining the criminal legal system have not traditionally incorporated housing or other social determinants as a central focus of intervention. METHODS We conducted a scoping review using PRISMA-ScR guidelines to examine how the research literature is currently addressing housing within the context of youth involvement in the legal system. Databases searched included PubMed, Web of Science, and Academic Search Complete. Google Scholar was used to identify papers not indexed in the academic databases of interest. Database searches were conducted between September and December 2019 and articles were restricted to those published in English between the year 2000 and 2019. Key study components extracted included demographic information regarding each sample, type of article, study methodology, direction of effects of interest, outcome measures and primary findings, as well as theoretical frameworks engaged by the authors. RESULTS The search results returned 2154 titles for review. After screening all 2154 titles, 75 met eligibility for inclusion. Abstract reviews were conducted for all 75 papers. 36 abstracts met eligibility criteria and underwent full-text review. Ultimately, 29 articles satisfied eligibility criteria and were included in this scoping review. CONCLUSIONS Publications are primarily focused on the social epidemiology of risk factors and behaviors determining youth justice contact, but relatively less so on studies of interventions targeting youth delinquency, crime reduction, or recidivism that included housing support. The lack of continuity in theorizing from epidemiology to applied science in this area represents a gap in the literature that is likely reducing the effectiveness of interventions to interrupt patterns of legal system contact for youth. Integrating a public health framework that emphasizes the upstream social determinants leading to contact with the youth justice system would represent a paradigm shift for the field that would have beneficial effects on long term health outcomes for youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Almquist
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.
| | - Sarah Cusworth Walker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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Nichols AJ, Gerassi LB, Gilbert K, Taylor E. Provider challenges in responding to retrafficking of juvenile justice-involved domestic minor sex trafficking survivors. Child Abuse Negl 2022; 126:105521. [PMID: 35121439 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) survivors are disproportionately involved in the juvenile justice system, but frequently run away and experience retrafficking. However, little research explores how practitioners who work with juvenile justice-involved DMST survivors address such dynamics. OBJECTIVE This study examines challenges related to chronic runaway behaviors and related retrafficking of juvenile justice-involved DMST survivors from the perspective of practitioners. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 35 in-depth interviews were conducted with social service and justice system practitioners working with DMST survivors in a Midwestern metropolitan area. METHODS Inductive analysis of the transcribed interviews involved a multi-phase, independent co-coding process conducted by three members of the research team, including selective coding, open coding, and taxonomic analysis to identify recurring themes and subthemes. Core themes that focused on challenges experienced by practitioners working with minors who chronically ran away and returned to a trafficking situation were further developed. RESULTS Practitioners reported that their ability to provide care to minors returning to trafficking situations was limited because of their informal authority in the juvenile justice system, inaccessibility of residential therapeutic care and drug treatment, and punitive measures directed toward parents seeking assistance from Children's Division. Provider narratives indicated that without effective interventions, minors typically exit a retrafficking situation only after experiencing emotional distress, extreme violence, pregnancy or birth, or contracting an STI. CONCLUSIONS Non-punitive responses to address chronic runaway behaviors and retrafficking of minors in the justice system include: placement with foster families trained in dynamics of sex trafficking, trauma, and runaway behaviors; safety planning including risk assessments and providing resource information about drop in centers and healthcare; revising hotlining procedures for concerned parents; and increasing minors' access to trauma-informed residential care, therapeutic care, and substance use treatment by legislatively expanding healthcare coverage under Safe Harbor laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Nichols
- Brown School of Social Work, Women Gender and Sexuality Studies Department, Washington University in St. Louis, 212 McMillan Hall, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States of America.
| | - Lara B Gerassi
- Sex Trafficking and Exploitation Research, School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1350 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America.
| | - Kourtney Gilbert
- Social Policy Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States of America.
