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Xing Y, Ye K, Li C, He J, Dong F, Tian Y. Risk factors for treatment-related bone loss and osteoporosis in patients with follicular lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38708448 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2024.2348113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The survival rate of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has steadily improved. However, osteoporosis introduced by treatment is prevalent and associated with increased mortality and disability for patients with NHL. We aimed to investigate factors impacting bone mineral density (BMD) reduction and osteoporosis, and the trend of BMD after chemotherapy. Overall, 97 newly diagnosed patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) were retrospectively enrolled. CT attenuation values were measured to assess BMD levels. Although 73.2% of patients received calcium and vitamin D supplements, 44.3% showed significant BMD reduction, and baseline BMD and hemoglobin levels were the risk factors. 26.6% of patients newly developed osteoporosis post-chemotherapy where age and cumulative dose of glucocorticoid were risk factors. The results of 20 patients with consecutive follow-up showed that BMD continued to decline for 6 months post-chemotherapy and did not return to baseline values. Therefore, BMD evaluation and more positive anti-resorption treatments should be administered for high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xing
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kaifeng Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyuan Li
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyao He
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Dong
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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2
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Hellings PW, Alobid I, Anselmo-Lima WT, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Bjermer L, Caulley L, Chaker A, Constantinidis J, Conti DM, De Corso E, Desrosiers M, Diamant Z, Gevaert P, Han JK, Heffler E, Hopkins C, Landis BN, Lourenco O, Lund V, Luong AU, Mullol J, Peters A, Philpott C, Reitsma S, Ryan D, Scadding G, Senior B, Tomazic PV, Toskala E, Van Zele T, Viskens AS, Wagenmann M, Fokkens WJ. EUFOREA/EPOS2020 statement on the clinical considerations for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps care. Allergy 2024; 79:1123-1133. [PMID: 38108602 DOI: 10.1111/all.15982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Following the European Forum for Research and Education in Allergy and Airway Diseases (EUFOREA) treatment algorithm for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), patients suffering from severe uncontrolled CRSwNP are recommended to receive oral corticosteroids, (revision) sinus surgery, systemic biologicals and/or aspirin treatment after desensitization (ATAD). Given the major differences in indications, outcomes, practical considerations, risks and costs of these key pillars of treatment, there is a growing need to define criteria for each treatment option and list the clinically relevant and major considerations for them. This EUFOREA document therefore provides an expert panel overview of the expected outcomes, specific considerations and (contra)indications of the five major treatment arms of severe uncontrolled CRSwNP: oral corticosteroids, primary and revision sinus surgery, biological treatment and ATAD. This overview of treatment considerations is needed to allow physicians and patients to consider the different options in the context of providing optimal and personalized care for severe uncontrolled CRSwNP. In conclusion, the five major treatment options for severe uncontrolled CRSwNP have intrinsic advantages, specific indications and considerations that are of importance to the patient, the physician and the society. This EUFOREA statement supports the unmet need to define criteria for the indication of every treatment pillar of CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Hellings
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Clinical Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Upper airways research laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isam Alobid
- Rhinology and Skull Base Unit, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Center of Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wilma T Anselmo-Lima
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School-University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuel Bernal-Sprekelsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Institute for Clinical Science, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisa Caulley
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Institut for Klinisk Medicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Adam Chaker
- Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology and Center for Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jannis Constantinidis
- 1st Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Diego M Conti
- The European Forum for Research and Education in Allergy and Airway Diseases Scientific Expert Team Members, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eugenio De Corso
- Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Zuzana Diamant
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Institute for Clinical Science, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology Immunology & Transplantation, KU Leuven, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University in Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Philippe Gevaert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Upper airways research laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joseph K Han
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Virginia, USA
| | - Enrico Heffler
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy-IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Claire Hopkins
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Guys and St. Thomas Hospital, London, UK
| | - Basile N Landis
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olga Lourenco
- FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Valerie Lund
- Royal National Ear, Nose and Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK
| | - Amber U Luong
- Otolaryngology-HNS, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, FRCB-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERES, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anju Peters
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Northwestern Sinus Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Carl Philpott
- Rhinology & ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Norfolk & Waveney ENT Service, James Paget and Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals, Norfolk, UK
| | - Sietze Reitsma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dermot Ryan
- Allergy and Respiratory Research Group, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Glenis Scadding
- Royal National ENT Hospital, London and Division of Immunity and Infection, University College, London, UK
| | - Brent Senior
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter Valentin Tomazic
- Department of General Otorhinolaryngology, H&N Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elina Toskala
- Otolaryngology-HNS, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thibaut Van Zele
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Upper airways research laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An-Sofie Viskens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Wagenmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - W J Fokkens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Iki M, Fujimori K, Nakatoh S, Tamaki J, Ishii S, Okimoto N, Imano H, Ogawa S. Average daily glucocorticoid dose, number of prescription days, and cumulative dose in the initial 90 days of glucocorticoid therapy are associated with subsequent hip and clinical vertebral fracture risk: a retrospective cohort study using a nationwide health insurance claims database in Japan. Osteoporos Int 2024; 35:805-818. [PMID: 38267664 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-024-07023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fracture risk assessment is recommended at three months after glucocorticoid (GC) therapy initiation. This study aimed to assess whether GC exposure in the initial 90 days of GC therapy is associated with subsequent hip and clinical vertebral fracture risk using the nationwide health insurance claims database of Japan (NDBJ). METHODS Patients aged ≥ 50 years who were prescribed GC (≥ 70 mg prednisolone or equivalent; PSL) in the initial 90 days of GC therapy and were followed for hip and clinical vertebral fracture incidences for the subsequent 1080 days were selected from NDBJ. Associations of GC exposure with hip or clinical vertebral fracture risk were evaluated by Cox regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS We selected 316,396 women and 299,871 men for the GC-exposed group and 43,164 women and 33,702 men for the reference group. Higher GC doses and longer prescription days in the initial 90 days of GC therapy were significantly and dose-dependently associated with increased fracture risk relative to the reference group. Patients receiving GC ≥ 5 mg PSL/day had a significantly increased fracture risk in the stratum of 30-59 days of GC prescription. In addition, female patients who received GC (≥ 1 and < 2.5 mg PSL/day) for 90 days in the initial 90 days of GC therapy had a significantly increased fracture risk. CONCLUSIONS GC exposure in the initial 90 days of GC therapy was dose-dependently associated with hip and clinical vertebral fracture risk. GC may increase fracture risk with lower doses for shorter durations than previously reported. Fracture risk assessment three months after glucocorticoid (GC) therapy initiation is recommended. We found that GC exposure in the initial 90 days of GC therapy at lower daily doses for shorter durations than previously reported were significantly and dose-dependently associated with fracture risk using a nationwide health insurance claims database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Iki
- Department of Public Health, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Oono-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
- National Database Japan-Osteoporosis Management (NDBJ-OS) Study Group, Department of Public Health, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Oono-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Kenji Fujimori
- National Database Japan-Osteoporosis Management (NDBJ-OS) Study Group, Department of Public Health, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Oono-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakatoh
- National Database Japan-Osteoporosis Management (NDBJ-OS) Study Group, Department of Public Health, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Oono-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asahi General Hospital, 477 Tomari, Asahimachi, Shimo-Nikawa-Gun, Toyama, 939-0798, Japan
