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Adams ZW, Hulvershorn LA, Smoker MP, Marriott BR, Aalsma MC, Gibbons RD. Initial Validation of a Computerized Adaptive Test for Substance Use Disorder Identification in Adolescents. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:867-873. [PMID: 38270342 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2305801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Computerized adaptive tests (CATs) are highly efficient assessment tools that couple low patient and clinician time burden with high diagnostic accuracy. A CAT for substance use disorders (CAT-SUD-E) has been validated in adult populations but has yet to be tested in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to perform initial evaluation of the K-CAT-SUD-E (i.e., Kiddy-CAT-SUD-E) in an adolescent sample compared to a gold-standard diagnostic interview. METHODS Adolescents (N = 156; aged 11-17) with diverse substance use histories completed the K-CAT-SUD-E electronically and the substance related disorders portion of a clinician-conducted diagnostic interview (K-SADS) via tele-videoconferencing platform. The K-CAT-SUD-E assessed both current and lifetime overall SUD and substance-specific diagnoses for nine substance classes. RESULTS Using the K-CAT-SUD-E continuous severity score and diagnoses to predict the presence of any K-SADS SUD diagnosis, the classification accuracy ranged from excellent for current SUD (AUC = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.81, 0.95) to outstanding (AUC = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.82, 0.97) for lifetime SUD. Regarding current substance-specific diagnoses, the classification accuracy was excellent for alcohol (AUC = 0.82), cannabis (AUC = 0.83) and nicotine/tobacco (AUC = 0.90). For lifetime substance-specific diagnoses, the classification accuracy ranged from excellent (e.g., opioids, AUC = 0.84) to outstanding (e.g., stimulants, AUC = 0.96). K-CAT-SUD-E median completion time was 4 min 22 s compared to 45 min for the K-SADS. CONCLUSIONS This study provides initial support for the K-CAT-SUD-E as a feasible accurate diagnostic tool for assessing SUDs in adolescents. Future studies should further validate the K-CAT-SUD-E in a larger sample of adolescents and examine its acceptability, feasibility, and scalability in youth-serving settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Michael P Smoker
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Matthew C Aalsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert D Gibbons
- Departments of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
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Adams ZW, Marriott BR, Hulvershorn LA, Hinckley JD. Treatment of Adolescent Cannabis Use Disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2023; 46:775-788. [PMID: 37879838 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes treatments for cannabis use disorder (CUD) in adolescents. The best supported CUD treatments are cognitive behavioral psychotherapies, including family-based models that facilitate environmental changes and youth-focused models that incorporate skills training, motivational interviewing, and contingency management to promote reductions in cannabis use. Some medications show promise in reducing cannabis craving and withdrawal symptoms. Further research is needed on the efficacy and implementation of existing treatments given the changes in cannabis use trends over time and on emerging technologies that may expand access to evidence-based CUD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Brigid R Marriott
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1002 Wishard Boulevard, Suite 4110, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jesse D Hinckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 East 17th Place, MS-F546, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. https://twitter.com/JHinckleyMDPhD
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Adams ZW, Marriott BR, Karra S, Linhart-Musikant E, Raymond JL, Fischer LJ, Bixler KA, Bell TM, Bryan EA, Hulvershorn LA. User-Guided Enhancements to a Technology-Facilitated Resilience Program to Address Opioid Risks Following Traumatic Injury in Youth: Qualitative Interview Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e45128. [PMID: 38032728 PMCID: PMC10722375 DOI: 10.2196/45128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth with traumatic injury experience elevated risk for behavioral health disorders, yet posthospital monitoring of patients' behavioral health is rare. The Telehealth Resilience and Recovery Program (TRRP), a technology-facilitated and stepped access-to-care program initiated in hospitals and designed to be integrated seamlessly into trauma center operations, is a program that can potentially address this treatment gap. However, the TRRP was originally developed to address this gap for mental health recovery but not substance use. Given the high rates of substance and opioid use disorders among youth with traumatic injury, there is a need to monitor substance use and related symptoms alongside other mental health concerns. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to use an iterative, user-guided approach to inform substance use adaptations to TRRP content and procedures. METHODS We conducted individual semistructured interviews with adolescents (aged 12-17 years) and young adults (aged 18-25 years) who were recently discharged from trauma centers (n=20) and health care providers from two level 1 trauma centers (n=15). Interviews inquired about reactions to and recommendations for expanding TRRP content, features, and functionality; factors related to TRRP implementation and acceptability; and current strategies for monitoring patients' postinjury physical and emotional recovery and opioid and substance use. Interview responses were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis to guide new TRRP substance use content and procedures. RESULTS Themes identified in interviews included gaps in care, task automation, user personalization, privacy concerns, and in-person preferences. Based on these results, a multimedia, web-based mobile education app was developed that included 8 discrete interactive education modules and 6 videos on opioid use disorder, and TRRP procedures were adapted to target opioid and other substance use disorder risk. Substance use adaptations included the development of a set of SMS text messaging-delivered questions that monitor both mental health symptoms and substance use and related symptoms (eg, pain and sleep) and the identification of validated mental health and substance use screening tools to monitor patients' behavioral health in the months after discharge. CONCLUSIONS Patients and health care providers found the TRRP and its expansion to address substance use acceptable. This iterative, user-guided approach yielded novel content and procedures that will be evaluated in a future trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Brigid R Marriott
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Swathi Karra
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Jodi L Raymond
- Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Lydia J Fischer
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kristina A Bixler
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Teresa M Bell
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Eric A Bryan
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Hurd YL, Ferland JMN, Nomura Y, Hulvershorn LA, Gray KM, Thurstone C. CANNABIS USE AND THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: HIGHS AND LOWS. Front Young Minds 2023; 11:898445. [PMID: 37946933 PMCID: PMC10635559 DOI: 10.3389/frym.2023.898445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Although cannabis is a naturally occurring plant with a long history of use by humans, the chemicals it contains, called cannabinoids, can act on the human body in many ways. Use of cannabis during important periods of development, such as during pregnancy and adolescence, can have a long-lasting impact on the way the brain forms and develops its systems to control emotions and other functions. This article gives an overview of some of the effects of cannabinoids on the developing brain, before birth and as teenagers, and provides information about how young people can prevent or minimize the negative effects of cannabis on their brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin L Hurd
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jacqueline-Marie N Ferland
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yoko Nomura
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kevin M Gray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Christian Thurstone
- Behavioral Health-Adolescent Outpatient, Denver Health and Hospital Authority and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States
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Aloi J, Kwon E, Hummer TA, Crum KI, Shah N, Pratt L, Aalsma MC, Finn P, Nurnberger J, Hulvershorn LA. Family history of substance use disorder and parental impulsivity are differentially associated with neural responses during risky decision-making. Front Neuroimaging 2023; 2:1110494. [PMID: 37554652 PMCID: PMC10406275 DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2023.1110494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Risky decision-making is associated with the development of substance use behaviors during adolescence. Although prior work has investigated risky decision-making in adolescents at familial high risk for developing substance use disorders (SUDs), little research has controlled for the presence of co-morbid externalizing disorders (EDs). Additionally, few studies have investigated the role of parental impulsivity in offspring neurobiology associated with risky decision-making. Methods One-hundred twenty-five children (28 healthy controls, 47 psychiatric controls with EDs without a familial history of SUD, and 50 high-risk children with co-morbid EDs with a familial history of SUD) participated in the Balloon Analog Risk Task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Impulsivity for parents and children was measured using the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Results We found that individuals in the psychiatric control group showed greater activation, as chances of balloon explosion increased, while making choices, relative to the healthy control and high-risk groups in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC). We also found a positive association between greater activation and parental impulsivity in these regions. However, within rACC, this relationship was moderated by group, such that there was a positive relationship between activation and parental impulsivity in the HC group, but an inverse relationship in the HR group. Conclusions These findings suggest that there are key differences in the neurobiology underlying risky decision-making in individuals with EDs with and without a familial history of SUD. The current findings build on existing models of neurobiological factors influencing addiction risk by integrating parental factors. This work paves the way for more precise risk models in which to test preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Aloi
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Elizabeth Kwon
- Department of Public Health, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Tom A. Hummer
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kathleen I. Crum
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Nikhil Shah
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Lauren Pratt
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Matthew C. Aalsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Peter Finn
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - John Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Leslie A. Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Stapp EK, Fullerton JM, Musci RJ, Zandi PP, McInnis MG, Mitchell PB, Hulvershorn LA, Ghaziuddin N, Roberts G, Ferrera AG, Nurnberger JI, Wilcox HC. Family environment and polygenic risk in the bipolar high-risk context. JCPP Adv 2023; 3:e12143. [PMID: 37378048 PMCID: PMC10292829 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The interaction of polygenic risk (PRS) and environmental effects on development of bipolar disorder (BD) is understudied, as are high-risk offspring perceptions of their family environment (FE). We tested the association of offspring-perceived FE in interaction with BD-PRS on liability for BD in offspring at high or low familial risk for BD. Methods Offspring of a parent with BD (oBD; n = 266) or no psychiatric disorders (n = 174), aged 12-21 at recruitment, participated in the US and Australia. Empirically-derived profiles of FE classified offspring by their perceived levels of familial cohesion, flexibility, and conflict. Offspring BD-PRS were derived from Psychiatric Genomics Consortium BD-GWAS. Lifetime DSM-IV bipolar disorders were derived from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children. We used a novel stepwise approach for latent class modeling with predictors and distal outcomes. Results Fifty-two offspring were diagnosed with BD. For those with well-functioning FE (two-thirds of the sample), higher BD-PRS tracked positively with liability for BD. However, for those with high-conflict FEs, the relationship between BD-PRS and liability to BD was negative, with highest risk for BD observed with lower BD-PRS. In exploratory analyses, European-ancestry offspring with BD had elevated history of suicidal ideation in high-conflict FE compared to well-functioning-FE, and of suicide attempt with low-BD-PRS and high-conflict FE. Conclusions The data suggest that the relationship of BD-PRS and offspring liability for BD differed between well-functioning versus high-conflict FE, potentially in line with a multifactorial liability threshold model and supporting future study of and interventions improving family dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Stapp
- Department of Mental HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Genetic Epidemiology BranchNational Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Janice M. Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Rashelle J. Musci
- Department of Mental HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Peter P. Zandi
