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Quinn KG, Walsh JL, Johnson A, Edwards T, Takahashi L, Dakin A, Bouacha N, Voisin D. Police Violence Experienced by Black Gay and Bisexual Men: The Effects on HIV Care Engagement and Medication Adherence. AIDS Behav 2024; 28:1642-1649. [PMID: 38315300 PMCID: PMC11070282 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-024-04278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Black men face high rates of police violence, including direct victimization and indirect exposure to or knowledge of harmful policing. This violence can result in death and physical harm, as well as in numerous poor mental health outcomes. There has been little research examining experiences of police violence experienced by Black gay and bisexual men or the effects of police brutality on HIV continuum of care outcomes. To address this important gap, in this exploratory study, we examined the effects of police brutality on engagement in HIV care and adherence to antiretroviral medications. Cross-sectional survey data were collected from 107 Black gay and bisexual men living with HIV. The path analysis showed that men with greater exposure to police violence had increased symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and were more likely to have missed HIV care appointments in the past year. Additionally, there was a significant indirect effect of exposure to police violence on missed medication doses via PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Quinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Center for AIDS Intervention Research, 2071 N. Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53202, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Center for AIDS Intervention Research, 2071 N. Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53202, USA
| | - Anthony Johnson
- School of Social Work, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Travonne Edwards
- School of Child and Youth Care, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lois Takahashi
- Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Dexter Voisin
- School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Hotton AL, Lee F, Sheeler D, Ozik J, Collier N, Edali M, Ardestani BM, Brewer R, Schrode KM, Fujimoto K, Harawa NT, Schneider JA, Khanna AS. Impact of post-incarceration care engagement interventions on HIV transmission among young Black men who have sex with men and their sexual partners: an agent-based network modeling study. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2023; 28:100628. [PMID: 38026447 PMCID: PMC10679934 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Understanding the impact of incarceration on HIV transmission among Black men who have sex with men is important given their disproportionate representation among people experiencing incarceration and the potential impact of incarceration on social and sexual networks, employment, housing, and medical care. We developed an agent-based network model (ABNM) of 10,000 agents representing young Black men who have sex with men in the city of Chicago to examine the impact of varying degrees of post-incarceration care disruption and care engagement interventions following release from jail on HIV incidence. Methods Exponential random graph models were used to model network formation and dissolution dynamics, and network dynamics and HIV care continuum engagement were varied according to incarceration status. Hypothetical interventions to improve post-release engagement in HIV care for individuals with incarceration (e.g., enhanced case management, linkage to housing and employment services) were compared to a control scenario with no change in HIV care engagement after release. Finding HIV incidence at 10 years was 4.98 [95% simulation interval (SI): 4.87, 5.09 per 100 person-years (py)] in the model population overall; 5.58 (95% SI 5.38, 5.76 per 100 py) among those with history of incarceration, and 12.86 (95% SI 11.89, 13.73 per 100 py) among partners of agents recently released from incarceration. Sustained post-release HIV care for agents with HIV and experiencing recent incarceration resulted in a 46% reduction in HIV incidence among post-incarceration partners [incidence rate (IR) per 100 py = 5.72 (95% SI 5.19, 6.27) vs. 10.61 (95% SI 10.09, 11.24); incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.54; (95% SI 0.48, 0.60)] and a 19% reduction in HIV incidence in the population overall [(IR per 100 py = 3.89 (95% SI 3.81-3.99) vs. 4.83 (95% SI 4.73, 4.92); IRR = 0.81 (95% SI 0.78, 0.83)] compared to a scenario with no change in HIV care engagement from pre-to post-release. Interpretation Developing effective and scalable interventions to increase HIV care engagement among individuals experiencing recent incarceration and their sexual partners is needed to reduce HIV transmission among Black men who have sex with men. Funding This work was supported by the following grants from the National Institutes of Health: R01DA039934; P20 GM 130414; P30 AI 042853; P30MH058107; T32 DA 043469; U2C DA050098 and the California HIV/AIDS Research Program: OS17-LA-003; H21PC3466.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Hotton
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francis Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Sheeler
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan Ozik
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholson Collier
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mert Edali
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Besiktas, Istanbul, 34349, Turkey
| | | | - Russell Brewer
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katrina M. Schrode
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kayo Fujimoto
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nina T. Harawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John A. Schneider