| | - Junko Tamaki
- National Database Japan-Osteoporosis Management (NDBJ-OS) Study Group, Department of Public Health, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Oono-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Ishii
- National Database Japan-Osteoporosis Management (NDBJ-OS) Study Group, Department of Public Health, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Oono-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
- Department of Regulatory Science, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachiouji, Tokyo, 193-0392, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Okimoto
- National Database Japan-Osteoporosis Management (NDBJ-OS) Study Group, Department of Public Health, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Oono-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
- Okimoto Clinic, 185-4 Kubi, Yutaka-Machi, Kure, Hiroshima, 734-0304, Japan
| | - Hironori Imano
- Department of Public Health, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Oono-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Sumito Ogawa
- National Database Japan-Osteoporosis Management (NDBJ-OS) Study Group, Department of Public Health, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Oono-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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Chargo NJ, Kang HJ, Das S, Jin Y, Rockwell C, Cho JY, McCabe LR, Parameswaran N. Korean red ginseng extract prevents bone loss in an oral model of glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis in mice. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1268134. [PMID: 38533264 PMCID: PMC10963623 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1268134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota and barrier function play important roles in bone health. We previously demonstrated that chronic glucocorticoid (GC)-induced bone loss in mice is associated with significant shifts in gut microbiota composition and impaired gut barrier function. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG, Panax Ginseng Meyer, Araliaceae) extract has been shown to prevent glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) in a subcutaneous pellet model in mice, but its effect on gut microbiota and barrier function in this context is not known. The overall goal of this study was to test the effect of KRG extract in a clinically relevant, oral model of GIO and further investigate its role in modulating the gut-bone axis. Growing male mice (CD-1, 8 weeks) were treated with 75 μg/mL corticosterone (∼9 mg/kg/day) or 0.4% ethanol vehicle in the drinking water for 4 weeks. During this 4-week period, mice were treated daily with 500 mg/kg/day KRG extract dissolved in sterile water or an equal amount of sterile water via oral gastric gavage. After 4 weeks of treatment, we assessed bone volume, microbiota composition, gut barrier integrity, and immune cells in the bone marrow (BM) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). 4 weeks of oral GC treatment caused significant distal femur trabecular bone loss, and this was associated with changes in gut microbiota composition, impaired gut barrier function and altered immune cell composition. Importantly, KRG extract prevented distal femur trabecular bone loss and caused significant alterations in gut microbiota composition but had only modest effects on gut barrier function and immune cell populations. Taken together, these results demonstrate that KRG extract significantly modulates the gut microbiota-bone axis and prevents glucocorticoid-induced bone loss in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Chargo
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Ho Jun Kang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Subhashari Das
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Yining Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Cheryl Rockwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Laura R. McCabe
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Narayanan Parameswaran
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Chargo NJ, Neugebauer K, Guzior DV, Quinn RA, Parameswaran N, McCabe LR. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is prevented by dietary prune in female mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1324649. [PMID: 38375074 PMCID: PMC10875082 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1324649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) is a significant side effect of prolonged glucocorticoid (GC) treatment. Chronic GC treatment also leads to trabecular bone loss and gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice. The gut dysbiosis is mechanistically linked to GIO, which indicates that the microbiota can be targeted to prevent GIO. Prunes, a dried fruit and prebiotic, have emerged in the literature as an effective treatment for sex-steroid deficiency induced osteoporosis (primary osteoporosis). Prunes also significantly alter the composition of the gut microbiota in both rodent models and human studies. Therefore, we tested if dietary prune (DP) supplementation could prevent GC-induced bone loss and affect microbiota composition in an established model of GIO. Sixteen-week-old, skeletally mature, female C57BL/6J mice were treated with a subcutaneous 5 mg placebo or prednisolone pellet for 8 weeks and fed an AIN-93M control diet or a diet modified to include 5, 15, or 25% (w/w) dried California prune powder. As expected, GC treated mice developed significant trabecular bone loss in the distal femur. More importantly, as little as 5% DP supplementation effectively prevented trabecular bone loss. Further, dose dependent increases in trabecular bone volume fraction were observed in GC + 15% and GC + 25% DP mice. Amazingly, in the placebo (non-GC treated) groups, 25% DP supplementation caused a ∼3-fold increase in distal femur trabecular bone volume fraction; this sizable bone response has not been previously observed in healthy mice with gut targeted natural treatments. Along with the striking effect on bone health, GC treatment and 25% DP supplementation led to drastic shifts in gut microbiota composition and several specific changes are strongly associated with bone health. Taken together, these results are the first to demonstrate that DP supplementation effectively prevents the negative effects of prolonged GC therapy on trabecular bone health and strongly associates with shifts in the composition of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Chargo
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Kerri Neugebauer
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Douglas V. Guzior
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Robert A. Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Narayanan Parameswaran
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Laura R. McCabe
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Adami G, Gatti D, Rossini M, Giollo A, Gatti M, Bertoldo F, Bertoldo E, Mudano AS, Saag KG, Viapiana O, Fassio A. Risk of fracture in women with glucocorticoid requiring diseases is independent from glucocorticoid use: An analysis on a nation-wide database. Bone 2024; 179:116958. [PMID: 37949390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is a common cause of secondary osteoporosis. However, glucocorticoid requiring diseases pose a risk themselves for fracture. The aim of the present study was to determine the risk of fracture associated with variety of glucocorticoid requiring diseases independently from glucocorticoid use and other risk factors for osteoporosis. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of a nation-wide cohort (DeFRACalc79 database). We used multivariable regression analysis adjusting for several risk factors for fracture and glucocorticoid intake to estimate the independent role of glucocorticoid requiring illnesses on fracture risk. RESULTS We found that patients with rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and neurological diseases were at greater risk of vertebral or hip fracture (crude ORs 1.31, 1.20, 1.92 and 2.97 respectively). After adjusting for potential confounders COPD and neurological diseases remained significantly associated with an increased risk of vertebral or hip fractures (aORs 1.33, 95 % CI 1.18-1.49 and 2.43, 95 % CI 2.17-2.74). Rheumatoid arthritis, COPD, IBD and neurological diseases also significantly increased the risk of non-vertebral, non-hip fractures (aORs 1.23, 1.42, 1.52 and 1.94 respectively). CONCLUSION Some glucocorticoid requiring diseases were independently associated with an increased risk of fractures. COPD and neurological diseases with both vertebral and non-vertebral fracture risk while RA and IBD were independently associated only with non-vertebral, non-hip fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Gatti
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | | | | | - Matteo Gatti
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Bertoldo
- Bone Metabolism and Osteoncology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | | | - Amy S Mudano
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Kenneth G Saag
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | | | - Angelo Fassio
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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7
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Chargo NJ, Schepper JD, Rios‐Arce N, Kang HJ, Gardinier JD, Parameswaran N, McCabe LR. Lactobacillus Reuteri 6475 Prevents Bone Loss in a Clinically Relevant Oral Model of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis in Male CD-1 Mice. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10805. [PMID: 38130770 PMCID: PMC10731127 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used anti-inflammatory medications with significant side effects, including glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO). We have previously demonstrated that chronic subcutaneous GC treatment in mice leads to gut barrier dysfunction and trabecular bone loss. We further showed that treating with probiotics or barrier enhancers improves gut barrier function and prevents GIO. The overall goal of this study was to test if probiotics could prevent GC-induced gut barrier dysfunction and bone loss in a clinically relevant oral-GC model of GIO. Eight-week-old male CD-1 mice were treated with vehicle or corticosterone in the drinking water for 4 weeks and administered probiotics Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 6475 (LR 6475) or VSL#3 thrice weekly via oral gavage. As expected, GC treatment led to significant gut barrier dysfunction (assessed by measuring serum endotoxin levels) and bone loss after 4 weeks. Serum endotoxin levels significantly and negatively correlated with bone volume. Importantly, LR 6475 treatment effectively prevented both GC-induced increase in serum endotoxin and trabecular bone loss. VSL#3 had intermediate results, not differing from either control or GC-treated animals. GC-induced reductions in femur length, cortical thickness, and cortical area were not affected by probiotic treatment. Taken together, these results are the first to demonstrate that LR 6475 effectively prevents the detrimental effects of GC treatment on gut barrier, which correlates with enhanced trabecular bone health in an oral mouse model of GIO. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Chargo