| | - Emily Taylor
- The Women's Center of Southeastern Michigan, 1100 Victors Way, #10, Ann Arbor, MI 48108-5220, United States of America
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Abstract
Youth involved in the juvenile justice system are at elevated risk for suicide and co-occurring mental health symptoms. This study aims to examine the suicide risk and treatment needs of court-involved, non-incarcerated (CINI) youth, and to understand the acceptability and effectiveness of implementing a mental health screening procedure at time of first court contact. By embedding a forensic mental health screening tool into the intake process of a family court diversionary program, a total of 891 youth (aged 12-18) were assessed using the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument-2 (MAYSI-2). Analysis of screening responses revealed 12.5% of youth indicated risk for suicide with risk levels differentiated by youth sex, race and ethnicity. Suicide ideation was also significantly associated with flagging, an indication of clinical risk, on all other scales of the MAYSI-2, as well as subsequent referrals to treatment. Screening for suicide at first point of court contact within an existing diversionary program may serve as a critical and effective point of intervention for youth in need.
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Boel-Studt SM. Treatment Mediators and Outcomes of Latent Classes of Youth in Psychiatric Residential Treatment. J Child Adolesc Trauma 2022; 15:15-26. [PMID: 35222772 PMCID: PMC8837761 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-021-00344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine differences in discharge outcomes between latent classes of youth in psychiatric residential treatment. The mediating effect of family therapy, behavioral management incidents, and length of stay on class membership and treatment outcomes were examined. The sample included 447 youth assigned to one of four classes. Guided by Thornberry and Krohn's (2005) interactional theory of continuity and change, change in functional impairment was predicted based on the composition of risk versus protective factors that comprised the latent classes. A manual 3-step approach was used to fit a latent class mixture model and estimate conditional effects on impairment at discharge. A mediation model was used to examine indirect effects of treatment factors on outcomes between latent classes. The results showed that classes with lower-level risk factors and more protective factors experienced significantly greater reductions in impairment on average. Treatment outcomes were mediated by behavioral management incidents but not length of stay or the number family therapy sessions. The results demonstrate the usefulness of person-centered approaches for conducting subgroup analyses in residential care outcomes studies; highlighting differences in outcomes between groups and treatment factors that may mediate these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamra M. Boel-Studt
- College of Social Work, Florida State University, 296 Champions Way, University Center-C, Tallahassee, FL USA
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Singh S, Nalani A, Ibrahim DA, Adler JG, Javdani S, Godfrey E. When Diversity is Not Enough: An Intersectional Examination of How Juvenile Legal System Actors of Color Experience the System's Welfare Mandate for Girls of Color. Am J Community Psychol 2022; 69:71-85. [PMID: 34425629 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
System actors of color are considered a key intervention to reduce disparities in the juvenile legal system precisely because they share intersectional experiences of oppression similar to those experienced by system-involved youth. In this study, we interrogate the assumption that diversifying the workforce can remedy intersectional disparities in youth outcomes. Grounded in intersectionality, we analyzed semi-structured interviews with 17 (12 women, five men) actors of color-eight at the frontline, five at the mid-level, and four at the top level. Specifically, we examined their narratives of lived oppressions, juxtaposed these narratives with their articulations of how well the system meets its welfare mandate, and examined actors' sense of their ability to contribute to girls' welfare, attending especially to how these experiences vary by their positions in the system's hierarchy. Our findings suggest that actors of color indeed share experiences of oppression as system-involved youth, particularly along axes of race and gender. Further, across all levels of institutional positionality, actors articulate a disjunction, revealing the system's accountability to bureaucratic and funding structures rather than girls; they respond to this disjunction through resistant actions-with different degrees of effectiveness-anchored in accountability to girls, and by envisioning how, given their roles and relative power, the system can meet its social welfare mandate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joshua G Adler
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Micalizzi L, Sokolovsky AW, Delaney DJ, Gunn RL, Hernandez L, Kemp K, Spirito A, Stein LAR. A psychometric assessment of the Brief Situational Confidence Questionnaire for Marijuana (BSCQ-M) in juvenile justice-involved youth. Addict Behav 2022; 125:107154. [PMID: 34735980 PMCID: PMC8662708 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis refusal self-efficacy, defined as confidence in the ability to refuse cannabis or to avoid cannabis use, is associated with decreased cannabis use. Juvenile justice-involved youth are at high risk for cannabis use and may have lower refusal self-efficacy. While court-involved, non-incarcerated (CINI) and incarcerated youth are groups that are both at high-risk for cannabis use, the experience of incarceration may impact the measurement of refusal self-efficacy for cannabis. The factor structure, measurement invariance, and concurrent validity of the Brief Situational Confidence Questionnaire for Cannabis (BSCQ-M) was assessed among CINI (n = 148) and incarcerated (n = 199) youth (80.7% male, Mage = 16.3). Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a correlated 3-factor model including positive/good times, negative internal, and negative external situational factors best fit the data. Multigroup measurement invariance testing revealed that the BSCQ-M demonstrated configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance across CINI and incarcerated samples, indicating measurement invariance across the two groups. Negative binomial regressions revealed that BSCQ-M scores were significantly negatively associated with concurrent cannabis use. Results suggest that the BSCQ-M is a brief, psychometrically sound measure of refusal self-efficacy for cannabis among juvenile justice-involved youth that can be utilized with both CINI and incarcerated youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Micalizzi
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-5 Providence, RI 02903, United States,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Box G-S121-5, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Alexander W. Sokolovsky
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-5 Providence, RI 02903, United States,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Box G-S121-5, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Daniel J. Delaney
- Department of Psychology, Chafee Social Science Center, University of Rhode Island, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Rachel L. Gunn
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-5 Providence, RI 02903, United States,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Box G-S121-5, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Lynn Hernandez
- CUNY School of Medicine, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031
| | - Kathleen Kemp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI 02912, United States,Rhode Island Family Court Mental Health Clinic, 1 Dorrance Street, Providence, RI 02903 United States
| | - Anthony Spirito
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - L. A. R. Stein
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-5 Providence, RI 02903, United States,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Box G-S121-5, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, United States,Department of Psychology, Chafee Social Science Center, University of Rhode Island, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States,Rhode Island Training School, Department of Children, Youth & Families, 57 Power Road, Cranston, RI 02920, United States
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Papalia N, Dunne A, Maharaj N, Fortunato E, Luebbers S, Ogloff JRP. Determinants and Outcomes of the Therapeutic Alliance in Treating Justice-Involved Youth: A Systematic Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2022; 25:658-80. [PMID: 35972713 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-022-00407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A large body of research supports the role of the therapeutic alliance in predicting positive change in psychotherapy. This systematic review examined determinants of alliance quality and its association with treatment outcomes in an under-served and under-researched population-justice-involved youth-with whom several challenges and contextual considerations arise that bear relevance to the alliance. The search strategy yielded 23 independent studies meeting eligibility criteria and describing diverse treatments: 14 quantitative records synthesized narratively and nine qualitative studies that underwent thematic analysis. A complex picture emerged, precluding firm conclusions about factors linked to enhanced alliances and the alliance-outcome relationship with justice-involved youth. Nevertheless, some promising findings were noted across quantitative studies, including potential treatment benefits related to alliance growth and creating positive alliances with caregivers. The review also highlighted the potential relevance of the young person's relationships with peers and parents and their treatment readiness and expectations to alliance quality. Drawing on adolescent, caregiver, and therapist perspectives, the thematic synthesis of qualitative studies generated themes related to key elements of constructive alliances and their role in creating a foundation for initiating change. An integrated discussion is provided, highlighting practical implications and suggestions for addressing methodological limitations and substantive knowledge gaps.
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Abstract
Mental health treatment of juvenile offenders and undocumented immigrant youth in detention provides a unique opportunity for treatment providers. Although the work may be challenging, the clinical needs and opportunities for early and meaningful interventions are significant. One of the best clinical experiences a psychiatrist can have is working with extremely high-risk youth to help them find safer and better developmental pathways. Few settings can offer such an opportunity to leverage clinical skills to improve the lives and futures of children and adolescents as are afforded to those professionals lucky enough to work in juvenile justice settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Whitley
- Southwood Psychiatric Hospital, 2575 Boyce Plaza Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15241, USA
| | - Camille Tastenhoye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amanda Downey
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 245, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - John S Rozel
- University of Pittsburgh, resolve Crisis Services of UPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital, 333 N Braddock Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15208, USA.