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aditya S. Khanna
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies and Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
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Ogunbajo A, Siconolfi D, Storholm E, Vincent W, Pollack L, Rebchook G, Tan J, Huebner D, Kegeles S. History of Incarceration is Associated with Unmet Socioeconomic Needs and Structural Discrimination among Young Black Sexual Minority Men (SMM) in the United States. J Urban Health 2023; 100:447-458. [PMID: 37204646 PMCID: PMC10323066 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-023-00737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a dearth of research on incarceration among young Black sexual minority men (SMM). The current study aimed to assess the prevalence and association between unmet socioeconomic and structural needs and history of incarceration among young Black SMM. Between 2009 and 2015, young Black SMM (N = 1,774) in Dallas and Houston Texas were recruited to participate in an annual, venue-based, cross-sectional survey. We found that 26% of the sample reported any lifetime history of incarceration. Additionally, participants with unmet socioeconomic and structural needs (unemployment, homelessness, financial insecurity and limited educational attainment) were more likely to have a history of incarceration. It is imperative that interventions are developed to address the basic, social, and economic needs of young Black SMM with a history of incarceration or who are at risk for incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erik Storholm
- San Diego State University, School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Vincent
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lance Pollack
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Greg Rebchook
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Judy Tan
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Huebner
- George Washington University, Milken School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Susan Kegeles
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Flores R, Kerman J, Schneider J, Harawa N. "I feel like marijuana is the only drug that wouldn't kill me": perceptions of cannabis use in previously incarcerated Black men who have sex with other men. Harm Reduct J 2023; 20:13. [PMID: 36737793 PMCID: PMC9896444 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-023-00744-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragmented state laws have impacted cannabis uptake and perceptions in the USA. Little research has explored the attitudes, beliefs, and social network influences of young Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) who have experienced incarceration and use cannabis. While problematic cannabis use is not well defined and understudied, scholars have found that a person's social network can mediate problematic substance use and reduce recidivism rates by providing both tangible and emotional support. This analysis examines how social networks contribute to cannabis perceptions and use among BMSM with criminal legal system involvement in Chicago, IL, and Houston TX. METHODS Researchers conducted interviews with 25 cis gender Black men informed by life course theory, with a focus on the role of social networks, incarceration, and other life experiences in substance use. All interviews were audio-recorded, de-identified, and transcribed; participants were compensated $50. A deductive-inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze all qualitative data collected. RESULTS Twelve BMSM in Chicago and 13 BMSM in Houston (M = 26.6 years old, SD = 3.7) were interviewed. A majority identified as gay (56%), with 12 participants (48%) reporting having a high school diploma or equivalent; their average age of first substance use was 15.2 (SD = 2.9). Participants perceived cannabis usage to be categorically distinct from other intoxicating substance usage, with many describing it as not harmful and potentially beneficial. Three themes shaped their choices and attitudes regarding cannabis and "hard" drugs-social networks, need fulfillment, and knowledge of risk. CONCLUSION Participant descriptions of cannabis use emphasize their drug-use behavior as being produced by agent decision-making and risk assessment. Future work should expand on how these decisions are made, and how social networks can be leveraged to encourage non-harmful drug consumption behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rey Flores
- University of Chicago, 5801 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, 1525 E. 55th St. Suite 205, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,University of Illinois at Chicago, 750 S Halsted St., Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| | - Jared Kerman
- University of Chicago, 5801 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, 1525 E. 55th St. Suite 205, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - John Schneider
- University of Chicago, 5801 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, 1525 E. 55th St. Suite 205, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Nina Harawa
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1100 Glendon Ave. Suite 850, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA.,Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th St., Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