- Department of PhysiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- College of Osteopathic MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | | | - Naoimy Rios‐Arce
- Department of PhysiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Ho Jun Kang
- Department of PhysiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | | | - Narayanan Parameswaran
- Department of PhysiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- College of Human MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Laura R McCabe
- Department of PhysiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- College of Osteopathic MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
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8
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Humphrey MB, Russell L, Danila MI, Fink HA, Guyatt G, Cannon M, Caplan L, Gore S, Grossman J, Hansen KE, Lane NE, Ma NS, Magrey M, McAlindon T, Robinson AB, Saha S, Womack C, Abdulhadi B, Charles JF, Cheah JTL, Chou S, Goyal I, Haseltine K, Jackson L, Mirza R, Moledina I, Punni E, Rinden T, Turgunbaev M, Wysham K, Turner AS, Uhl S. 2022 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:2088-2102. [PMID: 37845798 DOI: 10.1002/art.42646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective is to update recommendations for prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) for patients with rheumatic or nonrheumatic conditions receiving >3 months treatment with glucocorticoids (GCs) ≥2.5 mg daily. METHODS An updated systematic literature review was performed for clinical questions on nonpharmacologic, pharmacologic treatments, discontinuation of medications, and sequential therapy. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was used to rate the certainty of evidence. A Voting Panel achieved ≥70% consensus on the direction (for or against) and strength (strong or conditional) of recommendations. RESULTS For adults beginning or continuing >3 months of GC treatment, we strongly recommend as soon as possible after initiation of GCs, initial assessment of fracture risks with clinical fracture assessment, bone mineral density with vertebral fracture assessment or spinal x-ray, and Fracture Risk Assessment Tool if ≥40 years old. For adults at medium, high, or very high fracture risk, we strongly recommend pharmacologic treatment. Choice of oral or intravenous bisphosphonates, denosumab, or parathyroid hormone analogs should be made by shared decision-making. Anabolic agents are conditionally recommended as initial therapy for those with high and very high fracture risk. Recommendations are made for special populations, including children, people with organ transplants, people who may become pregnant, and people receiving very high-dose GC treatment. New recommendations for both discontinuation of osteoporosis therapy and sequential therapies are included. CONCLUSION This guideline provides direction for clinicians and patients making treatment decisions for management of GIOP. These recommendations should not be used to limit or deny access to therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Humphrey
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Maria I Danila
- University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Howard A Fink
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Michael Cannon
- Arthritis Consultants of Tidewater, Virginia Beach, Virginia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nina S Ma
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Marina Magrey
- Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | - Basma Abdulhadi
- University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Jonathan T L Cheah
- UMass Memorial Health and UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Sharon Chou
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Itivrita Goyal
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Lesley Jackson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Reza Mirza
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iram Moledina
- University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Emma Punni
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | | | - Katherine Wysham
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amy S Turner
- American College of Rheumatology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stacey Uhl
- ECRI Institute, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
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9
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Humphrey MB, Russell L, Danila MI, Fink HA, Guyatt G, Cannon M, Caplan L, Gore S, Grossman J, Hansen KE, Lane NE, Ma NS, Magrey M, McAlindon T, Robinson AB, Saha S, Womack C, Abdulhadi B, Charles JF, Cheah JTL, Chou S, Goyal I, Haseltine K, Jackson L, Mirza R, Moledina I, Punni E, Rinden T, Turgunbaev M, Wysham K, Turner AS, Uhl S. 2022 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2023; 75:2405-2419. [PMID: 37884467 DOI: 10.1002/acr.25240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective is to update recommendations for prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) for patients with rheumatic or nonrheumatic conditions receiving >3 months treatment with glucocorticoids (GCs) ≥2.5 mg daily. METHODS An updated systematic literature review was performed for clinical questions on nonpharmacologic, pharmacologic treatments, discontinuation of medications, and sequential therapy. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was used to rate the certainty of evidence. A Voting Panel achieved ≥70% consensus on the direction (for or against) and strength (strong or conditional) of recommendations. RESULTS For adults beginning or continuing >3 months of GC treatment, we strongly recommend as soon as possible after initiation of GCs, initial assessment of fracture risks with clinical fracture assessment, bone mineral density with vertebral fracture assessment or spinal x-ray, and Fracture Risk Assessment Tool if ≥40 years old. For adults at medium, high, or very high fracture risk, we strongly recommend pharmacologic treatment. Choice of oral or intravenous bisphosphonates, denosumab, or parathyroid hormone analogs should be made by shared decision-making. Anabolic agents are conditionally recommended as initial therapy for those with high and very high fracture risk. Recommendations are made for special populations, including children, people with organ transplants, people who may become pregnant, and people receiving very high-dose GC treatment. New recommendations for both discontinuation of osteoporosis therapy and sequential therapies are included. CONCLUSION This guideline provides direction for clinicians and patients making treatment decisions for management of GIOP. These recommendations should not be used to limit or deny access to therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Humphrey
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Maria I Danila
- University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Howard A Fink
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Michael Cannon
- Arthritis Consultants of Tidewater, Virginia Beach, Virginia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nina S Ma
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Marina Magrey
- Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | - Basma Abdulhadi
- University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Jonathan T L Cheah
- UMass Memorial Health and UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Sharon Chou
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Itivrita Goyal
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Lesley Jackson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Reza Mirza
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iram Moledina
- University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Emma Punni
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | | | - Katherine Wysham
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amy S Turner
- American College of Rheumatology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stacey Uhl
- ECRI Institute, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
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Pofi R, Caratti G, Ray DW, Tomlinson JW. Treating the Side Effects of Exogenous Glucocorticoids; Can We Separate the Good From the Bad? Endocr Rev 2023; 44:975-1011. [PMID: 37253115 PMCID: PMC10638606 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that 2% to 3% of the population are currently prescribed systemic or topical glucocorticoid treatment. The potent anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids to deliver therapeutic benefit is not in doubt. However, the side effects associated with their use, including central weight gain, hypertension, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and osteoporosis, often collectively termed iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome, are associated with a significant health and economic burden. The precise cellular mechanisms underpinning the differential action of glucocorticoids to drive the desirable and undesirable effects are still not completely understood. Faced with the unmet clinical need to limit glucocorticoid-induced adverse effects alongside ensuring the preservation of anti-inflammatory actions, several strategies have been pursued. The coprescription of existing licensed drugs to treat incident adverse effects can be effective, but data examining the prevention of adverse effects are limited. Novel selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists and selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators have been designed that aim to specifically and selectively activate anti-inflammatory responses based upon their interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor. Several of these compounds are currently in clinical trials to evaluate their efficacy. More recently, strategies exploiting tissue-specific glucocorticoid metabolism through the isoforms of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase has shown early potential, although data from clinical trials are limited. The aim of any treatment is to maximize benefit while minimizing risk, and within this review we define the adverse effect profile associated with glucocorticoid use and evaluate current and developing strategies that aim to limit side effects but preserve desirable therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Pofi
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Giorgio Caratti
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - David W Ray
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX37LE, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