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Barra S, Turner D, Müller M, Hertz PG, Retz-Junginger P, Tüscher O, Huss M, Retz W. ADHD symptom profiles, intermittent explosive disorder, adverse childhood experiences, and internalizing/externalizing problems in young offenders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:257-269. [PMID: 32780159 PMCID: PMC8866272 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-020-01181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and co-existing psychiatric/psychological impairments as well as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common among young offenders. Research on their associations is of major importance for early intervention and crime prevention. Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) warrants specific consideration in this regard. To gain sophisticated insights into the occurrence and associations of ADHD, IED, ACEs, and further psychiatric/psychological impairments in young (male and female) offenders, we used latent profile analysis (LPA) to empirically derive subtypes among 156 young offenders who were at an early stage of crime development based on their self-reported ADHD symptoms, and combined those with the presence of IED. We found four distinct ADHD subtypes that differed rather quantitatively than qualitatively (very low, low, moderate, and severe symptomatology). Additional IED, ACEs, and further internalizing and externalizing problems were found most frequently in the severe ADHD subtype. Furthermore, females were over-represented in the severe ADHD subtype. Finally, ACEs predicted high ADHD symptomatology with co-existing IED, but not without IED. Because ACEs were positively associated with the occurrence of ADHD/IED and ADHD is one important risk factor for on-going criminal behaviors, our findings highlight the need for early identification of ACEs and ADHD/IED in young offenders to identify those adolescents who are at increased risk for long-lasting criminal careers. Furthermore, they contribute to the debate about how to best conceptualize ADHD regarding further emotional and behavioral disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Barra
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel Turner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Priscilla Gregorio Hertz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Retz-Junginger
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Tüscher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Huss
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Retz
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Wasserman GA, Elkington KS, Robson G, Taxman F. Bridging juvenile justice and behavioral health systems: development of a clinical pathways approach to connect youth at risk for suicidal behavior to care. Health Justice 2021; 9:36. [PMID: 34845569 PMCID: PMC8630855 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-021-00164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Justice-involved youth have high rates of suicidal behavior and co-morbid psychiatric disorders, yet low rates of service use. Implementation efforts aimed at supporting cross-agency linkage protocols may be useful components of interventions promoting behavioral healthcare service access for youths on probation. The purpose of this study was to develop clear referral Pathways for three suicide risk classifications of youth, across 10 counties in a single state through a community-academic partnership in New York state, a strategic planning process between county Probation departments and community Behavioral Health. RESULTS We sought to clarify service destinations for youth in three classes of risk for suicidal behavior: Class I (Crisis, Imminent Risk); Class II (Crisis, Non-Imminent Risk); and Class III (Non-Crisis but in Need of Service). Prior to Pathway Meetings, there was a low degree of agreement between Probation and Behavioral Health leadership for the appropriate service destination for youths in crisis, whether at imminent risk (Class I: 57.8% overlap) or at lower than imminent risk (Class II: 45.6% overlap). Options for referral destinations for Classes I and II decreased significantly (indicating greater overlap) as a result of Pathway Meetings [(Class I: from 2.5 to 1.1 (t(9) = 3.28, p < 0.01); Class II: from 2.8 to 1.3 (t(9) = 4.025, p < 0.003)]. Pathway Meetings allowed Behavioral Health and Juvenile Justice systems to make joint decisions regarding referral pathways, resulting in innovative solutions, such as the use of mobile crisis. CONCLUSIONS The community-academic partnership served to bring internal (Juvenile Justice) and external (Behavioral Health) contexts together to successfully generate agreed upon Pathways to care for youths demonstrating risk for suicidal behavior. Bridging Behavioral Health and Juvenile Justice systems together to agree to referral Pathways for each risk class can increase appropriate service use. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03586895 . Registered 21 June 2018, https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/prs/app/template/EditRecord.vm?epmode=Edit&listmode=Edit&uid=U0003B7I&ts=4&sid=S00080NN&cx=-n4kinh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A Wasserman
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Katherine S Elkington
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University, New York, USA.
- Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, 40 Haven Avenue, Kolb Annex Rm 273, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Gail Robson
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University, New York, USA
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Yurasek AM, Kemp K, Otero J, Tolou-Shams M. Substance use screening and rates of treatment referral among justice-involved youth. Addict Behav 2021; 122:107036. [PMID: 34274872 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Justice-involved youth report high rates of substance use and related problems that are associated with treatment needs; however, data on screening and linkage to treatment within the justice system is lacking. To further inform the juvenile justice behavioral health cascade of care, this study examined factors associated with identified problematic substance use and treatment referral using two screening tools. METHOD As part of a family court intake process, 348 justice-involved youth received two screening measures, the MAYSI-2 alcohol/drug use subscale and the CRAFFT. Both tools are designed to indicate early warning signs of substance use problems and signal referral for further clinical evaluation or treatment. Chart review analysis examined whether demographic variables (sex & race), severity of use, and type of substance used were associated with positive screens on either or both measures and subsequent treatment referral. RESULTS Half (51.2%) of youth were identified as having problematic substance use (a positive screen) on at least one of the screeners. Overall, 38.5% positively screened on the CRAFFT with only 0.3% positively screening on just the MAYSI-2 alcohol/drug scale. Cannabis only users were less likely to positively screen on the MAYSI-2 compared to youth who reported use of both alcohol and cannabis. Positively screening on one versus both screeners was not associated with referral, yet many (28%) who positively screened were not referred for services. CONCLUSIONS The CRAFFT may be more accurate at identifying youth specifically at risk for problematic cannabis use compared to the MAYSI-2 alcohol/drug subscale. Regardless of tool used, treatment referral was low, highlighting the need for accurate identification of treatment needs of substance-using, justice-involved youth. Interventions to facilitate referrals for youth with problematic substance use are needed.
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Chaplo S, Fishbein D. Capitalizing on Neuroplasticity Across Development to Redirect Pathways from Juvenile Justice Involvement. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 53:235-254. [PMID: 34486099 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is an exquisitely sensitive period of development during which pathways branch toward success in school and prosocial pursuits or, conversely, toward behavior problems and involvement in high-risk activities and systems, such as juvenile justice (JJ). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) such as poverty, family dysfunction, and child maltreatment, have been strongly and repeatedly associated with JJ involvement. A significant body of research from neuroscience has established that ACEs can alter facets of neurodevelopment that undergird self-regulation throughout childhood and adolescence, thereby increasing susceptibility to behaviors that attract attention of the JJ system. Because the ability to intervene prior to system-entrenchment is crucial to disrupting an adverse developmental pathway, we look toward neuroscience to offer insights into how to do so more effectively. In this chapter, evidence is summarized that informs an understanding of how neurodevelopmental pathways may lead to JJ involvement. Because neurodevelopment is malleable in response to both detrimental and positive experiences, there is potential for well-targeted interventions to normalize brain and cognitive development, especially during sensitive periods of maturation. This discussion is followed by a proposed research agenda to determine how to exploit these critical windows of opportunity to divert youth from persistent antisocial behavior and JJ involvement. Lastly, a review of neuroscience findings regarding the ability of intervention to strengthen brain systems that modulate self-regulation is presented. This research has direct practical significance with potential to be translated into meaningful policy change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Chaplo
- FPG Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Diana Fishbein
- FPG Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
- National Prevention Science Coalition to Improve Lives, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Aalsma MC, Aarons GA, Adams ZW, Alton MD, Boustani M, Dir AL, Embi PJ, Grannis S, Hulvershorn LA, Huntsinger D, Lewis CC, Monahan P, Saldana L, Schwartz K, Simon KI, Terry N, Wiehe SE, Zapolski TC. Alliances to disseminate addiction prevention and treatment (ADAPT): A statewide learning health system to reduce substance use among justice-involved youth in rural communities. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 128:108368. [PMID: 33867210 PMCID: PMC8883586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth in the justice system (YJS) are more likely than youth who have never been arrested to have mental health and substance use problems. However, a low percentage of YJS receive SUD services during their justice system involvement. The SUD care cascade can identify potential missed opportunities for treatment for YJS. Steps along the continuum of the cascade include identification of treatment need, referral to services, and treatment engagement. To address gaps in care for YJS, we will (1) implement a learning health system (LHS) to develop, or improve upon, alliances between juvenile justice (JJ) agencies and community mental health centers (CMHC) and (2) present local cascade data during continuous quality improvement cycles within the LHS alliances. METHODS/DESIGN ADAPT is a hybrid Type II effectiveness implementation trial. We will collaborate with JJ and CMHCs in eight Indiana counties. Application of the EPIS (exploration, preparation, implementation, and sustainment) framework will guide the implementation of the LHS alliances. The study team will review local cascade data quarterly with the alliances to identify gaps along the continuum. The study will collect self-report survey measures longitudinally at each site regarding readiness for change, implementation climate, organizational leadership, and program sustainability. The study will use the Stages of Implementation Completion (SIC) tool to assess the process of implementation across interventions. Additionally, the study team will conduct focus groups and qualitative interviews with JJ and CMHC personnel across the intervention period to assess for impact. DISCUSSION Findings have the potential to increase SUD need identification, referral to services, and treatment for YJS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Aalsma
- Department of Pediatrics – Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Aarons
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Zachary W. Adams
- Department of Psychiatry - Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Madison D. Alton
- Department of Pediatrics – Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Malaz Boustani
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Allyson L. Dir
- Department of Psychiatry - Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Embi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Shaun Grannis
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Leslie A. Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry - Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | | | - Cara C. Lewis
- MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute – Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Patrick Monahan
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Lisa Saldana
- Oregon Social Learning Center, Eugene, OR, United States of America
| | - Katherine Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics - Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America.
| | - Kosali I. Simon
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Terry
- McKinney School of Law, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Wiehe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Children’s Health Services Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Tamika C.B. Zapolski
- Department of Psychology - Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
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Bosk EA, Anthony WL, Folk JB, Williams-Butler A. All in the family: parental substance misuse, harsh parenting, and youth substance misuse among juvenile justice-involved youth. Addict Behav 2021; 119:106888. [PMID: 33798920 PMCID: PMC10032473 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research consistently connects parental and youth substance misuse, yet less is known about the mechanisms driving this association among justice-involved youth. We examine whether harsh parenting is an explanatory mechanism for the association between parental substance use and parental mental health and youth substance use disorder in a sample of justice-involved youth. METHODS Data were drawn from the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a large-scale longitudinal survey of mental health and substance misuse in a representative sample of youth in juvenile detention. Harsh parenting, child maltreatment, youth alcohol and cannabis use disorder, and parental substance misuse and mental health were assessed among 1,825 detained youth (35.95% female) at baseline, three-year follow-up, and four-year follow-up. RESULTS At baseline, over 80% of youth used alcohol and/or cannabis; at the four-year follow-up, 16.35% and 19.69% of the youth were diagnosed with alcohol and cannabis use disorder, respectively. More than 20% of youth reported their parent misused substances and 6.11% reported a parent had a severe mental health need. Black youth experienced significantly fewer types of harsh parenting compared to White youth. Multivariate path analyses revealed harsh parenting mediated the association between parental substance misuse and mental health on youth alcohol and cannabis use disorder. Harsh parenting that does not rise to the level of child maltreatment mediated the association between parental substance misuse and mental health on youth alcohol use disorder; in contrast, child maltreatment did not mediate these associations. Multigroup analyses revealed the effect of harsh parenting on youth alcohol and cannabis use disorder did not vary across sex or race-ethnic subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Harsh parenting represents one mechanism for the intergenerational continuity of alcohol and cannabis misuse and should be regularly assessed for and addressed in juvenile justice settings.