- Department of Mental HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Philip B. Mitchell
- School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Neera Ghaziuddin
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Gloria Roberts
- School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - John I. Nurnberger
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Stark Neurosciences Research InstituteIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Holly C. Wilcox
- Department of Mental HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Kercher KA, Steinfeldt JA, Rettke DJ, Zuidema TR, Walker MJ, Martinez Kercher VM, Silveyra P, Seo DC, Macy JT, Hulvershorn LA, Kawata K. Association Between Head Impact Exposure, Psychological Needs, and Indicators of Mental Health Among U.S. High School Tackle Football Players. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:502-509. [PMID: 36610880 PMCID: PMC10033334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.11.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Age of first exposure to tackle football and head impact kinematics have been used to examine the effect of head impacts on mental health outcomes. These measures coupled with retrospective and cross-sectional designs have contributed to conflicting results. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of one season of head impact exposure, age of first exposure to football, and psychological need satisfaction on acute mental health outcomes in adolescent football players. METHODS This prospective single-season cohort study used sensor-installed mouthguards to collect head impact exposure along with surveys to assess age of first exposure to football, psychological satisfaction, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and thriving from football players at four high schools (n = 91). Linear regression was used to test the association of head impact exposure, age of first exposure, and psychological satisfaction with acute mental health outcomes. RESULTS A total of 9,428 impacts were recorded with a mean of 102 ± 113 impacts/player. Cumulative head impact exposure and age of first exposure were not associated with acute mental health outcomes at postseason or change scores from preseason to postseason. Greater psychological satisfaction was associated with fewer depressive symptoms (β = -0.035, SE = 0.008, p = < .001), fewer anxiety symptoms (β = -0.021, SE = 0.008, p = .010), and greater thriving scores (β = 0.278, SE = 0.040, p = < .001) at postseason. DISCUSSION This study does not support the premise that greater single-season head impact exposure or earlier age of first exposure to tackle football is associated with worse acute mental health indicators over the course of a single season in adolescent football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Kercher
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Jesse A Steinfeldt
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, School of Education, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Devin J Rettke
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Taylor R Zuidema
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Miata J Walker
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, School of Education, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Vanessa M Martinez Kercher
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Dong-Chul Seo
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Jonathan T Macy
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Keisuke Kawata
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Program in Neuroscience, College of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Aalsma MC, Adams ZW, Smoker MP, Marriott BR, Ouyang F, Meudt E, Hulvershorn LA. Evidence-based Treatment for Substance Use Disorders in Community Mental Health Centers: the ACCESS Program. J Behav Health Serv Res 2023; 50:333-347. [PMID: 36859743 PMCID: PMC9977479 DOI: 10.1007/s11414-023-09833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
A significant gap remains in the availability and accessibility of evidence-based treatments (EBTs) in community substance use disorder (SUD) treatment. This study describes a 2-year statewide training initiative that sought to address this gap by training community-based therapists in motivational enhancement/cognitive behavioral therapy (MET/CBT). Therapists (N = 93) participated in a 2-day MET/CBT workshop followed by bi-weekly clinical consultation, fidelity monitoring, guided readings, and online resources. Therapists completed pre-training and follow-up assessments measuring knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and implementation barriers. Most therapists attended 10 or more consultation calls. Submission of session recordings for feedback was the least utilized training element. Therapists reported increased confidence in their ability to implement MET/CBT for SUD and demonstrated improvement in MI and CBT knowledge. Therapists reported several implementation barriers, including lack of time and opportunity to treat patients with MET/CBT. Recommendations for future training initiatives and addressing the barriers identified in this study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Aalsma
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10Th Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Zachary W Adams
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10Th Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael P Smoker
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10Th Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brigid R Marriott
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10Th Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fangqian Ouyang
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Emily Meudt
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10Th Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Adams ZW, Marriott BR, McClure D, Finn P, Feagans A, Karra S, Hulvershorn LA. Impulsive Decision Reduction Training for Youth With a Patterned History of Making Risky and Impulsive Decisions: A Case Report. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Adams ZW, Marriott BR, Hulvershorn LA, Hinckley J. Treatment of Adolescent Cannabis Use Disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2023; 32:141-155. [PMID: 36410901 PMCID: PMC10097012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes treatments for cannabis use disorder (CUD) in adolescents. The best supported CUD treatments are cognitive behavioral psychotherapies, including family-based models that facilitate environmental changes and youth-focused models that incorporate skills training, motivational interviewing, and contingency management to promote reductions in cannabis use. Some medications show promise in reducing cannabis craving and withdrawal symptoms. Further research is needed on the efficacy and implementation of existing treatments given the changes in cannabis use trends over time and on emerging technologies that may expand access to evidence-based CUD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Brigid R Marriott
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1002 Wishard Boulevard, Suite 4110, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jesse Hinckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 East 17th Place, MS-F546, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. https://twitter.com/JHinckleyMDPhD
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Oliver AP, Bell LA, Agley J, Bixler K, Hulvershorn LA, Adams ZW. Examining the Efficacy of Project ECHO to Improve Clinicians' Knowledge and Preparedness to Treat Adolescent Vaping. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2022; 61:869-878. [PMID: 35774009 PMCID: PMC10591463 DOI: 10.1177/00099228221107816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As adolescent vaping reaches epidemic rates in the United States, it is imperative that pediatric clinicians have access to medical knowledge on best practices for screening, assessing, and treating vaping-related substance use. The Teen Vaping ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) program was developed to offer practical learning sessions focused on clinical management of adolescent vaping. This study describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of the program's impact on participants' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding treatment of adolescent vaping from registration to the end of the series. Participants were generally knowledgeable about vaping at registration and reported significant increases in comfort talking with patients about vaping, counseling patients on nicotine replacement products, and frequency of implementing best-practice screening strategies at the end of the series. This study suggests ECHO programs focused on improving clinical management of adolescent vaping may increase accessibility of evidence-based care and reduce harms associated with vaping in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lauren A. Bell
- Department of Pediatrics-Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jon Agley
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Kristina Bixler
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leslie A. Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zachary W. Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Wang Y, Kessel E, Lee S, Hong S, Raffanello E, Hulvershorn LA, Margolis A, Peterson BS, Posner J. Causal effects of psychostimulants on neural connectivity: a mechanistic, randomized clinical trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:1381-1391. [PMID: 35141898 PMCID: PMC9360200 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychostimulants are frequently used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but side effects are common leading to many patients discontinuing treatment. Identifying neural mechanisms by which psychostimulants attenuate symptoms may guide the development of more refined and tolerable therapeutics. METHODS We conducted a 12-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (RCT) of a long-acting amphetamine, lisdexamfetamine (LDEX), in patients with ADHD, ages 6-25 years old. Of the 58 participants who participated in the RCT, 49 completed pre- and post-RCT magnetic resonance imaging scanning with adequate data quality. Healthy controls (HCs; n = 46) were included for comparison. Treatment effects on striatal and thalamic functional connectivity (FC) were identified using static (time-averaged) and dynamic (time-varying) measures and then correlated with symptom improvement. Analyses were repeated in independent samples from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (n = 103) and the ADHD-200 Consortium (n = 213). RESULTS In 49 participants (25 LDEX; 24 Placebo), LDEX increased static and decreased dynamic FC (DFC). However, only DFC was associated with the therapeutic effects of LDEX. Additionally, at baseline, DFC was elevated in unmedicated-ADHD participants relative to HCs. Independent samples yielded similar findings - ADHD was associated with increased DFC, and psychostimulants with reduced DFC. Static FC findings were inconsistent across samples. CONCLUSIONS Changes in dynamic, but not static, FC were associated with the therapeutic effects of psychostimulants. While prior research has focused on static FC, DFC may offer a more reliable target for new ADHD interventions aimed at stabilizing network dynamics, though this needs confirmation with subsequent investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Kessel
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seonjoo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susie Hong
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Amy Margolis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bradley S. Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Institute for the Developing Mind, Saban Research Institute, CHLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Posner
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Hulvershorn LA, Adams ZW, Smoker MP, Aalsma MC, Gibbons RD. Development of a computerized adaptive substance use disorder scale for screening, measurement and diagnosis - The CAT-SUD-E. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep 2022; 3:100047. [PMID: 36845991 PMCID: PMC9948895 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The Computerized Adaptive Test for Substance Use Disorder (CAT-SUD), an adaptive test based on multidimensional item response theory, has been expanded to include 7 specific Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th edition (DSM-5) defined SUDs. Initial testing of the new measure, the CAT-SUD expanded (CAT-SUD-E) is reported here. Methods 275 Community-dwelling adults (ages 18-68) responded to public and social-media advertisements. Participants virtually completed both the CAT-SUD-E and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5, Research Version (SCID) to assess the validity of the CAT-SUD-E in determining whether participants met criteria for specific DSM-5 SUDs. Diagnostic classifications were based on 7 SUDs, each with 5 items, for current and lifetime SUDs. Results For SCID-based presence of any lifetime SUD, predictions based on the overall CAT-SUD-E diagnosis and severity score were AUC=0.92, 95% CI = 0.88, 0.95 for current and AUC=0.94, 95% CI = 0.91, 0.97 for lifetime. For individual diagnoses, classification accuracy for current SUDs ranged from an AUC=0.76 for alcohol to AUC=0.92 for nicotine/tobacco. Classification accuracy for lifetime SUDs ranged from an AUC=0.81 for hallucinogens to AUC=0.96 for stimulants. Median CAT-SUD-E completion time was under 4 min. Conclusions The CAT-SUD-E quickly produces similar results as lengthy structured clinical interviews for overall SUD and substance-specific SUDs, with high precision and accuracy, through a combination of fixed-item responses for diagnostic classification and adaptive SUD severity measurement. The CAT-SUD-E harmonizes information from mental health, trauma, social support and traditional SUD items to provide a more complete characterization of SUD and provides both diagnostic classification and severity measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A. Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Pediatric Care Center, Indiana University, 1002 Wishard Blvd., Suite 4110, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States,Corresponding author.