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11
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Coco-Martín MB, Leal-Vega L, Blázquez-Cabrera JA, Navarro A, Moro MJ, Arranz-García F, Amérigo MJ, Sosa-Henríquez M, Vázquez MÁ, Montoya MJ, Díaz-Curiel M, Olmos JM, Ruiz-Mambrilla M, Filgueira-Rubio J, Pérez-Castrillón JL. Influence of non-osteoporotic treatments in patients on active anti-osteoporotic therapy: evidence from the OSTEOMED registry. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 79:1333-1339. [PMID: 37515605 PMCID: PMC10501932 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-023-03544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of different non-osteoporotic drugs on the increase or decrease in the risk of incident fragility fractures (vertebral, humerus or hip) in a cohort of patients diagnosed with osteoporosis on active anti-osteoporotic therapy. METHODS For this retrospective longitudinal study, baseline and follow-up data on prescribed non-osteoporotic treatments and the occurrence of vertebral, humerus or hip fractures in 993 patients from the OSTEOMED registry were analyzed using logistic regression models. The drugs evaluated with a possible beneficial effect were thiazides and statins, while the drugs evaluated with a possible harmful effect were antiandrogens, aromatase inhibitors, proton pump inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines, GnRH agonists, thyroid hormones, and oral and inhaled corticosteroids. RESULTS Logistic regression analyses indicated that no treatment significantly improved fracture risk, with the only treatments that significantly worsened fracture risk being letrozole (OR = 0.18, p-value = 0.03) and oral corticosteroids at doses ≤ 5 mg/day (OR = 0.16, p-value = 0.03) and > 5 mg/day (OR = 0.27, p-value = 0.04). CONCLUSION The potential beneficial or detrimental effects of the different drugs evaluated on fracture risk are masked by treatment with anabolic or antiresorptive drugs that have a more potent action on bone metabolism, with two exceptions: letrozole and oral corticosteroids. These findings may have important clinical implications, as patients receiving these treatments are not fully protected by bisphosphonates, which may imply the need for more potent anti-osteoporotic drugs such as denosumab or teriparatide.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Begoña Coco-Martín
- Group of Applied Clinical Neurosciences and Advanced Data Analysis, Department of Medicine, Dermatology and Toxicology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Luis Leal-Vega
- Group of Applied Clinical Neurosciences and Advanced Data Analysis, Department of Medicine, Dermatology and Toxicology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
| | | | - Amalia Navarro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - María Jesús Moro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María José Amérigo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Sosa-Henríquez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | | | | | | | - José Manuel Olmos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Mambrilla
- Unit of Speech and Language Therapy, Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Physical Therapy, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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12
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Adami G, Fassio A, Rossini M, Benini C, Pistillo F, Viapiana O, Bertelle D, Gatti D. Bone Loss in Inflammatory Rheumatic Musculoskeletal Disease Patients Treated With Low-Dose Glucocorticoids and Prevention by Anti-Osteoporosis Medications. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:1762-1769. [PMID: 37094379 DOI: 10.1002/art.42529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The negative effects of glucocorticoids on bone depend on dose and treatment duration. However, it is unclear whether a safe dose exists, especially for patients with inflammatory rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases (iRMDs). We undertook this study to determine the effects of glucocorticoid doses on bone health in iRMD patients. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal cohort study on women with iRMD. Bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures were assessed prospectively and compared to a matched cohort without iRMD. Kaplan-Meier curves with log rank test were made for iRMD patients (stratified for glucocorticoid use and dose) and the matched cohort. Multivariable Cox regression survival models were also employed to analyze the effect of glucocorticoids on fracture. RESULTS A total of 884 women with iRMD and 1,766 controls (matched for age, T score, and 10-year fracture risk) were included in the study and followed up for up to 6 years. BMD decreased significantly in all patients receiving glucocorticoids who were not receiving anti-osteoporosis treatment (-4.26% for ≥5 mg/day of prednisone equivalent, P = 0.0011; -4.23% for 2.5-5 mg/day, P = 0.0422; -2.66% for 0-2.5 mg/day, P = 0.0006). Anti-osteoporosis treatment (largely bisphosphonates) prevented bone loss only in patients receiving <5 mg/day of prednisone equivalent. Fracture incidence was higher in patients with iRMD compared to controls, but only glucocorticoid doses ≥5 mg/day were associated with significantly higher risk of fracture. CONCLUSION Glucocorticoid doses as low as 2.5 mg/day were associated with BMD loss in iRMD patients, but this effect was preventable. BMD loss in patients receiving ≥5 mg/day was not totally prevented by anti-osteoporosis medications currently used in clinical practice, resulting in higher risk of fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelo Fassio
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Davide Gatti
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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13
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Jung YS, Suh D, Kim E, Park HD, Suh DC, Jung SY. Medications influencing the risk of fall-related injuries in older adults: case-control and case-crossover design studies. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:452. [PMID: 37481554 PMCID: PMC10363319 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medications influencing the risk of fall-related injuries (FRIs) in older adults have been inconsistent in previous guidelines. This study employed case-control design to assess the association between FRIs and medications, and an additional case-crossover design was conducted to examine the consistency of the associations and the transient effects of the medications on FRIs. METHODS This study was conducted using a national claims database (2002-2015) in Korea. Older adults (≥ 65 years) who had their first FRI between 2007 and 2015 were matched with non-cases in 1:2 ratio. Drug exposure was examined for 60 days prior to the date of the first FRI (index date) in the case-control design. The hazard period (1-60 days) and two control periods (121-180 and 181-240 days prior to the index date) were investigated in the case-crossover design. The risk of FRIs with 32 medications was examined using conditional logistic regression after adjusting for other medications that were significant in the univariate analysis. In the case-crossover study, the same conditional model was applied. RESULTS In the case-control design, the five medications associated with the highest risk of FRIs were muscle relaxants (adjusted odd ratio(AOR) = 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.31-1.39), anti-Parkinson agents (AOR = 1.30, 95%CI = 1.19-1.40), opioids (AOR = 1.23, 95%CI = 1.19-1.27), antiepileptics (AOR = 1.19, 95%CI = 1.12-1.26), and antipsychotics (AOR = 1.16, 95%CI = 1.06-1.27). In the case-crossover design, the five medications associated with the highest risk of FRIs were angiotensin II antagonists (AOR = 1.87, 95%CI = 1.77-1.97), antipsychotics (AOR = 1.63, 95%CI = 1.42-1.83), anti-Parkinson agents (AOR = 1.58, 95%CI = 1.32-1.85), muscle relaxants (AOR = 1.42, 95%CI = 1.35-1.48), and opioids (AOR = 1.35, 95%CI = 1.30-1.39). CONCLUSIONS Anti-Parkinson agents, opioids, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, antidepressants, hypnotics and sedatives, anxiolytics, muscle relaxants, and NSAIDs/antirheumatic agents increased the risk of FRIs in both designs among older adults. Medications with a significant risk only in the case-crossover analysis, such as antithrombotic agents, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin II antagonists, lipid modifying agents, and benign prostatic hypertrophy agents, may have transient effects on FRIs at the time of initiation. Corticosteroids, which were only associated with risk of FRIs in the case-control analysis, had more of cumulative than transient effects on FRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Seon Jung
- Chung-Ang University College of Pharmacy, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - David Suh
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Chung-Ang University College of Pharmacy, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Deok Park
- Chung-Ang University College of Pharmacy, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Churl Suh
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey School of Pharmacy, 160 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Sun-Young Jung
- Chung-Ang University College of Pharmacy, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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14
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Squadrito F, Imbalzano E, Rottura M, Arcoraci V, Pallio G, Catalano A, Atteritano M, Irrera N, Mannino F, Squadrito G, Vaccaro M, Irrera P, Pirrotta I, Bitto A. Effects of genistein aglycone in glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis: A randomized clinical trial in comparison with alendronate. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114821. [PMID: 37167726 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) complicates the clinical management of patients subjected to long-term glucocorticoid use. This study explored the effects of genistein on bone loss in a randomized double-blind alendronate-controlled trial in postmenopausal women with GIO. 200 postmenopausal women (taking at least 5 mg of prednisone equivalents) since 3 months, or more, and expected to continue for at least other 12 months, were randomized to receive genistein (54 mg/day daily) or alendronate (70 mg once a week) for 24 months. Both groups received also Calcium and Vitamin D3 supplementation. Median bone mineral density (BMD) at the antero-posterior lumbar spine significantly increased from 0.75 g/cm2 at baseline to 0.77 g/cm2 at 1 year and 0.79 g/cm2 at 2 years in alendronate-treated patients and from 0.77 g/cm2 at baseline to 0.79 g/cm2 at 12 months and to 0.80 g/cm2 at 24 months in genistein recipients. No difference was observed between the two treatments. Median BMD at the femoral neck increased from 0.67 g/cm2 at baseline to 0.68 g/cm2 at 1 year and 0.69 g/cm2 at 2 years in alendronate-treated patients and from 0.68 g/cm2 at baseline to 0.70 g/cm2 at 12 months and to 0.71 g/cm2 at 24 months in genistein recipients. No difference was observed between alendronate and genistein groups in BMD. Regarding bone markers genistein and alendronate statistically decreased c-terminal telopeptide, while osteocalcin, bone-ALP, and sclerostin showed greater changes in genistein treated patients. This randomized clinical trial suggests that genistein aglycone represents an additional therapeutic option for patients with GIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Egidio Imbalzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Rottura