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Abstract
Justice-involved youth have a number of risk factors for HIV infection, including high rates of substance use, psychiatric comorbidities, and risky sexual behaviors. Although detained youth are likely to receive health care-which may include HIV testing-court-involved, non-incarcerated (CINI) youth may be unlikely to receive HIV testing services either before or during their justice involvement. However, the relationship between risk factors and HIV testing among CINI youth is largely unknown. We explored the association between HIV testing and factors commonly associated with both HIV testing and HIV risk among 173 CINI youth with identified behaviors that put them at risk for HIV acquisition. Only 15.6% of participants reported a lifetime history of HIV testing, despite high rates of sexual and substance use risk behaviors. Age (older), gender (female), sexual orientation (non-heterosexual), recent marijuana use, lifetime use of other drugs, history of a sexually transmitted infection, pap smear in the past year and history of mental health/substance use treatment were all significantly associated with lifetime HIV testing. The extremely low testing rates in this sample emphasize that the juvenile justice system outside of detention is not adequately addressing youths' needs related to HIV testing or ensuring access to testing services for youth at risk of contracting HIV. Results suggest that additional efforts are needed to connect justice-involved youth to healthcare more broadly and HIV testing in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Haney-Caron
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, 524 West 59th Street, New York, NY, 10019, USA.
| | - Larry K Brown
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- UCSF Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Wasserman GA, McReynolds LS, Taxman FS, Belenko S, Elkington KS, Robertson AA, Dennis ML, Knight DK, Knudsen HK, Dembo R, Ciarleglio A, Wiley TRA. The Missing Link(age): Multilevel Contributors to Service Uptake Failure Among Youths on Community Justice Supervision. Psychiatr Serv 2021; 72:546-554. [PMID: 33765861 PMCID: PMC8288447 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.202000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Youths in the juvenile justice system often do not access needed behavioral health services. The behavioral health services cascade model was used to examine rates of substance use screening, identification of substance use treatment needs, and referral to and initiation of treatment among youths undergoing juvenile justice system intake and to identify when treatment access is most challenged. Characteristics associated with identification of behavioral health needs and linkage to community services were also examined. METHODS Data were drawn from administrative records of 33 community justice agencies in seven states participating in Juvenile Justice-Translational Research on Interventions for Adolescents in the Legal System, funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (N=8,307 youths). Contributions of youth, staff, agency, and county characteristics to identification of behavioral health needs and linkage to community services were examined. RESULTS More than 70% (5,942 of 8,307) of youths were screened for substance use problems, and more than half needed treatment. Among those in need, only about one-fifth were referred to treatment, and among those referred, 67.5% initiated treatment. Overall, <10% of youths with identified needs initiated services. Multivariable multilevel regression analyses revealed several contributors to service-related outcomes, with youths' level of supervision being among the strongest predictors of treatment referral. CONCLUSIONS Community justice agencies appear to follow an approach that focuses identification and linkage practices on concerns other than youths' behavioral health needs, although such needs contribute to reoffending. Local agencies should coordinate efforts to support interagency communication in the referral and cross-system linkage process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A Wasserman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Wasserman, McReynolds, Elkington); Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Taxman); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, (Belenko); Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville (Robertson); Lighthouse Institute, Chestnut Health Systems, Normal, Illinois (Dennis); Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth (Knight); Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington (Knudsen); Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa (Dembo); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (Ciarleglio); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland (Wiley)
| | - Larkin S McReynolds
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Wasserman, McReynolds, Elkington); Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Taxman); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, (Belenko); Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville (Robertson); Lighthouse Institute, Chestnut Health Systems, Normal, Illinois (Dennis); Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth (Knight); Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington (Knudsen); Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa (Dembo); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (Ciarleglio); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland (Wiley)
| | - Faye S Taxman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Wasserman, McReynolds, Elkington); Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Taxman); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, (Belenko); Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville (Robertson); Lighthouse Institute, Chestnut Health Systems, Normal, Illinois (Dennis); Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth (Knight); Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington (Knudsen); Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa (Dembo); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (Ciarleglio); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland (Wiley)
| | - Steven Belenko
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Wasserman, McReynolds, Elkington); Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Taxman); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, (Belenko); Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville (Robertson); Lighthouse Institute, Chestnut Health Systems, Normal, Illinois (Dennis); Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth (Knight); Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington (Knudsen); Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa (Dembo); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (Ciarleglio); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland (Wiley)
| | - Katherine S Elkington
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Wasserman, McReynolds, Elkington); Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Taxman); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, (Belenko); Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville (Robertson); Lighthouse Institute, Chestnut Health Systems, Normal, Illinois (Dennis); Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth (Knight); Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington (Knudsen); Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa (Dembo); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (Ciarleglio); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland (Wiley)