| | - Zachary W. Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, Pediatric Care Center, Indiana University, 1002 Wishard Blvd., Suite 4110, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Michael P. Smoker
- Department of Psychiatry, Pediatric Care Center, Indiana University, 1002 Wishard Blvd., Suite 4110, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Matthew C. Aalsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Robert D. Gibbons
- Departments of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, United States
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14
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Butcher TJ, Dzemidzic M, Harezlak J, Hulvershorn LA, Oberlin BG. Brain responses during delay discounting in youth at high-risk for substance use disorders. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 32:102772. [PMID: 34479170 PMCID: PMC8414537 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Offspring of parents with substance use disorders (SUD) discount future rewards at a steeper rate on the monetary delay discounting task (DD) than typically developing youth. However, brain activation during DD has yet to be studied in drug naïve youth with a family history (FH) of SUD. Here, we investigate brain activation differences in high-risk youth during DD. We recruited substance naïve youth, aged 11-12, into three groups to compare brain activation during DD: (1) High-risk youth (n = 35) with a FH of SUD and externalizing psychiatric disorders, (2) psychiatric controls (n = 25) who had no FH of SUD, but with equivalent externalizing psychiatric disorders as high-risk youth, and (3) a healthy control group (n = 24) with no FH of SUD and minimal psychopathology. A whole-brain voxel wise analysis of the [Delay > Baseline], [Immediate > Baseline], and [Control > Baseline] contrasts identified functional regions of interest, from which extracted parameter estimates were tested for significant group differences. Relative to control youth, high-risk youth showed stronger activation in the left posterior insula and thalamus when making delayed choices, and stronger activation of the parahippocampal gyrus when making both delayed and control choices (ps < 0.05). Activation in the left posterior insula negatively correlated with both subscales of the Emotion Regulation Checklist, and positively correlated with the Stroop interference effect (ps < 0.05). Our findings suggest possible heritable SUD risk neural markers that distinguish drug naïve high-risk youth from psychiatric and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarah J Butcher
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mario Dzemidzic
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Harezlak
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Brandon G Oberlin
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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15
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Adams ZW, Agley J, Pederson CA, Bell LA, Aalsma MC, Jackson T, Grant MT, Ott CA, Hulvershorn LA. Use of Project ECHO to promote evidence based care for justice involved adults with opioid use disorder. Subst Abus 2022; 43:336-343. [PMID: 34283701 PMCID: PMC8889500 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2021.1941518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: People with opioid use disorders (OUDs) are at heightened risk for involvement with the criminal justice system. Growing evidence supports the safety and effectiveness of providing empirically supported treatments for OUD, such as medications for OUD (M-OUD), to people with criminal justice involvement including during incarceration or upon reentry into the community. However, several barriers limit availability and accessibility of these treatment options for people with OUDs, including a shortage of healthcare and justice professionals trained in how to implement them. This study evaluated a novel education program, the Indiana Jail OUD Treatment ECHO, designed to disseminate specialty knowledge and improve attitudes about providing M-OUD in justice settings. Methods: Through didactic presentations and case-based learning (10 bimonthly, 90-min sessions), a multidisciplinary panel of specialists interacted with a diverse group of community-based participants from healthcare, criminal justice, law enforcement, and related fields. Participants completed standardized surveys about OUD knowledge and attitudes about delivering M-OUD in correctional settings. Thematic analysis of case presentations was conducted. Results: Among 43 participants with pre- and post-series evaluation data, knowledge about OUD increased and treatment was viewed as more practical after the ECHO series compared to before. Cases presented during the program typically involved complicated medical and psychiatric comorbidities, and recommendations addressed several themes including harm reduction, post-release supports, and integration of M-OUD and non-pharmacological interventions. Conclusions: Evaluation of future iterations of this innovative program should address attendance and provider behavior change as well as patient and community outcomes associated with ECHO participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W. Adams
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jon Agley
- Prevention Insights, Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Casey A. Pederson
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lauren A. Bell
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew C. Aalsma
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - TiAura Jackson
- Prevention Insights, Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Carol A. Ott
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Leslie A. Hulvershorn
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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16
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Overs BJ, Roberts G, Ridgway K, Toma C, Hadzi‐Pavlovic D, Wilcox HC, Hulvershorn LA, Nurnberger JI, Schofield PR, Mitchell PB, Fullerton JM. Cover Image, Volume 186B, Number 8, December 2021. American J of Med Genetics Pt B 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Overs BJ, Roberts G, Ridgway K, Toma C, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Wilcox HC, Hulvershorn LA, Nurnberger JI, Schofield PR, Mitchell PB, Fullerton JM. Effects of polygenic risk for suicide attempt and risky behavior on brain structure in young people with familial risk of bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2021; 186:485-507. [PMID: 34726322 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with a 20-30-fold increased suicide risk compared to the general population. First-degree relatives of BD patients show inflated rates of psychopathology including suicidal behaviors. As reliable biomarkers of suicide attempts (SA) are lacking, we examined associations between suicide-related polygenic risk scores (PRSs)-a quantitative index of genomic risk-and variability in brain structures implicated in SA. Participants (n = 206; aged 12-30 years) were unrelated individuals of European ancestry and comprised three groups: 41 BD cases, 96 BD relatives ("high risk"), and 69 controls. Genotyping employed PsychArray, followed by imputation. Three PRSs were computed using genome-wide association data for SA in BD (SA-in-BD), SA in major depressive disorder (SA-in-MDD) (Mullins et al., 2019, The American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(8), 651-660), and risky behavior (Karlsson Linnér et al., 2019, Nature Genetics, 51(2), 245-257). Structural magnetic resonance imaging processing employed FreeSurfer v5.3.0. General linear models were constructed using 32 regions-of-interest identified from suicide neuroimaging literature, with false-discovery-rate correction. SA-in-MDD and SA-in-BD PRSs negatively predicted parahippocampal thickness, with the latter association modified by group membership. SA-in-BD and Risky Behavior PRSs inversely predicted rostral and caudal anterior cingulate structure, respectively, with the latter effect driven by the "high risk" group. SA-in-MDD and SA-in-BD PRSs positively predicted cuneus structure, irrespective of group. This study demonstrated associations between PRSs for suicide-related phenotypes and structural variability in brain regions implicated in SA. Future exploration of extended PRSs, in conjunction with a range of biological, phenotypic, environmental, and experiential data in high risk populations, may inform predictive models for suicidal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn J Overs
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gloria Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate Ridgway
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claudio Toma
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dusan Hadzi-Pavlovic
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Holly C Wilcox
- Child Psychiatry and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - John I Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Aalsma MC, Aarons GA, Adams ZW, Alton MD, Boustani M, Dir AL, Embi PJ, Grannis S, Hulvershorn LA, Huntsinger D, Lewis CC, Monahan P, Saldana L, Schwartz K, Simon KI, Terry N, Wiehe SE, Zapolski TC. Alliances to disseminate addiction prevention and treatment (ADAPT): A statewide learning health system to reduce substance use among justice-involved youth in rural communities. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 128:108368. [PMID: 33867210 PMCID: PMC8883586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth in the justice system (YJS) are more likely than youth who have never been arrested to have mental health and substance use problems. However, a low percentage of YJS receive SUD services during their justice system involvement. The SUD care cascade can identify potential missed opportunities for treatment for YJS. Steps along the continuum of the cascade include identification of treatment need, referral to services, and treatment engagement. To address gaps in care for YJS, we will (1) implement a learning health system (LHS) to develop, or improve upon, alliances between juvenile justice (JJ) agencies and community mental health centers (CMHC) and (2) present local cascade data during continuous quality improvement cycles within the LHS alliances. METHODS/DESIGN ADAPT is a hybrid Type II effectiveness implementation trial. We will collaborate with JJ and CMHCs in eight Indiana counties. Application of the EPIS (exploration, preparation, implementation, and sustainment) framework will guide the implementation of the LHS alliances. The study team will review local cascade data quarterly with the alliances to identify gaps along the continuum. The study will collect self-report survey measures longitudinally at each site regarding readiness for change, implementation climate, organizational leadership, and program sustainability. The study will use the Stages of Implementation Completion (SIC) tool to assess the process of implementation across interventions. Additionally, the study team will conduct focus groups and qualitative interviews with JJ and CMHC personnel across the intervention period to assess for impact. DISCUSSION Findings have the potential to increase SUD need identification, referral to services, and treatment for YJS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Aalsma
- Department of Pediatrics – Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Aarons
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Zachary W. Adams
- Department of Psychiatry - Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Madison D. Alton
- Department of Pediatrics – Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Malaz Boustani
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Allyson L. Dir
- Department of Psychiatry - Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Embi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Shaun Grannis
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Leslie A. Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry - Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | | | - Cara C. Lewis
- MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation, Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute – Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Patrick Monahan
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Lisa Saldana
- Oregon Social Learning Center, Eugene, OR, United States of America
| | - Katherine Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics - Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America.