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arcoraci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pallio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Catalano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Atteritano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Mannino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Mario Vaccaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Pierangela Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Igor Pirrotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
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15
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Ferraù F, Giovinazzo S, Alessi Y, Catalano A, Tessitore A, Mormina E, Bellone F, Giuffrida G, Paola G, Cotta OR, Ragonese M, Granata F, Lania AG, Mazziotti G, Cannavò S. Trabecular bone score, bone marrow fat and vertebral fractures in cushing syndrome. Endocrine 2023; 80:441-447. [PMID: 36790522 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prediction of fragility fractures in Cushing syndrome (CS) is a challenge since dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) does not capture all the alterations in bone microstructure induced by glucocorticoid excess. In this study we investigated the relationship between trabecular bone score (TBS), bone marrow fat (BMF) and vertebral fractures (VFs) in endogenous CS. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Thirty subjects (7 M and 23 F, mean age 44.8 ± 13.4 yrs, range: 25-71) with active hypercortisolism were evaluated for VFs by quantitative morphometry, BMD and TBS by lumbar spine DXA and BMF by single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy of vertebral body of L3. RESULTS Subjects with VFs (17 cases; 56.7%) had higher BMF (P = 0.014) and lower BMD T-score (P = 0.012) and TBS (P = 0.004) as compared to those without VFs. Prevalence of VFs resulted to be significantly higher in individuals with impaired TBS as compared to those with normal TBS (77.8% vs. 25.0%; P = 0.008). Among patients with VFs, only 6 (35.3%) had either osteoporosis or "low BMD for age". In logistic regression analysis, impaired TBS maintained the significant association with VFs [odds ratio (OR) 6.60, 95% C.I. 1.07-40.61; P = 0.042] independently of BMF (OR 1.03, 95% C.I. 0.99-1.08; P = 0.152). CONCLUSIONS TBS might be more accurate than BMF in identifying subjects with active CS and skeletal fragility at risk of VFs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Excess in glucocorticoids is associated with alterations in bone remodeling and metabolism, leading to fragility fractures regardless of bone mineral density, making more challenging for the clinician the identification of high-risk population and the definition of preventing strategies. In this context, instrumental parameters suggestive of bone quality alterations and predictive of increased fracture risk are needed. In this study, we found CS patients to have bone quality alterations as indicated by the decreased trabecular bone score and increased bone marrow fat, as measured by DEXA and MRI respectively. Both parameters were associated with high risk of VFs, and were inversely correlated, although TBS seems to be more accurate than BMF in fractures prediction in this clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferraù
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
- Unit of Endocrinology, "G. Martino" University Hospital, Messina, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Giovinazzo
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ylenia Alessi
- Unit of Endocrinology, "G. Martino" University Hospital, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Catalano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Agostino Tessitore
- Neuroradiology Unit, Radiology Department "G. Martino" University Hospital, Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Mormina
- Neuroradiology Unit, Radiology Department "G. Martino" University Hospital, Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Bellone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giuffrida
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Paola
- Unit of Endocrinology, "G. Martino" University Hospital, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Marta Ragonese
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, "G. Martino" University Hospital, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Granata
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea G Lania
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Metabolic Bone Diseases and Osteoporosis Section, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Gherardo Mazziotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Metabolic Bone Diseases and Osteoporosis Section, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cannavò
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, "G. Martino" University Hospital, Messina, Italy
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Montero-Pastor N, Sánchez-Costa JT, Guerra-Rodríguez M, Sánchez-Alonso F, Moriano C, Loricera J, Díaz-González F. Development of a web tool to calculate the cumulative dose of glucocorticoids. REUMATOLOGIA CLINICA 2023; 19:1-5. [PMID: 36603961 DOI: 10.1016/j.reumae.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucocorticoids are associated with serious side effects related to dosing and time of use. Unfortunately, there is no standard method for determining glucocorticoid exposure, especially in patients undergoing long-term treatment. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to create a free and easy-to-use web application to calculate, in a systematic way, the total cumulative dose of corticosteroids. METHODS The total cumulative dose is calculated as the sum of all periods of treatment with different doses of corticosteroids, and is expressed as the equivalent dose of prednisone in mg. Glucocorticoid doses during periods in which the available information is missing or incomplete are estimated by systematic assumptions. RESULTS A simulation exercise using standard patterns of steroid use in polymyalgia rheumatica, and giant cell arteritis showed that even when the period of no information reached 50% of the time, the accuracy of the calculator had a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)<7%. CONCLUSION This tool simplifies and standardizes the glucocorticoids cumulative dose calculation, thereby minimizing bias in the assessment of glucocorticoid cumulative dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Montero-Pastor
- Unidad de Investigación de la Sociedad Española de Reumatología, Calle Marqués de Duero n°5, 28001 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús T Sánchez-Costa
- Unidad de Investigación de la Sociedad Española de Reumatología, Calle Marqués de Duero n°5, 28001 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Guerra-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación de la Sociedad Española de Reumatología, Calle Marqués de Duero n°5, 28001 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Sánchez-Alonso
- Unidad de Investigación de la Sociedad Española de Reumatología, Calle Marqués de Duero n°5, 28001 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Moriano
- Servicio de Reumatología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, C/Altos de Nava, S/N, 24008 León, Spain
| | - Javier Loricera
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Av. Valdecilla, 25, 39008 Santander, Spain
| | - Federico Díaz-González
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Dermatología y Psiquiatría, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Calle Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
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17
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Kline GA, Lix LM, Morin SN, Leslie WD. Fracture risk in Asian-Canadian women is significantly over-estimated by the Canadian Association of Radiologists-Osteoporosis Canada risk prediction tool: retrospective cohort study. Arch Osteoporos 2022; 17:133. [PMID: 36201065 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-022-01173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fracture risk calculators may not be accurate for all ethnicity groups. The Manitoba bone density registry was used to test the Canadian CAROC tool for predicting fracture risk in Asian-Canadian women. The tool significantly over-estimated fracture risk, suggesting that it may not be ideal for Asian-Canadian patients. PURPOSE Health risk prediction tools based on largely White populations may lead to treatment inequity when applied to non-White populations where outcome rates differ. We examined the calibration of the Canadian Association of Radiologists-Osteoporosis Canada (CAROC) fracture risk prediction tool in self-identified Asian-Canadian women. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of women over age 50 using the Manitoba BMD Registry. At first BMD, the intake questionnaire collected self-identification of ethnicity and fracture risk factors. 10-year fracture risk was estimated using CAROC and categorized into low, medium, or high fracture risk. Linked administrative databases identified incident osteoporotic fractures. Observed fracture rates were compared between White and Asian-Canadians and compared to the original CAROC risk stratification. RESULTS There were 63,632 and 1703 women who self-identified as White-Canadian or Asian-Canadian, respectively, covering approximately 600,000 patient-years follow-up. There were 6588 incident fractures; a similar percentage of patients were assigned to each risk stratum at baseline by CAROC. A progressive rise in 10-year observed fracture rates occurred for each CAROC stratum in the White-Canadian population but much lower fracture rates than predicted in Asian-Canadian patients (p < 0.001). Fracture incidence rate ratios were 1.9-2.6 fold higher in White- vs Asian-Canadian patients for all strata (p < 0.001). In the CAROC moderate and high-risk categories, observed fracture rates in Asian-Canadian patients were typically lower than predicted, indicating poor model calibration. CONCLUSION In Asian-Canadian women, observed osteoporosis fracture rates are lower than predicted when using the CAROC tool. Over-estimation of fracture risk may influence shared decision-making discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Kline
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 1820 Richmond Rd SW, Calgary, AB, T2T 5C7, Canada.