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Jacobsen K, Hu ATY, Stark A, Klassen BJ, Lachowsky NJ, Hébert W. Prevalence and Correlates of Incarceration Among Trans Men, Nonbinary People, and Two-Spirit People in Canada. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2023; 29:47-59. [PMID: 36301183 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.21.10.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, sexual and gender minority populations are known to experience both higher rates of incarceration and more harmful experiences while incarcerated. However, little is known about incarceration rates or experiences among these populations in Canada or among trans men, nonbinary people, and Indigenous Two-Spirit people. This community-based research study analyzed anonymous self-completed survey data from gay, bisexual, trans, and queer men, and nonbinary and Two-Spirit people to determine the prevalence and correlates of lifetime incarceration among trans men, nonbinary, and Two-Spirit participants. Overall, 5.7% of trans participants, 10.6% of nonbinary participants, and 19.7% of Two-Spirit participants reported being incarcerated in their lifetime, all higher than the prevalence among cisgender non-Two-Spirit participants (3.7%). Multivariable logistic regression models revealed both similar and different correlates of incarceration for trans, nonbinary, and Two-Spirit participants, including older age, less education, experiences of forced sex as a minor, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV diagnoses, substance use, and being less out about one's sexuality. Our findings highlight the disproportionate and inequitable incarceration of trans men, nonbinary, and Two-Spirit people and underscore the need for access to gender diverse, culturally competent HCV and HIV screening, prevention, treatment, and harm reduction in correctional facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jacobsen
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Alexi T Y Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Aeron Stark
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | | | - Nathan J Lachowsky
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.,Community-Based Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
| | - William Hébert
- Community-Based Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Law and Legal Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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Sonneville SA. Spiritual support of transgender individuals: a literature review. J Health Care Chaplain 2022; 29:196-210. [PMID: 35776733 DOI: 10.1080/08854726.2022.2080965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Spiritual support has been a staple of healthcare before hospitals in western civilizations were established by communities of faith. Research has demonstrated that wellbeing is associated with balanced care for the body, mind, and spirit. Healthcare disparities are being identified as disproportionally impacting transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) individuals. The root cause of this disparity is being studied as are medical and wellbeing interventions, including the benefit of spiritual support. This author's objective was two-fold. First, to identify opportunities for extending spiritual support to TGNC individuals in healthcare by chaplains. Secondly, to identify evidence of current spiritual support advocacy initiatives and interventions for TGNC patients in healthcare by chaplains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Sonneville
- Program Director, , Wellbeing & Inclusion, Center for Wellbeing, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Quinn KG, Dickson-Gomez J, Pearson B, Marion E, Amikrhanian Y, Kelly JA. Intersectional Resilience Among Black Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men, Wisconsin and Ohio, 2019. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:S405-S412. [PMID: 35763748 PMCID: PMC9241476 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To investigate resilience strategies used by Black gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) to navigate racism and heterosexism. Methods. In 2019, we conducted in-depth interviews with 46 Black MSM in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Cleveland, Ohio. Thematic analysis, informed by intersectionality, was used to identify intersectional resilience within the context of participants' lives. Results. Our analyses revealed ways in which Black MSM respond to stigma and oppression. We identified the following themes that capture these experiences: pride in intersectional identities, perseverance, community advocacy, and social support. Our analyses reveal how men draw on these assets and resources to positively adapt despite experiences of racism and heterosexism. Conclusions. Intersectional resilience can support Black MSM in navigating racism and heterosexism. However, public health interventions at the institutional and system levels are needed to directly target the root causes of oppression and support resources that facilitate intersectional resilience. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S4):S405-S412. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306677).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Quinn
- The authors are with the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Katherine G. Quinn, Broderick Pearson, Yuri Amirkhanian, and Jeffrey A. Kelly are with the Center for AIDS Intervention Research. Julia Dickson-Gomez and Erica Marion are with the Institute for Health and Equity
| | - Julia Dickson-Gomez
- The authors are with the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Katherine G. Quinn, Broderick Pearson, Yuri Amirkhanian, and Jeffrey A. Kelly are with the Center for AIDS Intervention Research. Julia Dickson-Gomez and Erica Marion are with the Institute for Health and Equity
| | - Broderick Pearson
- The authors are with the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Katherine G. Quinn, Broderick Pearson, Yuri Amirkhanian, and Jeffrey A. Kelly are with the Center for AIDS Intervention Research. Julia Dickson-Gomez and Erica Marion are with the Institute for Health and Equity
| | - Erica Marion
- The authors are with the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Katherine G. Quinn, Broderick Pearson, Yuri Amirkhanian, and Jeffrey A. Kelly are with the Center for AIDS Intervention Research. Julia Dickson-Gomez and Erica Marion are with the Institute for Health and Equity