| | - Kosali I. Simon
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Terry
- McKinney School of Law, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Wiehe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Children’s Health Services Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Tamika C.B. Zapolski
- Department of Psychology - Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
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19
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Chai Y, Chimelis-Santiago JR, Bixler KA, Aalsma M, Yu M, Hulvershorn LA. Sex-specific frontal-striatal connectivity differences among adolescents with externalizing disorders. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 32:102789. [PMID: 34469847 PMCID: PMC8405840 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-specific neurobiological underpinnings of impulsivity in youth with externalizing disorders have not been well studied. The only report of functional connectivity (FC) findings in this area demonstrated sex differences in fronto-subcortical connectivity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) to examine sex differences in resting-state seed-based FC, self-rated impulsivity, and their interactions in 11-12-year-old boys (n = 43) and girls (n = 43) with externalizing disorders. Generalized linear models controlling for pubertal development were used. Seeds were chosen in the ventral striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, middle frontal gyrus and amygdala. RESULTS Impulsivity scores were greater in boys than girls (p < 0.05). Boys showed greater positive connectivity within a ventromedial prefrontal-ventral striatal network. In addition, boys demonstrated weaker connectivity than girls within two medial-lateral prefrontal cortical networks. However, only boys showed greater medial-lateral prefrontal connectivity correlated with greater impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide evidence supporting sex differences in both ventral striatal-ventromedial prefrontal and medial-lateral prefrontal functional networks in youth with externalizing disorders. These important networks are thought to be implicated in impulse control. Medial-lateral prefrontal connectivity may represent a male-specific biomarker of impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Chai
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Kristy A Bixler
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew Aalsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Meichen Yu
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Network Science Institute, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Hulvershorn LA. Editorial: What are the "Doses," Timing, and Treatment of Childhood Depression That Impact Adulthood? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:570-572. [PMID: 33359032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Depression creates more burden globally than nearly any other physical or mental disorder, yet surprisingly, little is known about what can be done to prevent its onset and, as Duarte et al.,1 in this issue of JAACAP, address, what the long-term outcomes of youth depression are. The existing medical literature on outcomes of child and adolescent depression is large enough for 2 recent reviews,2,3 which point out the key gaps in our understanding. Does childhood depression actually worsen adult outcomes, or is the driver really all the associated childhood adversity and comorbidity? Although we know women suffer disproportionately from depression, are childhood predictors specific to girls or boys? Is it worse to have many episodes of depression in one's youth than a few? Do subthreshold depressive symptoms impact adulthood too? Finally, is it important, in adulthood, whether depression began in childhood or adolescence?
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.
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Adams ZW, Kwon E, Aalsma MC, Zapolski TCB, Dir A, Hulvershorn LA. Treatment of Adolescent e-Cigarette Use: Limitations of Existing Nicotine Use Disorder Treatment and Future Directions for e-Cigarette Use Cessation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:14-16. [PMID: 33353661 PMCID: PMC7977626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette use ("vaping") has surged in the United States since the mid-2010s. From 2011 to 2018, current e-cigarette use among high school students escalated from 1.5% to 20.8% (∼3.05 million youths),1 countering downward trends in combustible nicotine product use (21.8% in 2011 to 13.9% in 2018).1 Although preventing the initial uptake of vaping is crucial, for the millions of adolescents who have taken up this behavior-many of whom express interest in quitting (eg, 44.5% of current, adolescent non-light e-cigarette users in one US national representative sample)2-it is critically important to help them quit vaping so as to curtail future substance use disorders and other health consequences. Here, we discuss several challenges around adolescent vaping treatment, and highlight research areas in urgent need of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W. Adams
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kwon
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | - Allyson Dir
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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22
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Dir AL, Allebach CL, Hummer TA, Adams ZW, Aalsma MC, Finn PR, Nurnberger JI, Hulvershorn LA. Atypical Cortical Activation During Risky Decision Making in Disruptive Behavior Disordered Youths With Histories of Suicidal Ideation. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2020; 5:510-519. [PMID: 32007432 PMCID: PMC10568982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicidality is a leading cause of death among adolescents. In addition to other psychiatric conditions, youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) are at heightened risk for suicide. Decision-making deficits are a hallmark symptom of ADHD and DBDs and are also implicated in suicidal behavior. We examined behavioral and neural differences in decision making among youths with ADHD and DBDs with (SI+) and without (SI-) histories of suicidal ideation. METHODS The Balloon Analog Risk Task, a risky decision-making task, was completed by 57 youths with ADHD and DBDs (38% SI+) during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Mean stop wager (mean wager at which youths bank money) was the primary measure of risk taking. We conducted whole-brain and region-of-interest analyses in the anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) during choice (win vs. inflate) and outcome (inflate vs. explode) contrasts using parametric modulators accounting for probability of balloon explosion. RESULTS There were no differences between SI+ and SI- youths in Balloon Analog Risk Task performance. SI+ youths showed decreasing activation in the right medial frontal gyrus when choosing inflate as explosion probability increased compared with SI- youths. During explosions, SI- youths showed increasing activation in the left OFC as explosions became more likely. SI+ showed increasing left medial OFC activity in response to inflations as explosion probability increased. CONCLUSIONS SI+ youths may show heightened sensitivity to immediate reward and decreased sensitivity to potential loss as evidenced by medial frontal gyrus activity. OFC findings suggest that SI+ youths may be drawn to reward even when there is high probability of loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson L Dir
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Christian L Allebach
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tom A Hummer
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Zachary W Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Matthew C Aalsma
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Peter R Finn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - John I Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Stafford AM, Garbuz T, Etter DJ, Adams ZW, Hulvershorn LA, Downs SM, Aalsma MC. The Natural Course of Adolescent Depression Treatment in the Primary Care Setting. J Pediatr Health Care 2020; 34:38-46. [PMID: 31548140 PMCID: PMC6910991 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about how adolescents receive depression follow-up in primary care. The purpose of this study was to describe the rates of symptom assessment and depression treatment over time in a group of adolescents screening positive for moderate or severe depression in the primary care setting. METHODS Retrospective chart reviews were conducted to gather information related to symptom reassessments, antidepressant prescriptions, psychotherapy referrals, and treatment discontinuation. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and a qualitative content analysis was conducted to determine the reasons for treatment discontinuation. RESULTS Eighty records were reviewed (mean age = 15.3, 73% female, 59% Black). Treatment was initiated for 83% (n = 66) of patients, and 45% (n = 30) of patients discontinued treatment during the review period for a variety of reasons. DISCUSSION To improve adolescents' adherence to depression treatment, providers should address factors that contribute to treatment discontinuation and use tools to manage depression follow-up care.