| | - Lisa M Lix
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Suzanne N Morin
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - William D Leslie
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Radiology, Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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18
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Abstract
Glucocorticoid use is ubiquitous and is associated with multiple adverse reactions. Among them, osteoporosis and bone fractures are of our concern. In this review, we present current evidence on the effect of glucocorticoids on bone mineral density and the risk of fractures, the mechanisms underlying those effects, and the recommendations for monitoring and treating patients who take them. The bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and total hip is lower, and the risk of fractures is higher in glucocorticoid users than non-users. These effects have a rapid onset, are dose-dependent, and improve soon after discontinuation of glucocorticoids. They also appear to occur even with non-systemic routes of administration and with low doses. Glucocorticoids reduce bone mineral density by increasing osteoclast activity and decreasing osteoblast and osteocyte activity. Calcium metabolism and parathyroid hormone activity are less important than was initially thought. Treatment decisions are on risk stratification using clinical, radiographic, and prediction tools. Our armamentarium for the treatment and prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis includes calcium and vitamin D, bisphosphonates, recombinant parathyroid hormone, monoclonal antibodies against receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, and hormone treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Urquiaga
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Kenneth G Saag
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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Abtahi S, Cordtz R, Dreyer L, Driessen JHM, Boonen A, Burden AM. Biological Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs and Osteoporotic Fracture Risk in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Danish Cohort Study. Am J Med 2022; 135:879-888.e3. [PMID: 35134369 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clinical trials have shown a beneficial effect from biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) on hand or axial bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; however, it is unclear if this translates to a reduced fracture risk. We investigated the effect of bDMARDs on osteoporotic fracture risk compared to no biological treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS A cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis aged 18+ from DANBIO was linked to population-based health registries in Denmark (2006-2016). Adopting a prevalent new-user design, we matched bDMARD users to bDMARD-naïve patients using time-conditional propensity scores. The risk of incident osteoporotic fractures (including hip, vertebrae, humerus, and forearm) was estimated among the matched patients by Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Out of 24,678 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 4265 bDMARD users were matched to the same number of bDMARD-naïve patients (mean age 56.2 years, 74% female). During follow-up, 229 osteoporotic fractures occurred among bDMARD users and 205 fractures among bDMARD-naïve patients (incidence rates 12.1 and 13.0 per 1000 person-years, respectively). The use of bDMARDs was not associated with a reduced risk of osteoporotic fractures among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (hazard ratio 0.97, 95% confidence interval 0.78-1.20), compared with no biological treatment. The risk estimates were similar for all osteoporotic fracture sites. CONCLUSION We found no independent beneficial effect from using bDMARDs on reducing the risk of osteoporotic fractures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Abtahi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - René Cordtz
- Departments of Clinical Medicine and Rheumatology, Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Dreyer
- Departments of Clinical Medicine and Rheumatology, Aalborg University and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; DANBIO - The Danish Rheumatologic Database, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanna H M Driessen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Annelies Boonen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea M Burden
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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20
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Herath M, Langdahl B, Ebeling PR, Milat F. Challenges in the diagnosis and management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in younger and older adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 96:460-474. [PMID: 34811782 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucocorticoids constitute a considerable risk for developing osteoporosis in both younger and older adults. However, currently available bone imaging modalities and fracture-risk assessment tools do not adequately capture the dramatic changes in bone microarchitecture, heterogeneity of glucocorticoid exposure, the impact of chronic disease and other osteoporosis risk factors on the assessment of osteoporosis in these individuals. DESIGN A narrative review is presented, following a systematic search of the literature from 2000 to 2021. RESULTS Our current appreciation of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) is focused on older populations, with limited evidence to guide the investigation, risk assessment and treatment in premenopausal women and men less than 50 years. The impact of the underlying chronic disease on secondary osteoporosis in these younger adults is also poorly understood. CONCLUSION Through this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive overview of and recommendations for optimising the management of this common cause of secondary osteoporosis younger and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuni Herath
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bente Langdahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter R Ebeling
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frances Milat
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Lupsa BC, Insogna KL, Micheletti RG, Caplan A. Corticosteroid use in chronic dermatologic disorders and osteoporosis. Int J Womens Dermatol 2022; 7:545-551. [PMID: 35024411 PMCID: PMC8721058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is a frequently encountered and serious side effect of glucocorticoid use. Bone loss leading to an increased risk for fracture occurs early in the use of glucocorticoids, yet patients at risk for this complication are often undertreated. All physicians prescribing glucocorticoids should therefore be familiar with a basic approach to anticipating and preventing GIOP when starting patients on glucocorticoid therapy. This manuscript and its case vignettes are designed to help dermatologists assess and manage bone health to prevent GIOP in patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice C Lupsa
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Karl L Insogna
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert G Micheletti
- Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Avrom Caplan
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York, New York
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22
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Oelzner P, Eidner T, Pfeil A. [Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis-Focus treatment (part 1)]. Z Rheumatol 2022; 81:57-66. [PMID: 34994812 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-021-01127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
With a fracture prevalence of 30-50%, glucocorticoid (GC)-induced osteoporosis is one of the most important comorbidities in inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Because of a reduction of bone quality with a lack of correlation with bone mineral density, the fracture risk during long-term GC treatment is not sufficiently represented by the currently available methods of osteodensitometry and therefore underestimated. According to the Confederation for Osteology (DVO) guidelines, a baseline osteological diagnosis including osteodensitometry is indicated in all postmenopausal women and in men aged 60 years and older who receive or are scheduled to receive GC at a dose of ≥ 2.5 mg prednisolone equivalent/day for > 3 months. Basic measures in GC-treated patients include vitamin D and calcium supplementation as well as measures to promote muscle strength and coordination and to prevent falls. The indications for a specific osteological treatment depend on the calculated GC dose, age, sex, and other fracture risk factors in addition to bone mineral density and prevalent fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Oelzner
- Funktionsbereich Rheumatologie und Osteologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Deutschland.
| | - T Eidner
- Funktionsbereich Rheumatologie und Osteologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
| | - A Pfeil
- Funktionsbereich Rheumatologie und Osteologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
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23
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Laurent MR, Goemaere S, Verroken C, Bergmann P, Body JJ, Bruyère O, Cavalier E, Rozenberg S, Lapauw B, Gielen E. Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis in Adults: Consensus Recommendations From the Belgian Bone Club. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:908727. [PMID: 35757436 PMCID: PMC9219603 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.908727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are effective immunomodulatory drugs used for many inflammatory disorders as well as in transplant recipients. However, both iatrogenic and endogenous glucocorticoid excess are also associated with several side effects including an increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is a common secondary cause of osteoporosis in adults. Despite availability of clear evidence and international guidelines for the prevention of GIOP, a large treatment gap remains. In this narrative review, the Belgian Bone Club (BBC) updates its 2006 consensus recommendations for the prevention and treatment of GIOP in adults. The pathophysiology of GIOP is multifactorial. The BBC strongly advises non-pharmacological measures including physical exercise, smoking cessation and avoidance of alcohol abuse in all adults at risk for osteoporosis. Glucocorticoids are associated with impaired intestinal calcium absorption; the BBC therefore strongly recommend sufficient calcium intake and avoidance of vitamin D deficiency. We recommend assessment of fracture risk, taking age, sex, menopausal status, prior fractures, glucocorticoid dose, other clinical risk factors and bone mineral density into account. Placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of alendronate, risedronate, zoledronate, denosumab and teriparatide in GIOP. We suggest monitoring by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and vertebral fracture identification one year after glucocorticoid initiation. The trabecular bone score might be considered during DXA monitoring. Extended femur scans might be considered at the time of DXA imaging in glucocorticoid users on long-term (≥ 3 years) antiresorptive therapy. Bone turnover markers may be considered for monitoring treatment with anti-resorptive or osteoanabolic drugs in GIOP. Although the pathophysiology of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-induced osteoporosis extends beyond GIOP alone, the BBC recommends similar evaluation, prevention, treatment and follow-up principles in these patients. Efforts to close the treatment gap in GIOP and implement available effective fracture prevention strategies into clinical practice in primary, secondary and tertiary care are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël R. Laurent
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Geriatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Geriatrics, Imelda Hospital, Bonheiden, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Michaël R. Laurent,
| | - Stefan Goemaere
- Unit for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Verroken
- Unit for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre Bergmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Body
- Department of Medicine, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Bruyère
- WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Ageing, Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Serge Rozenberg
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Lapauw
- Unit for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Gielen
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Geriatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Gerontology and Geriatrics section, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Leipe J, Holle JU, Weseloh C, Pfeil A, Krüger K. German Society of Rheumatology recommendations for management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Z Rheumatol 2021; 80:49-63. [PMID: 34705070 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-021-01025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids are of substantial therapeutic importance in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, but are also associated with bone mineral density loss, osteoporosis, and fractures, especially with long-term use. OBJECTIVE To develop recommendations for the management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) in adult patients on long-term glucocorticoid (GC) treatment. METHODS A systematic literature search (SLR) was conducted to synthesize the evidence for GIOP prevention and treatment options. Recommendations were developed based on SLR/level of evidence and by previously defined questions and in a structured group consensus process. RESULTS Recommendations include supplementation with calcium and vitamin D under long-term GC therapy in adults. If specific osteologic treatment is indicated, we recommend bisphosphonates or denosumab as first-line treatment. If fracture risk is high, we recommend teriparatide as primary specific osteologic treatment. Denosumab should be used in cases of severe renal insufficiency, and specific osteologic treatment should not be given in pregnancy. For patients who have not reached the treatment goal, a switch to another class of specific osteologic drugs should be performed. We recommend re-evaluation after a treatment duration of 3-5 years or after termination of long-term GC treatment. CONCLUSION This work aims to provide evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations for the best possible management of GIOP in Germany and to support treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Leipe
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine V, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Julia U Holle
- Rheumazentrum Schleswig-Holstein Mitte, Neumünster, Germany
| | - Christiane Weseloh
- German Society of Rheumatology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Rheumatologie, DGRh), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Pfeil
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Krüger
- Rheumatologisches Praxiszentrum München, Munich, Germany
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Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis and Risk Factors for New Vertebral Fractures in Female Patients with Autoimmune Diseases. J Osteoporos 2021; 2021:5515653. [PMID: 34733465 PMCID: PMC8560280 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5515653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the compliance of physicians with the 2014 guidelines of the Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research, for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid (GC) induced osteoporosis (GIO) and to investigate the risk of fracture and other associated risk factors in bisphosphonate-treated patients. We evaluated 90 female patients with nonrheumatoid arthritis autoimmune diseases who received long-term GC treatment (≥12 months). Clinical characteristics, including age, GC dose, history of fragility fractures, osteoporosis treatments, as well as lumbar (L2-L4) and femoral neck bone mineral density, were collected from the patients' medical charts. New vertebral fractures during the study period were evaluated using thoracic and lumbar spine radiographs by quantitative measurements. The GIO score was calculated for each patient according to 2014 Japanese guidelines. Of the 90 patients evaluated, 60 were indicated for osteoporosis treatment, based on the 2014 guidelines of Japan. We observed a high compliance rate, with 93% of patients receiving osteoporosis treatment and 50% receiving bisphosphonates. In total, eight patients developed new vertebral fractures during the study, six of whom received bisphosphonates. In bisphosphonate-treated patients, fracture risk was associated with GC treatment and a lack of active vitamin D3 supplementation. The compliance rate with the updated Japanese 2014 guidelines at our institution was very high. Large randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm our findings that suggest that active vitamin D3 should be used in combination with bisphosphonates for the treatment of GIO to reduce fracture risk.