| | - Yuri Amikrhanian
- The authors are with the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Katherine G. Quinn, Broderick Pearson, Yuri Amirkhanian, and Jeffrey A. Kelly are with the Center for AIDS Intervention Research. Julia Dickson-Gomez and Erica Marion are with the Institute for Health and Equity
| | - Jeffrey A Kelly
- The authors are with the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Katherine G. Quinn, Broderick Pearson, Yuri Amirkhanian, and Jeffrey A. Kelly are with the Center for AIDS Intervention Research. Julia Dickson-Gomez and Erica Marion are with the Institute for Health and Equity
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Harawa NT, Schrode KM, Daniels J, Javanbakht M, Hotton A, Makgoeng S, Ragsdale A, Schneider J, Fujimoto K, Bolan R, Gorbach P. Factors predicting incarceration history and incidence among Black and Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) residing in a major urban center. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265034. [PMID: 35259198 PMCID: PMC8903243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed data from a cohort of Black and Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) in order to identify correlates of prevalent and incident incarceration, including potential predictors related to their status as sexual and gender minorities (SGMs). Baseline and follow-up self-administered survey data were examined from Los Angeles County participants' ages 18-45 years at enrollment who were either HIV negative or living with HIV, but recruited to over represent men who used drugs and men with unsuppressed HIV infection. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to identify predictors of baseline incarceration history and of incident incarceration over study follow-up among 440 and 338 participants, respectively. Older age, Black race, low socioeconomic status, homelessness, stimulant use, and depression symptoms were associated with baseline incarceration history. The only SGM-related factor associated with baseline incarceration history was having experienced violence based on sexual orientation identity. Just one statistically significant, independent positive predictor of incident incarceration was identified: prior incarceration, whereas having four or more friends that could lend money was a statistically significant protective factor against incident incarceration. Fundamental Cause Theory provides a useful framework to explain identified predictors of incarceration. Addressing poverty, housing instability, inadequate access to health care, and their root causes is critical to reducing incarceration rates in this population, as is expanded access to both diversion and anti-recidivism programs and to evidence-based treatment for stimulant use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina T. Harawa
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behaviors, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Katrina M. Schrode
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behaviors, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Joseph Daniels
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behaviors, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Marjan Javanbakht
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Anna Hotton
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Solomon Makgoeng
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Amy Ragsdale
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - John Schneider
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kayo Fujimoto
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Robert Bolan
- Department of Health Services, Los Angeles LGBT Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Pamina Gorbach
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Quinn KG, Spector A, Takahashi L, Voisin DR. Conceptualizing the Effects of Continuous Traumatic Violence on HIV Continuum of Care Outcomes for Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:758-772. [PMID: 32944841 PMCID: PMC7886964 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-03040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The United States (US) is on track to achieve the 90-90-90 targets set forth by UNAIDS and the National HIV/AIDS strategy, yet significant racial disparities in HIV care outcomes remain, particularly for young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM). Research has demonstrated that various types of violence are key aspects of syndemics that contribute to disparities in HIV risk. However, little research has looked collectively at cumulative violent experiences and how those might affect HIV treatment and care outcomes. Drawing on extant literature and theoretical underpinnings of syndemics, we provide a conceptual model that highlights how continuous traumatic violence experienced by YBMSM may affect HIV outcomes and contribute to racial disparities in HIV outcomes. The findings of this focused review suggest a need for research on how continuous exposure to various types of violence influence HIV prevention and treatment outcomes for young Black MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Quinn
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Medical College of Wisconsin, 2071 N. Summit Ave., Milwaukee, WI, 53202, USA.
| | - Antoinette Spector
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Institute for Health Equity, Milwaukee, USA
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Nelson LE. Awakening to an Intersectional Reality: Ending the HIV Epidemic in the USA Starts with Reducing Inequities among Black MSM. J Urban Health 2020; 97:589-591. [PMID: 33025307 PMCID: PMC7560685 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-020-00487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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