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Perry B, Walsh KH, Plawecki MH, Fodstad JC, Blake HS, Hunt A, Ott C, Rowlison R, McConnell WR, Kleimola K, Hulvershorn LA. Change in Psychotropic Prescribing Patterns Among Youths in Foster Care Associated With a Peer-to-Peer Physician Consultation Program. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 58:1218-1222.e1. [PMID: 31374252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There has been growing concern about the safety and efficacy of psychotropic prescribing practices for children enrolled in Medicaid and in foster care.1 In response, accreditation organizations and policymakers have developed standards for optimal use of psychotropic medications among children.2 In addition, federal legislation has prompted states to implement monitoring programs to address quality and safety issues among vulnerable pediatric subpopulations.3,4 Here, we report findings from an evaluation of Indiana's program for foster youth, which used outlier case review followed by peer-to-peer consultation between prescribing physicians and child and adolescent psychiatrists. We observed clinically and statistically significant reductions in polypharmacy, off-label prescribing, inpatient hospitalizations, health care costs, and related outcomes among youths randomized to an immediate intervention group compared to no improvements in a waitlist control group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amber Hunt
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Carol Ott
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN
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Aalsma MC, Dir AL, Zapolski TCB, Hulvershorn LA, Monahan PO, Saldana L, Adams ZW. Implementing risk stratification to the treatment of adolescent substance use among youth involved in the juvenile justice system: protocol of a hybrid type I trial. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2019; 14:36. [PMID: 31492186 PMCID: PMC6729049 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-019-0161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth involved in the juvenile justice system (YIJJ) have high rates of substance use problems; however, rates of YIJJ engagement in substance use services is low. Barriers to service engagement include lack of appropriate screening and connection to services by the juvenile justice system, as well as lack of resources for delivering evidence-based treatment in community-based settings. To address these barriers, this paper describes a protocol for a type 1 hybrid design to (1) implement universal substance use screening for YIJJ; (2) implement and evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a brief, three-session substance use interventions based in motivational interviewing for youth with mild/moderate substance use: Teen Intervene (an individual-based intervention); (3) implement ENCOMPASS, an evidence-based substance use intervention based in motivational enhancement and cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with severe substance use; and (4) evaluate facilitators and barriers to implementing these interventions for mild to severe substance use among YIJJ in community mental health centers (CMHC). METHODS/DESIGN Using a hybrid type 1 clinical effectiveness-implementation design, we will collaborate with CMHCs and juvenile justice in two rural Indiana counties. Guided by the EPIS (exploration, preparation, implementation, sustainability) framework, we will measure factors that affect implementation of substance use screening in juvenile justice and implementation of substance use interventions in CMHCs utilizing self-reports and qualitative interviews with juvenile justice and CMHC staff pre- and post-implementation. YIJJ with mild/moderate substance use will receive a brief interventions and YIJJ with severe substance use will receive ENCOMPASS. We will measure the effectiveness of a brief and comprehensive intervention by assessing changes in substance use across treatment. We anticipate recruiting 160 YIJJ and their caregivers into the study. We will assess intervention outcomes utilizing baseline, 3-, and 6-month assessments. DISCUSSION Findings have the potential to improve screening and intervention services for YIJJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Aalsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Allyson L Dir
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tamika C B Zapolski
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Patrick O Monahan
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Zachary W Adams
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Stapp EK, Musci RJ, Fullerton JM, Glowinski AL, McInnis M, Mitchell PB, Hulvershorn LA, Ghaziuddin N, Roberts GM, Merikangas KR, Nurnberger JI, Wilcox HC. Patterns and predictors of family environment among adolescents at high and low risk for familial bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 114:153-160. [PMID: 31078786 PMCID: PMC6546513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Children's perceptions are important to understanding family environment in the bipolar disorder (BD) high-risk context. Our objectives were to empirically derive patterns of offspring-perceived family environment, and to test the association of family environment with maternal or paternal BD accounting for offspring BD and demographic characteristics. Participants aged 12-21 years (266 offspring of a parent with BD, 175 offspring of a parent with no psychiatric history) were recruited in the US and Australia. We modeled family environment using latent profile analysis based on offspring reports on the Conflict Behavior Questionnaire, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales, and Home Environment Interview for Children. Parent diagnoses were based on the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies and offspring diagnoses were based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children. Latent class regression was used to test associations of diagnosis and family environment. Two-thirds of all offspring perceived well-functioning family environment, characterized by nurturance, flexibility, and low conflict. Two 'conflict classes' perceived family environments low in flexibility and cohesion, with substantial separation based on high conflict with the father (High Paternal Conflict), or very high conflict and rigidity and low warmth with the mother (High Maternal Conflict). Maternal BD was associated with offspring perceiving High Maternal Conflict (OR 2.8, p = 0.025). Clinical care and psychosocial supports for mothers with BD should address family functioning, with attention to offspring perceptions of their wellbeing. More research is needed on the effect of paternal BD on offspring and family dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Stapp
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Janice M. Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia & School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne L. Glowinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Melvin McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry and Depression Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Philip B. Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia and Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leslie A. Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Neera Ghaziuddin
- Department of Psychiatry and Depression Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Gloria M.P. Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia and Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - John I. Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Holly C. Wilcox
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Hulvershorn LA. Editorial: Understanding the Child at Risk for Substance Use Disorders: Neuroimaging Addiction Risk. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 58:663-664. [PMID: 30928731 PMCID: PMC7153267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent surveys demonstrate skyrocketing rates of adolescent vaping,1 while the opioid epidemic, rightfully, is daily front page news. At the same time, the public perceives cannabis as a harmless source of recreation or even as cure-all therapy. Now more than ever, child and adolescent psychiatrists, politicians, policy leaders, and parents need empirical support to bolster the position that drugs of abuse should be avoided by young people. We have a robust literature connecting cannabis use to earlier and worse psychotic disorders,2 as well as strong longitudinal data implicating cannabis in various neuropsychological deficits.3 What our field lacks, however, are brain imaging studies that definitively document the negative neurobiological impact of substance use on the developing human brain. The key to appreciating why this research literature is so limited has to do with one of the core tenets of substance use disorder (SUD) etiology: SUDs do not emerge de novo in adulthood or late adolescence when people typically present with impairing symptoms. Decades of research now suggests that certain latent childhood traits predispose some youth to initiate and then escalate drug and alcohol use more often than is typical.4 Children born into families with SUDs are more likely to express these highly heritable traits and are additionally subject to environmental risk factors and adversity. Therefore, children born into families with SUDs are disproportionately laden with genetic and environmental factors that shape brain structure and function. In other words, before exposure to drugs of abuse (which themselves may influence the brain), some children's brains already differ from those of typically developing youth. This observation limits the usefulness of cross-sectional neuroimaging studies that compare youth who have used drugs to those who have not, because of the nonrandom interaction of latent traits, environmental factors, and pre-existing brain differences. This interaction likely accelerates these adolescents' propensity to initiate and continue to use drugs of abuse.
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Ghaziuddin N, Shamseddeen W, Bertram H, McInnis M, Wilcox HC, Mitchell PB, Fullerton JM, Roberts GMP, Glowinski AL, Kamali M, Stapp E, Hulvershorn LA, Nurnberger J, Armitage R. Salivary melatonin onset in youth at familial risk for bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2019; 274:49-57. [PMID: 30780062 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin secretion and polysomnography (PSG) were compared among a group of healthy adolescents who were at high familial risk for bipolar disorder (HR) and a second group at low familial risk (LR). Adolescent participants (n = 12) were a mean age 14 ± 2.3 years and included 8 females and 4 males. Saliva samples were collected under standardized condition light (red light) and following a 200 lux light exposure over two consecutive nights in a sleep laboratory. Red Light Melatonin onset (RLMO) was defined as saliva melatonin level exceeding the mean of the first 3 readings plus 2 standard deviations. Polysomnography was also completed during each night. HR youth, relative to LR, experienced a significantly earlier melatonin onset following 200 lux light exposure. Polysomnography revealed that LR youth, relative to HR, spent significantly more time in combined stages 3 and 4 (deep sleep) following red light exposure. Additionally, regardless of the group status (HR or LR), there was no significant difference in Red Light Melatonin Onset recorded at home or in the laboratory, implying its feasibility and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Ghaziuddin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Wael Shamseddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann arbor, MI, United States; Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Holli Bertram
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann arbor, MI, United States
| | - Melvin McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann arbor, MI, United States
| | - Holly C Wilcox
- Johns Hopkins Schools of Public Health and Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gloria M P Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne L Glowinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Masoud Kamali
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, United States; National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Emma Stapp
- National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - John Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Roseanne Armitage
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann arbor, MI, United States
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Dir AL, Hummer TA, Aalsma MC, Hulvershorn LA. Pubertal influences on neural activation during risky decision-making in youth with ADHD and disruptive behavior disorders. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 36:100634. [PMID: 30889545 PMCID: PMC6560631 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Risk-taking during adolescence is a leading cause of mortality; Neuroscience research examining pubertal effects on decision-making is needed to better inform interventions, particularly among youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) and disruptive behavior disorders (DBD), who are particularly prone to risky decision-making. We examined effects of pubertal development on risky decision-making and neural activation during decision-making among youth with ADHD/DBDs. METHOD Forty-six 11-12-year-olds (29.4% girls; 54.9% white; Tanner M(SD) = 2.08(1.32)) who met DSM-5 criteria for ADHD/DBD completed the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) during fMRI scanning. We examined effects of Tanner stage, sex, and age on risky decision-making (mean wager at which individuals stopped balloon inflation) and neural activation in the middle frontal gyrus and the ventral striatum during the choice and outcome phases of decision-making. RESULTS Those in earlier pubertal stages made riskier decisions during the BART compared to those in later Tanner stages (β=-0.62, p = .02). Later pubertal stage was associated with greater activation in the left middle frontal gyrus (β=0.61, p = .03) during the choice phase and in the right ventral striatum in response to rewards (β=0.59, p = .03). CONCLUSION Youth with ADHD/DBD in later stages of puberty, regardless of age, show greater ventral striatal activation in response to rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson L Dir