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26
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Jackson RD. Topical Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis-Cumulative Dose and Duration Matter. JAMA Dermatol 2021; 157:269-270. [PMID: 33471024 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.4967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca D Jackson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
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Garelick D, Pinto SM, Farinha F, Pires T, Khan E, Isenberg D. Fracture risk in systemic lupus erythematosus patients over 28 years. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:2765-2772. [PMID: 33221918 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic glucocorticoid use is complicated by osteoporosis and increases the risk of fragility fractures. EULAR guidelines on SLE management recommend reducing chronic glucocorticoid dosage to ≤7.5 mg/day to minimize this risk. We examined the relationship of glucocorticoid dose to fragility fracture risk in a cohort of SLE patients. METHODS Retrospective analysis of SLE patients attending University College Hospital over 28 years was undertaken. Collected data included consecutive steroid dose, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans and fragility fractures. RESULTS We collected data on 250 patients with a median of 17 years' follow-up. Fragility fractures were diagnosed in 28 (11.2%) patients and the mean ± s.d. age of first fracture was 51 ± 16 years. A total of 94% received glucocorticoids, the average dose being 6.20 mg/day. Patients with fragility fractures had a lower average daily dose (5.36 vs 6.23 mg/day) but a higher median cumulative dose (25.19 vs 20.96 g). These differences were not significant (P = 0.127 and 0.229, respectively). Some 93% of patients received vitamin D, and 85% received calcium. Cox regression analysis showed older age at SLE diagnosis, osteoporosis and secondary hyperparathyroidism were associated with fragility fractures. Glucocorticoid dose was not significantly associated with the occurrence of fragility fractures. Twenty-two patients with fractures were treated with bisphosphonates, two with denosumab and two with teriparatide. CONCLUSIONS We found no significant association between glucocorticoid treatment and fragility fractures in our group of patients; however, a prospective study including more patients not treated with CS would be necessary to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Garelick
- Rheumatology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Filipa Farinha
- Rheumatology Department, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tatiana Pires
- Serviço de Medicina 1, Hospital de Santo André, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Emon Khan
- Rheumatology Department, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - David Isenberg
- Rheumatology Department, University College London Hospital, London, UK
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Leipe J, Holle JU, Weseloh C, Pfeil A, Krüger K. [German Society of Rheumatology Recommendations for the management of glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis. German version]. Z Rheumatol 2021; 80:670-687. [PMID: 34357436 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-021-01028-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids are of substantial therapeutic importance in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, but are also associated with bone mineral density loss, osteoporosis, and fractures, especially with long-term use. OBJECTIVE To develop recommendations for the management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) in adult patients on long-term glucocorticoid (GC) treatment. METHODS A systematic literature search (SLR) was conducted to synthesize the evidence for GIOP prevention and treatment options. Recommendations were developed based on SLR/level of evidence and by previously defined questions and in a structured group consensus process. RESULTS Recommendations include supplementation with calcium and vitamin D under long-term GC therapy in adults. If specific osteologic treatment is indicated, we recommend bisphosphonates or denosumab as first-line treatment. If fracture risk is high, we recommend teriparatide as primary specific osteologic treatment. Denosumab should be used in cases of severe renal insufficiency, and specific osteologic treatment should not be given in pregnancy. For patients who have not reached the treatment goal, a switch to another class of specific osteologic drugs should be performed. We recommend re-evaluation after a treatment duration of 3-5 years or after termination of long-term GC treatment. CONCLUSION This work aims to provide evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations for the best possible management of GIOP in Germany and to support treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Leipe
- Sektion Rheumatologie, Medizinische Klinik V, Universitätskrankenhaus Mannheim, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Deutschland. .,Sektion Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Medizinische Klinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland.
| | - Julia U Holle
- Rheumazentrum Schleswig-Holstein Mitte, Neumünster, Deutschland
| | | | - Alexander Pfeil
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Funktionsbereich Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
| | - Klaus Krüger
- Rheumatologisches Praxiszentrum München, München, Deutschland
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Abtahi S, Driessen JHM, Burden AM, Souverein PC, van den Bergh JP, van Staa TP, Boonen A, de Vries F. Low-dose oral glucocorticoid therapy and risk of osteoporotic fractures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:1448-1458. [PMID: 34255815 PMCID: PMC8996777 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Clinical trials have shown that low-dose glucocorticoid therapy in patients with RA reduces bone loss in hands or hip, but the effect on osteoporotic fractures is not yet clear. Therefore, we investigated the use of low-dose oral glucocorticoids and risk of osteoporotic fractures among patients with RA. Methods This was a cohort study including patients with RA aged 50+ years from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink between 1997 and 2017. Exposure to oral glucocorticoids was stratified by the most recent prescription in current (<6 months), recent (7–12 months) and past (>1 year) use, and average daily and cumulative doses. Risk of incident osteoporotic fractures (including hip, vertebrae, humerus, forearm, pelvis and ribs) was estimated by time-dependent Cox proportional-hazards models, adjusted for lifestyle parameters, comorbidities and comedications. Secondary analyses assessed osteoporotic fracture risk with a combination of average daily and cumulative doses of oral glucocorticoids. Results Among 15 123 patients with RA (mean age 68.8 years, 68% females), 1640 osteoporotic fractures occurred. Current low-dose oral glucocorticoid therapy (≤7.5 mg prednisolone equivalent dose/day) in patients with RA was not associated with overall risk of osteoporotic fractures (adjusted hazard ratio 1.14, 95% CI 0.98, 1.33) compared with past glucocorticoid use, but was associated with an increased risk of clinical vertebral fracture (adjusted hazard ratio 1.59, 95% CI 1.11, 2.29). Results remained unchanged regardless of a short-term or a long-term use of oral glucocorticoids. Conclusion Clinicians should be aware that even in RA patients who receive low daily glucocorticoid doses, the risk of clinical vertebral fracture is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Abtahi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna H M Driessen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea M Burden
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick C Souverein
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joop P van den Bergh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, VieCuri Medical Center, Venlo, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Tjeerd P van Staa
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Centre for Health Informatics, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Annelies Boonen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank de Vries
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,MRC Epidemiology Lifecourse Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Evaluation of care delivery by a novel multidisciplinary bone health clinic for patients at risk of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arch Osteoporos 2021; 16:108. [PMID: 34347188 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-021-00979-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is a common condition associated with increased risk for fracture. Many patients receive suboptimal care. We created a novel GIOP clinic model which successfully fills a gap in osteoporosis care by providing multidisciplinary intervention in key components of GIOP preventive care to an underserved patient population. INTRODUCTION This study characterizes the patient population referred to our novel glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) clinic and evaluates how well the clinic performed in addressing key components of GIOP preventive care. METHODS This population-based prospective cohort study derives data from patients reviewed at the University of Alberta Multidisciplinary Bone Health Clinic from January 2017 to September 2019. To create our clinic model, key components of GIOP preventive care were summarized based on current guidelines, and clear responsibilities were delegated to each multidisciplinary team member. A REDCap database was constructed, and each patient's multidisciplinary assessment was entered at each visit. Demographic and treatment data was extracted from our database. RESULTS The clinic was able to achieve optimal GIOP preventive care in 60.1% of patients and in 78.7% of patients when excluding wait time. Of the 245 GIOP patients assessed, over half were females (56.7%) and the mean age was 56.7 years (range 16-95 years). Referrals were primarily made by specialists. Low-trauma fractures were reported in 24.9% of patients and 95.5% of patients had a baseline dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The mean current daily prednisone-equivalent dose was 14.1 mg. All patients received a recommendation for pharmacotherapy (100%) and the majority received counseling on vitamin D (98.8%), calcium (97.8%), smoking cessation (98.8%), alcohol reduction (98.4%), falls prevention (88.6%), and exercise (85.3%). CONCLUSION Our novel GIOP clinic model successfully fills a gap in osteoporosis care by providing multidisciplinary intervention in key components of GIOP preventive care to an underserved patient population. Further studies are required to assess the real-world long-term outcomes of our model.