| | - Angela A Robertson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Wasserman, McReynolds, Elkington); Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Taxman); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, (Belenko); Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville (Robertson); Lighthouse Institute, Chestnut Health Systems, Normal, Illinois (Dennis); Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth (Knight); Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington (Knudsen); Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa (Dembo); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (Ciarleglio); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland (Wiley)
| | - Michael L Dennis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Wasserman, McReynolds, Elkington); Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Taxman); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, (Belenko); Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville (Robertson); Lighthouse Institute, Chestnut Health Systems, Normal, Illinois (Dennis); Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth (Knight); Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington (Knudsen); Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa (Dembo); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (Ciarleglio); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland (Wiley)
| | - Danica K Knight
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Wasserman, McReynolds, Elkington); Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Taxman); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, (Belenko); Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville (Robertson); Lighthouse Institute, Chestnut Health Systems, Normal, Illinois (Dennis); Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth (Knight); Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington (Knudsen); Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa (Dembo); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (Ciarleglio); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland (Wiley)
| | - Hannah K Knudsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Wasserman, McReynolds, Elkington); Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Taxman); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, (Belenko); Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville (Robertson); Lighthouse Institute, Chestnut Health Systems, Normal, Illinois (Dennis); Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth (Knight); Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington (Knudsen); Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa (Dembo); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (Ciarleglio); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland (Wiley)
| | - Richard Dembo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Wasserman, McReynolds, Elkington); Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Taxman); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, (Belenko); Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville (Robertson); Lighthouse Institute, Chestnut Health Systems, Normal, Illinois (Dennis); Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth (Knight); Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington (Knudsen); Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa (Dembo); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (Ciarleglio); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland (Wiley)
| | - Adam Ciarleglio
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Wasserman, McReynolds, Elkington); Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Taxman); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, (Belenko); Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville (Robertson); Lighthouse Institute, Chestnut Health Systems, Normal, Illinois (Dennis); Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth (Knight); Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington (Knudsen); Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa (Dembo); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (Ciarleglio); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland (Wiley)
| | - Tisha R A Wiley
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Wasserman, McReynolds, Elkington); Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Taxman); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, (Belenko); Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville (Robertson); Lighthouse Institute, Chestnut Health Systems, Normal, Illinois (Dennis); Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth (Knight); Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington (Knudsen); Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa (Dembo); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (Ciarleglio); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland (Wiley)
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Lensch T, Clements-Nolle K, Oman RF, Evans WP, Lu M, Yang W. Adverse childhood experiences and co-occurring psychological distress and substance abuse among juvenile offenders: the role of protective factors. Public Health 2021; 194:42-47. [PMID: 33857872 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to estimate associations between cumulative exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), protective factors, and co-occurrence among male and female juvenile offenders. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Validated measures of ACEs, internal resilience, external youth assets, psychological distress, and substance abuse were collected from 429 youths involved in the juvenile justice system in Nevada. A three-level outcome variable was created using the psychological distress and substance use measures: no problems, one problem, or co-occurring problems. Hierarchical multinomial logistic regression models were used to determine the independent, direct, and moderating impact of the protective factors on ACEs and the outcome. RESULTS Internal resilience, family communication, school connectedness, peer role models, and non-parental adult role models were associated with lower odds of co-occurrence compared to having no problems (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] ranged from 0.11 to 0.33). When ACEs were added to the model, internal resilience and all assets except for one (non-parental adult role models) continued to offer protection against co-occurrence. Internal resilience was the only protective factor that significantly moderated the association between ACEs and co-occurrence (AOR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.06, 0.99). CONCLUSION Most protective factors decreased co-occurring mental health and substance abuse problems in the presence of ACE exposure and internal resilience moderated the relationship between ACEs and co-occurrence. Juvenile justice systems should use positive youth development approaches to help prevent co-occurrence among youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lensch
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, USA.
| | - K Clements-Nolle
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - R F Oman
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - W P Evans
- College of Education, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - M Lu
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - W Yang
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
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