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Tom A Hummer
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Matthew C Aalsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Agley J, Adams ZW, Hulvershorn LA. Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) as a tool for continuing medical education on opioid use disorder and comorbidities. Addiction 2019; 114:573-574. [PMID: 30397977 DOI: 10.1111/add.14494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Agley
- Institute for Research on Addictive Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Zachary W Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use and unprotected sex are prevalent among adolescents. The link between substance use and unprotected sex is well-established. Research has also highlighted how adolescents' attitudes and risk perceptions regarding unprotected sex, including concerns about pregnancy ("Getting pregnant would force me to grow up too fast"), are associated with unprotected sex and unplanned pregnancy. However, less research has examined the potential relationship between pregnancy concerns and substance use among adolescents. OBJECTIVES The study prospectively examined (1) differences in pregnancy concerns across patterns of substance use and (2) whether pregnancy concerns mediate the relationship between substance use and later unprotected sex among a sample of middle and high school students. METHOD 98 adolescents [M(SD) age = 14.28(1.68), 59.4% female, 59.4% black/African American] completed self-report measures of marijuana and alcohol use, pregnancy concerns, and unprotected sex across three time points over 6 months (T1-T3). RESULTS Substance users (alcohol/marijuana) reported fewer pregnancy concerns compared to non-substance users (t = 2.99, p = .04). Pregnancy concerns at T2 mediated the relationship between T1 lifetime substance use and later unprotected sex (T3) (indirect effect: b = 0.10, CI[.01-.41]; direct effect: b = 0.15, p = .32), controlling for gender, age, and race. More frequent substance use (T1) was related to fewer pregnancy concerns at T2 (b = -0.10, p = .04); fewer pregnancy concerns were related to increased likelihood of later unprotected sex (b = -1.02, p = .02). CONCLUSIONS Findings offer new insight into associations between substance use and unprotected sex and suggest that substance use and sexual health interventions should target pregnancy concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson L Dir
- a Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adolescent Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- b Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,c Department of Psychiatry, Section of Adolescent Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Matthew C Aalsma
- a Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adolescent Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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Abstract
Purpose of review The goal of this paper is to review recent research on the identification and treatment of prodromal periods that precede bipolar and psychotic disorders. We also sought to provide information about current best clinical practices for prodromal youth. Recent findings Research in the areas of identifying prodromal periods has rapidly advanced. Calculators that can predict risk are now available for use during both bipolar and psychotic disorder prodromes. Cognitive behavior therapies have emerged as the gold standard psychosocial interventions for the psychosis prodrome, while several other types of therapies hold promise for treatment during the bipolar prodrome. Due to safety and efficacy concerns, pharmacologic treatments are not currently recommended during either prodromal period. Summary While additional research is needed to develop useful clinical tools to screen and diagnose during prodromal phases, existing literature has identified constellations of symptoms that can be reliably identified in research settings. Specialized psychotherapies are currently recommended to treat prodromal symptoms in clinical settings. They may also be useful to curtail future episodes, although further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Conroy
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael Francis
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Winters DE, Fukui S, Leibenluft E, Hulvershorn LA. Improvements in Irritability with Open-Label Methylphenidate Treatment in Youth with Comorbid Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2018; 28:298-305. [PMID: 29708762 PMCID: PMC6016730 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2017.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this open-label study was to examine the effects of long-acting methylphenidate (MPH) treatment on irritability and related emotional symptoms associated with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) in youth with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS The sample included 22 medication-free male and female subjects (ages 9-15) who met criteria for both DMDD and ADHD. Participants underwent a 4-week trial of long-acting MPH treatment (Concerta®), with weekly dosing increases until a therapeutic dose was reached. Repeated measures t-tests were used to compare pre- and posttreatment ratings of primary and secondary measures. The primary outcome was self-report irritability. Secondary outcomes included parent and child ratings of emotional frequency, emotional lability, and negative affect (NA). Multiple regression was used to examine the impact baseline hyperactivity, age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, or comorbid diagnosis had on treatment outcomes. RESULTS Significant improvements (medium to large effect sizes) in child-rated irritability as well as parent and child ratings of emotional lability, NA, and anger were found. As anticipated, ADHD symptoms also improved. While a majority of the sample saw improvement in child-rated irritability (71%), symptoms worsened a small proportion (19%), and an even smaller portion experienced no change (10%). No demographics, psychiatric comorbidities, or severity of ADHD symptoms influenced treatment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Study findings suggest that MPH treatment significantly improved mood and emotional symptoms associated with DMDD comorbid with ADHD. These findings, coupled with good tolerability in this open-label pilot study supports further research into the use of MPH as a first-line treatment for DMDD. Future work examining MPH treatment of youth with DMDD with and without comorbid ADHD is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew E. Winters
- School of Social Work, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sadaaki Fukui
- School of Social Work, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Section on Mood Dysregulation and Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leslie A. Hulvershorn
- Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Wilcox HC, Fullerton JM, Glowinski AL, Benke K, Kamali M, Hulvershorn LA, Stapp EK, Edenberg HJ, Roberts GMP, Ghaziuddin N, Fisher C, Brucksch C, Frankland A, Toma C, Shaw AD, Kastelic E, Miller L, McInnis MG, Mitchell PB, Nurnberger JI. Traumatic Stress Interacts With Bipolar Disorder Genetic Risk to Increase Risk for Suicide Attempts. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 56:1073-1080. [PMID: 29173741 PMCID: PMC5797709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.09.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the most heritable psychiatric conditions and is associated with high suicide risk. To explore the reasons for this link, this study examined the interaction between traumatic stress and BD polygenic risk score in relation to suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescent and young adult offspring and relatives of persons with BD (BD-relatives) compared with adolescent and young adult offspring of individuals without psychiatric disorders (controls). METHOD Data were collected from 4 sites in the United States and 1 site in Australia from 2006 through 2012. Generalized estimating equation models were used to compare rates of ideation, attempts, and NSSI between BD-relatives (n = 307) and controls (n = 166) and to determine the contribution of demographic factors, traumatic stress exposure, lifetime mood or substance (alcohol/drug) use disorders, and BD polygenic risk score. RESULTS After adjusting for demographic characteristics and mood and substance use disorders, BD-relatives were at increased risk for suicidal ideation and attempts but not for NSSI. Independent of BD-relative versus control status, demographic factors, or mood and substance use disorders, exposure to trauma within the past year (including bullying, sexual abuse, and domestic violence) was associated with suicide attempts (p = .014), and BD polygenic risk score was marginally associated with attempts (p = .061). Importantly, the interaction between BD polygenic risk score and traumatic event exposures was significantly associated with attempts, independent of demographics, relative versus control status, and mood and substance use disorders (p = .041). CONCLUSION BD-relatives are at increased risk for suicide attempts and ideation, especially if they are exposed to trauma and have evidence of increased genetic vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney
| | | | | | - Masoud Kamali
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard University, Boston
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Frankland
- University of New South Wales, Sydney; Black Dog Institute, Sydney
| | - Claudio Toma
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney
| | - Alex D Shaw
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney
| | | | | | | | | | - John I Nurnberger
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
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Dir AL, Bell RL, Adams ZW, Hulvershorn LA. Gender Differences in Risk Factors for Adolescent Binge Drinking and Implications for Intervention and Prevention. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:289. [PMID: 29312017 PMCID: PMC5743668 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use, particularly binge drinking (BD), is a major public health concern among adolescents. Recent national data show that the gender gap in alcohol use is lessening, and BD among girls is rising. Considering the increase in BD among adolescent girls, as well as females' increased risk of experiencing more severe biopsychosocial negative effects and consequences from BD, the current review sought to examine gender differences in risk factors for BD. The review highlights gender differences in (1) developmental-related neurobiological vulnerability to BD, (2) psychiatric comorbidity and risk phenotypes for BD, and (3) social-related risk factors for BD among adolescents, as well as considerations for BD prevention and intervention. Most of the information gleaned thus far has come from preclinical research. However, it is expected that, with recent advances in clinical imaging technology, neurobiological effects observed in lower mammals will be confirmed in humans and vice versa. A synthesis of the literature highlights that males and females experience unique neurobiological paths of development, and although there is debate regarding the specific nature of these differences, literature suggests that these differences in turn influence gender differences in psychiatric comorbidity and risk for BD. For one, girls are more susceptible to stress, depression, and other internalizing behaviors and, in turn, these symptoms contribute to their risk for BD. On the other hand, males, given gender differences across the lifespan as well as gender differences in development, are driven by an externalizing phenotype for risk of BD, in part, due to unique paths of neurobiological development that occur across adolescence. With respect to social domains, although social and peer influences are important for both adolescent males and females, there are gender differences. For example, girls may be more sensitive to pressure from peers to fit in and impress others, while male gender role stereotypes regarding BD may be more of a risk factor for boys. Given these unique differences in male and female risk for BD, further research exploring risk factors, as well as tailoring intervention and prevention, is necessary. Although recent research has tailored substance use intervention to target males and females, more literature on gender considerations in treatment for prevention and intervention of BD in particular is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson L Dir
- Department of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Richard L Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Zachary W Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Spielberg JM, Beall EB, Hulvershorn LA, Altinay M, Karne H, Anand A. Resting State Brain Network Disturbances Related to Hypomania and Depression in Medication-Free Bipolar Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:3016-3024. [PMID: 27356764 PMCID: PMC5101549 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Research on resting functional brain networks in bipolar disorder (BP) has been unable to differentiate between disturbances related to mania or depression, which is necessary to understand the mechanisms leading to each state. Past research has also been unable to elucidate the impact of BP-related network disturbances on the organizational properties of the brain (eg, communication efficiency). Thus, the present work sought to isolate network disturbances related to BP, fractionate these into components associated with manic and depressive symptoms, and characterize the impact of disturbances on network function. Graph theory was used to analyze resting functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 60 medication-free patients meeting the criteria for BP and either a current hypomanic (n=30) or depressed (n=30) episode and 30 closely age/sex-matched healthy controls. Correction for multiple comparisons was carried out. Compared with controls, BP patients evidenced hyperconnectivity in a network involving right amygdala. Fractionation revealed that (hypo)manic symptoms were associated with hyperconnectivity in an overlapping network and disruptions in the brain's 'small-world' network organization. Depressive symptoms predicted hyperconnectivity in a network involving orbitofrontal cortex along with a less resilient global network organization. Findings provide deeper insight into the differential pathophysiological processes associated with hypomania and depression, along with the particular impact these differential processes have on network function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Spielberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA,Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erik B Beall
- Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Murat Altinay
- Center for Behavioral Health, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Harish Karne
- Center for Behavioral Health, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amit Anand
- Center for Behavioral Health, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA,Center for Behavioral Health, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland Clinic Main Campus, 9500 Euclid Avenue P57, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA, Tel: +1 216 636 5860, Fax: +1 216 445 0827, E-mail:
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Dir AL, Banks DE, Zapolski TCB, McIntyre E, Hulvershorn LA. Negative urgency and emotion regulation predict positive smoking expectancies in non-smoking youth. Addict Behav 2016; 58:47-52. [PMID: 26905764 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of the study was to better understand early risk for positive smoking expectancies, which have been shown to be consistent predictors of smoking initiation among youth. Two affect-based risk factors-negative urgency and emotion dysregulation-associated with smoking behaviors among youth, were examined for unique and interactive effects on positive smoking expectancies among substance-naïve youth. METHODS Participants were 61 10-14-year-old children with virtually no drug use (less than 5 substance use incidents across the lifetime), who were drawn from the community. RESULTS Both negative urgency and emotion dysregulation were significantly associated with positive social facilitation smoking expectancies. Further, negative urgency was significantly related to positive social facilitation smoking expectancies at higher levels of emotion dysregulation (b=.09, p=.001). CONCLUSION The findings provide evidence that both emotion dysregulation and negative urgency are positively associated with positive social-related smoking expectancies among a sample of 10-14-year-olds. Children who are emotionally dysregulated and who act rashly in response to negative emotions appear more likely to endorse beliefs regarding the socially enhancing effects of smoking, suggesting that these youth may be at high risk for smoking initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson L Dir
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 420 University Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Devin E Banks
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 420 University Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Tamika C B Zapolski
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 420 University Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Elizabeth McIntyre
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 420 University Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Riley Hospital for Children, Riley Hospital Drive, Room 4300, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Altinay MI, Hulvershorn LA, Karne H, Beall EB, Anand A. Differential Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Striatal Subregions in Bipolar Depression and Hypomania. Brain Connect 2016. [PMID: 26824737 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2015.0396.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BP) is characterized by periods of depression (BPD) and (hypo)mania (BPM), but the underlying state-related brain circuit abnormalities are not fully understood. Striatal functional activation and connectivity abnormalities have been noted in BP, but consistent findings have not been reported. To further elucidate striatal abnormalities in different BP states, this study investigated differences in resting-state functional connectivity of six striatal subregions in BPD, BPM, and healthy control (HC) subjects. Ninety medication-free subjects (30 BPD, 30 BPM, and 30 HC), closely matched for age and gender, were scanned using 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) acquired at resting state. Correlations of low-frequency blood oxygen level dependent signal fluctuations for six previously described striatal subregions were used to obtain connectivity maps of each subregion. Using a factorial design, main effects for differences between groups were obtained and post hoc pairwise group comparisons performed. BPD showed increased connectivity of the dorsal caudal putamen with somatosensory areas such as the insula and temporal gyrus. BPM group showed unique increased connectivity between left dorsal caudate and midbrain regions, as well as increased connectivity between ventral striatum inferior and thalamus. In addition, both BPD and BPM exhibited widespread functional connectivity abnormalities between striatal subregions and frontal cortices, limbic regions, and midbrain structures. In summary, BPD exhibited connectivity abnormalities of associative and somatosensory subregions of the putamen, while BPM exhibited connectivity abnormalities of associative and limbic caudate. Most other striatal subregion connectivity abnormalities were common to both groups and may be trait related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat I Altinay
- 1 Center for Behavioral Health , Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- 1 Center for Behavioral Health , Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,2 Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Harish Karne
- 1 Center for Behavioral Health , Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,2 Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Erik B Beall
- 3 Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amit Anand
- 1 Center for Behavioral Health , Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,2 Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
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Altinay MI, Hulvershorn LA, Karne H, Beall EB, Anand A. Differential Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Striatal Subregions in Bipolar Depression and Hypomania. Brain Connect 2016; 6:255-65. [PMID: 26824737 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2015.0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BP) is characterized by periods of depression (BPD) and (hypo)mania (BPM), but the underlying state-related brain circuit abnormalities are not fully understood. Striatal functional activation and connectivity abnormalities have been noted in BP, but consistent findings have not been reported. To further elucidate striatal abnormalities in different BP states, this study investigated differences in resting-state functional connectivity of six striatal subregions in BPD, BPM, and healthy control (HC) subjects. Ninety medication-free subjects (30 BPD, 30 BPM, and 30 HC), closely matched for age and gender, were scanned using 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) acquired at resting state. Correlations of low-frequency blood oxygen level dependent signal fluctuations for six previously described striatal subregions were used to obtain connectivity maps of each subregion. Using a factorial design, main effects for differences between groups were obtained and post hoc pairwise group comparisons performed. BPD showed increased connectivity of the dorsal caudal putamen with somatosensory areas such as the insula and temporal gyrus. BPM group showed unique increased connectivity between left dorsal caudate and midbrain regions, as well as increased connectivity between ventral striatum inferior and thalamus. In addition, both BPD and BPM exhibited widespread functional connectivity abnormalities between striatal subregions and frontal cortices, limbic regions, and midbrain structures. In summary, BPD exhibited connectivity abnormalities of associative and somatosensory subregions of the putamen, while BPM exhibited connectivity abnormalities of associative and limbic caudate. Most other striatal subregion connectivity abnormalities were common to both groups and may be trait related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat I Altinay
- 1 Center for Behavioral Health , Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- 1 Center for Behavioral Health , Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,2 Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Harish Karne
- 1 Center for Behavioral Health , Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,2 Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Erik B Beall
- 3 Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amit Anand
- 1 Center for Behavioral Health , Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,2 Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
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Loth AK, Drabick DAG, Leibenluft E, Hulvershorn LA. Do childhood externalizing disorders predict adult depression? A meta-analysis. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2015; 42:1103-13. [PMID: 24652486 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Childhood externalizing disorders have been linked to adult affective disorders, although some studies fail to substantiate this finding. Multiple longitudinal cohort studies identifying childhood psychopathology and their association with adult psychiatric illness have been published. To examine the association between childhood externalizing symptoms or disorders and the development of adult depression across cohorts, a meta-analysis was performed. Potential studies were identified using a PubMed search through November 2013. All published, prospective, longitudinal, community-sampled cohort studies of children (≤ 13 years) with externalizing symptoms or disorders (aggression, conduct problems, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder), reassessed in adulthood (≥ 18 years) for depressive disorders (major depressive disorder, depressive disorder NOS, or dysthymic disorder) were included. A random effects model was used to summarize the pooled effect sizes. Ancillary analyses considered covariates that could account for variance among studies. Ten studies representing eight cohorts of children initially assessed at age 13 or younger (N = 17,712) were included in the meta-analysis. Childhood externalizing behavior was associated with adult depressive disorders (OR = 1.52, 95% confidence interval = 1.27-1.80, p < 0.0001). Utilizing Orwin's Fail-safe N approach, 263 studies with a mean odds ratio of 1.0 would have to be added to the analysis before the cumulative effect would become trivial. Externalizing psychopathology in childhood is associated with the development of unipolar depressive disorders in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie K Loth
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Room 4300, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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Hulvershorn LA, Hummer TA, Fukunaga R, Leibenluft E, Finn P, Cyders MA, Anand A, Overhage L, Dir A, Brown J. Neural activation during risky decision-making in youth at high risk for substance use disorders. Psychiatry Res 2015; 233:102-11. [PMID: 26071624 PMCID: PMC4536117 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Risky decision-making, particularly in the context of reward-seeking behavior, is strongly associated with the presence of substance use disorders (SUDs). However, there has been little research on the neural substrates underlying reward-related decision-making in drug-naïve youth who are at elevated risk for SUDs. Participants comprised 23 high-risk (HR) youth with a well-established SUD risk phenotype and 27 low-risk healthy comparison (HC) youth, aged 10-14. Participants completed the balloon analog risk task (BART), a task designed to examine risky decision-making, during functional magnetic resonance imaging. The HR group had faster reaction times, but otherwise showed no behavioral differences from the HC group. HR youth experienced greater activation when processing outcome, as the chances of balloon explosion increased, relative to HC youth, in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). As explosion probability increased, group-by-condition interactions in the ventral striatum/anterior cingulate and the anterior insula showed increasing activation in HR youth, specifically on trials when explosions occurred. Thus, atypical activation increased with increasing risk of negative outcome (i.e., balloon explosion) in a cortico-striatal network in the HR group. These findings identify candidate neurobiological markers of addiction risk in youth at high familial and phenotypic risk for SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Tom A Hummer
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rena Fukunaga
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Section on Bipolar Spectrum Disorders, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter Finn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Melissa A Cyders
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University - Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amit Anand
- Center for Behavioral Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lauren Overhage
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Allyson Dir
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University - Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Joshua Brown
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Monahan PO, Stump T, Coryell WH, Harezlak J, Marcoulides GA, Liu H, Steeger CM, Mitchell PB, Wilcox HC, Hulvershorn LA, Glowinski AL, Iyer-Eimerbrink PA, McInnis M, Nurnberger JI. Confirmatory test of two factors and four subtypes of bipolar disorder based on lifetime psychiatric co-morbidity. Psychol Med 2015; 45:2181-2196. [PMID: 25823794 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first aim was to use confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test a hypothesis that two factors (internalizing and externalizing) account for lifetime co-morbid DSM-IV diagnoses among adults with bipolar I (BPI) disorder. The second aim was to use confirmatory latent class analysis (CLCA) to test the hypothesis that four clinical subtypes are detectible: pure BPI; BPI plus internalizing disorders only; BPI plus externalizing disorders only; and BPI plus internalizing and externalizing disorders. METHOD A cohort of 699 multiplex BPI families was studied, ascertained and assessed (1998-2003) by the National Institute of Mental Health Genetics Initiative Bipolar Consortium: 1156 with BPI disorder (504 adult probands; 594 first-degree relatives; and 58 more distant relatives) and 563 first-degree relatives without BPI. Best-estimate consensus DSM-IV diagnoses were based on structured interviews, family history and medical records. MPLUS software was used for CFA and CLCA. RESULTS The two-factor CFA model fit the data very well, and could not be improved by adding or removing paths. The four-class CLCA model fit better than exploratory LCA models or post-hoc-modified CLCA models. The two factors and four classes were associated with distinctive clinical course and severity variables, adjusted for proband gender. Co-morbidity, especially more than one internalizing and/or externalizing disorder, was associated with a more severe and complicated course of illness. The four classes demonstrated significant familial aggregation, adjusted for gender and age of relatives. CONCLUSIONS The BPI two-factor and four-cluster hypotheses demonstrated substantial confirmatory support. These models may be useful for subtyping BPI disorders, predicting course of illness and refining the phenotype in genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Monahan
- Department of Biostatistics,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis,IN,USA
| | - T Stump
- Department of Biostatistics,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis,IN,USA
| | - W H Coryell
- Department of Psychiatry,Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine,University of Iowa,Iowa City,IA,USA
| | - J Harezlak
- Department of Biostatistics,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis,IN,USA
| | - G A Marcoulides
- Research Methods & Statistics Program,Graduate School of Education,University of California-Riverside,Riverside,CA,USA
| | - H Liu
- Department of Biostatistics,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis,IN,USA
| | - C M Steeger
- Department of Psychology,College of Arts and Letters,University of Notre Dame,Notre Dame,IN,USA
| | - P B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
| | - H C Wilcox
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,Baltimore,MD,USA
| | - L A Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis,IN,USA
| | - A L Glowinski
- Department of Psychiatry,Washington University School of Medicine,St Louis,MO,USA
| | - P A Iyer-Eimerbrink
- Department of Psychiatry,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis,IN,USA
| | - M McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry,School of Medicine,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA
| | - J I Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis,IN,USA
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A. Hulvershorn L, D. Quinn P, L. Scott E. Treatment of Adolescent Substance Use Disorders and Co-Occurring Internalizing Disorders: A Critical Review and Proposed Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:41-9. [DOI: 10.2174/1874473708666150514102745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hulvershorn LA, Schroeder KM, Wink LK, Erickson CA, McDougle CJ. Psychopharmacologic treatment of children prenatally exposed to drugs of abuse. Hum Psychopharmacol 2015; 30:164-72. [PMID: 25737371 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This pilot study compared the pharmacologic treatment history and clinical outcomes observed in pediatric outpatients with psychiatric disorders exposed to drugs of abuse in utero to those of an age-matched, sex-matched and psychiatric disorder-matched, non-drug-exposed group. METHODS In this matched cohort study, medical records of children treated at an academic, child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic were reviewed. Children with caregiver-reported history of prenatal drug exposure were compared with a non-drug-exposed control group being cared for by the same providers. Patients were rated with the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity scale (CGI-S) throughout treatment. The changes in pre-treatment and post-treatment CGI-S scores and the total number of medication trials were determined between groups. RESULTS The drug-exposed group (n = 30) had a higher total number of lifetime medication trials compared with the non-drug-exposed group (n = 28) and were taking significantly more total medications, at their final assessment. Unlike the non-drug-exposed group, the drug-exposed group demonstrated a lack of clinical improvement. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that in utero drug-exposed children may be more treatment-refractory to or experience greater side effects from the pharmacologic treatment of psychiatric disorders than controls, although we cannot determine if early environment or drugs exposure drives these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Hulvershorn LA, Mennes M, Castellanos FX, Di Martino A, Milham MP, Hummer TA, Roy AK. Abnormal amygdala functional connectivity associated with emotional lability in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 53:351-61.e1. [PMID: 24565362 PMCID: PMC3961844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A substantial proportion of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also display emotion regulation deficits manifesting as chronic irritability, severe temper outbursts, and aggression. The amygdala is implicated in emotion regulation, but its connectivity and relation to emotion regulation in ADHD has yet to be explored. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) of amygdala circuits and emotion regulation deficits in youth with ADHD. METHOD Bilateral amygdala iFC was examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging in 63 children with ADHD, aged 6 to 13 years. First, we examined the relationship between amygdala IFC and parent ratings of emotional lability (EL) in children with ADHD. Second, we compared amygdala iFC across subgroups of children with ADHD and high EL (n = 18), ADHD and low EL (n = 20), and typically developing children (TDC), all with low EL (n = 19). RESULTS Higher EL ratings were associated with greater positive iFC between the amygdala and rostral anterior cingulate cortex in youth with ADHD. EL scores were also negatively associated with iFC between bilateral amygdala and posterior insula/superior temporal gyrus. Patterns of amygdala-cortical iFC in ADHD participants with low EL were not different from the comparison group, and the effect sizes for these comparisons were smaller than those for the trend-level differences observed between the high-EL and TDC groups. CONCLUSIONS In children with ADHD and a range of EL, deficits in emotion regulation were associated with altered amygdala-cortical iFC. When comparing groups that differed on ADHD status but not EL, differences in amygdala iFC were small and nonsignificant, highlighting the specificity of this finding to emotional deficits, independent of other ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, New York University Child Study Center. Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre
| | - F. Xavier Castellanos
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, New York University Child Study Center. Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
| | - Adriana Di Martino
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, New York University Child Study Center
| | - Michael P. Milham
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research. Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute
| | - Tom A. Hummer
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children
| | - Amy Krain Roy
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, New York University Child Study Center. Fordham University
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Landsberger SA, Scott EL, Hulvershorn LA, Chapleau KM, Diaz DR, McDougle CJ. Mentorship of clinical-track junior faculty: impact of a facilitated peer-mentoring program to promote scholarly productivity. Acad Psychiatry 2013; 37:288-289. [PMID: 23820920 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ap.12100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Hummer TA, Hulvershorn LA, Karne HS, Gunn AD, Wang Y, Anand A. Emotional response inhibition in bipolar disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of trait- and state-related abnormalities. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:136-43. [PMID: 22871393 PMCID: PMC5821068 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired response inhibition and poor impulse control are hallmarks of the manic phase of bipolar disorder but are also present during depressive and, to a lesser degree, euthymic periods. The neural mechanisms underlying these impairments are poorly understood, including how mechanisms are related to bipolar trait or state effects. METHODS One-hundred four unmedicated participants with bipolar mania (BM) (n = 30), bipolar depression (BD) (n = 30), bipolar euthymia (BE) (n = 14), and healthy control subjects (n = 30) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during emotional and nonemotional go/no-go tasks. The go/no-go task requires participants to press a button for go stimuli, while inhibiting the response to no-go trials. In separate blocks, participants inhibited the response to happy faces, sad faces, or letters. RESULTS The BE group had higher insula activity during happy face inhibition and greater activity in left inferior frontal gyrus during sad face inhibition, demonstrating bipolar trait effects. Relative to the BE group, BD and BM groups demonstrated lower insula activity during inhibition of happy faces, though the depressed sample had lower activity than manic patients. The BD and BM groups had a greater response to inhibiting sad faces in emotion processing and regulation regions, including putamen, insula, and lateral prefrontal cortex. The manic group also had higher activity in insula and putamen during neutral letter inhibition. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest distinct trait- and state-related neural abnormalities during response inhibition in bipolar disorder, with implications for future research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Hummer
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Hulvershorn LA, Karne H, Gunn AD, Hartwick SL, Wang Y, Hummer TA, Anand A. Neural activation during facial emotion processing in unmedicated bipolar depression, euthymia, and mania. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:603-10. [PMID: 22206876 PMCID: PMC3703667 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies incorporating direct comparisons across all phases of bipolar (BP) disorder are needed to elucidate the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. However, functional neuroimaging studies that differentiate bipolar mood states from each other and from healthy subjects are few and have yielded inconsistent findings. METHODS One hundred five unmedicated adults were recruited: 30 with current bipolar depression (BPD), 30 with current bipolar hypomania or mania (BPM), 15 bipolar euthymic (BPE), and 30 healthy control subjects (HC). All subjects were diagnosed with DSM-IV BP (type I or II) using a structured clinical interview. Groups were age- and gender-ratio matched. In 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments, subjects completed a negative facial emotion matching task. RESULTS Bipolar euthymic and BPD groups exhibited increased amygdala activation compared with HCs in response to the negative faces; however, in the BPM group, this increase was not seen. Conversely, both BPE and BPM groups had increased activation in the insula relative to HCs, but in the BPD group, this effect was not seen. All three BP groups exhibited increased activation of the putamen compared with HCs. In the cortical areas, the BPM group exhibited decreased left lateral orbitofrontal cortex activation compared with both BPEs and HCs, increased dorsal anterior cingulate cortex activation compared with the BPD group, and increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortical activation compared with all other groups. CONCLUSIONS Both state- and trait-related abnormalities in corticolimbic activation were seen in response to the negative facial emotion processing in a large sample of unmedicated adults across BP mood states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Mood and Emotion Disorders Across the Lifespan Center, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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Hulvershorn LA, Cullen K, Anand A. Toward dysfunctional connectivity: a review of neuroimaging findings in pediatric major depressive disorder. Brain Imaging Behav 2012; 5:307-28. [PMID: 21901425 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-011-9134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Child and adolescent psychiatric neuroimaging research typically lags behind similar advances in adult disorders. While the pediatric depression imaging literature is less developed, a recent surge in interest has created the need for a synthetic review of this work. Major findings from pediatric volumetric and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting state functional connectivity studies converge to implicate a corticolimbic network of key areas that work together to mediate the task of emotion regulation. Imaging the brain of children and adolescents with unipolar depression began with volumetric studies of isolated brain regions that served to identify key prefrontal, cingulate and limbic nodes of depression-related circuitry elucidated from more recent advances in DTI and functional connectivity imaging. Systematic review of these studies preliminarily suggests developmental differences between findings in youth and adults, including prodromal neurobiological features, along with some continuity across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Mood and Emotional Disorders Across the Lifespan Center, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Hulvershorn LA, Madou MRZ, Weis JR, Coffey B. First-episode psychosis in an adolescent with seizure disorder and Tetralogy of Fallot. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009; 19:307-11. [PMID: 19519268 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2009.19302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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