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Fuji S, Byrne M, Nagler A, Mohty M, Savani BN. How we can mitigate the side effects associated with systemic glucocorticoid after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2021; 56:1248-1256. [PMID: 33514922 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-020-01205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a potentially curative treatment for patients with a hematologic disease. Although the clinical outcomes after allo-HCT have significantly improved during the last few decades, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is still a major cause of post-HCT morbidity and mortality. Systemic glucocorticoids (GC) remain an integral part of treatment in patients with GVHD including both acute and chronic GVHD. Although it is well-known that usage of systemic GC is associated with various side effects, the short- and long-term effects of GCs in the HCT setting are not well-characterized due to limited published data. In order to clarify this issue, we summarize the information on side effects associated with GCs, focusing specifically on the sequelae of these agents in the early post-HCT period. In instances where limited data are available, we included data from other fields such as autoimmune diseases, given the potential parallels between autoimmune conditions and GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Fuji
- Department of Hematology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Michael Byrne
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Section, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Division, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mohamad Mohty
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hopital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne University, INSERM UMRs 938, Paris, France
| | - Bipin N Savani
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Section, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Abtahi S, Driessen JHM, Burden AM, Souverein PC, van den Bergh JP, van Staa TP, Boonen A, de Vries F. Concomitant use of oral glucocorticoids and proton pump inhibitors and risk of osteoporotic fractures among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:423-431. [PMID: 33310727 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) commonly use oral glucocorticoids (GCs) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), both associated with osteoporotic fractures. We investigated the association between concomitant use of oral GCs and PPIs and the risk of osteoporotic fractures among patients with RA. METHODS This was a cohort study including patients with RA aged 50+ years from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink between 1997 and 2017. Exposure to oral GCs and PPIs was stratified by the most recent prescription as current use (<6 months), recent use (7-12 months) and past use (>1 year); average daily and cumulative dose; and duration of use. The risk of incident osteoporotic fractures (including hip, vertebrae, humerus, forearm, pelvis and ribs) was estimated by time-dependent Cox proportional-hazards models, statistically adjusted for lifestyle parameters, comorbidities and comedications. RESULTS Among 12 351 patients with RA (mean age of 68 years, 69% women), 1411 osteoporotic fractures occurred. Concomitant current use of oral GCs and PPIs was associated with a 1.6-fold increased risk of osteoporotic fractures compared with non-use (adjusted HR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.35 to 1.89). This was statistically different from a 1.2-fold increased osteoporotic fracture risk associated with oral GC or PPI use alone. Most individual fracture sites were significantly associated with concomitant use of oral GCs and PPIs. Among concomitant users, fracture risk did not increase with higher daily dose or duration of PPI use. CONCLUSIONS There was an interaction in the risk of osteoporotic fractures with concomitant use of oral GCs and PPIs. Fracture risk assessment could be considered when a patient with RA is co-prescribed oral GCs and PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Abtahi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna H M Driessen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea M Burden
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick C Souverein
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joop P van den Bergh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, VieCuri Medical Centre, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Tjeerd P van Staa
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Health Informatics, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Annelies Boonen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank de Vries
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- MRC Epidemiology Lifecourse Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Messina OD, Vidal LF, Wilman MV, Bultink IEM, Raterman HG, Lems W. Management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:793-804. [PMID: 33751462 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-021-01823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Long-term glucocorticoid (GC) therapy is frequently indicated to treat autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases in daily clinical practice. Two of the most devastating untoward effects are bone loss and fractures. Doses as low as 2.5 mg of prednisone for more than 3 months can impair bone integrity. Population at risk is defined based on the dose and duration of GC therapy and should be stratified according to FRAX (Fracture Risk Assessment Tool), major osteoporotic fracture, prior fractures, and bone mineral density values (BMD). General measures include to prescribe the lowest dose of GC to control the underlying disease for the shortest possible time, maintain adequate vitamin D levels and calcium intake, maintain mobility, and prescribe a bone acting agent in patients at high risk of fracture. These agents include oral and intravenous bisphosphonates, denosumab, and teriparatide.
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Hayes KN, Baschant U, Hauser B, Burden AM, Winter EM. When to Start and Stop Bone-Protecting Medication for Preventing Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:782118. [PMID: 34975756 PMCID: PMC8715727 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.782118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) leads to fractures in up to 40% of patients with chronic glucocorticoid (GC) therapy when left untreated. GCs rapidly increase fracture risk, and thus many patients with anticipated chronic GC exposures should start anti-osteoporosis pharmacotherapy to prevent fractures. In addition to low awareness of the need for anti-osteoporosis therapy among clinicians treating patients with GCs, a major barrier to prevention of fractures from GIOP is a lack of clear guideline recommendations on when to start and stop anti-osteoporosis treatment in patients with GC use. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize current evidence and provide considerations for the duration of anti-osteoporosis treatment in patients taking GCs based on pre-clinical, clinical, epidemiologic, and pharmacologic evidence. We review the pathophysiology of GIOP, outline current guideline recommendations on initiating and stopping anti-osteoporosis therapy for GIOP, and present considerations for the duration of anti-osteoporosis treatment based on existing evidence. In each section, we illustrate major points through a patient case example. Finally, we conclude with proposed areas for future research and emerging areas of interest related to GIOP clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleen N. Hayes
- Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Ulrike Baschant
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ulrike Baschant,
| | - Barbara Hauser
- Rheumatic Disease Unit, Western General Hospital, National Health Service (NHS) Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Rheumatology and Bone Disease Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea M. Burden
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH)] Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth M. Winter
- Center for Bone Quality, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Chiodini I, Falchetti A, Merlotti D, Eller Vainicher C, Gennari L. Updates in epidemiology, pathophysiology and management strategies of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2020; 15:283-298. [PMID: 32584619 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2020.1772051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endogenous or exogenous (corticosteroid-induced) glucocorticoids (GCs) excess represents, together with diabetes, the most common cause of secondary osteoporosis. AREAS COVERED We present a comprehensive overview about the pathophysiology, clinical management and treatment of GCs induced osteoporosis (GIOP). According to PRISMA guidelines, a literature search identifying articles about bone and GCs was done. EXPERT OPINION Despite the progress over the years and the increase in therapeutic options, there still are controversial issues about the management of GIOP. These mainly include the failure of BMD or FRAX to completely account for the rapid increase in fracture risk of most GC-treated patients, the understanding about the independent contribution on bone fragility of the underlying disease requiring GCs therapy, and the necessity of clearer information about the anti-fracture efficacy and long term-safety of most therapeutic options. Moreover, there are no specific indications for the management of bone fragility in endogenous hypercortisolism. Notwithstanding the above limitations there is a general consensus to recommend an assessment of fracture risk in all individuals >40 years committed to receive (or continuing) high dose (>7.5 mg of prednisone equivalent) GCs for ≥3 months and in all patients with fragility fracture history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Chiodini
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Unit for Bone Metabolism Diseases and Diabetes & Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Milan , Italy
| | - Alberto Falchetti
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Unit for Bone Metabolism Diseases and Diabetes & Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Milan , Italy
| | - Daniela Merlotti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena , Italy
| | - Cristina Eller Vainicher
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Units, Department of Medical Sciences and Community, Fondazione Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS , Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Gennari
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena , Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Steroid-induced osteoporosis or glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is a common form of secondary osteoporosis and is a cause of increased morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of GIOP includes decreased bone formation and increased bone resorption. Clinicians can rely on several effective medications for the treatment and prevention of GIOP, including antiresorptive drugs (i.e. bisphosphonates) and bone anabolic drugs (i.e. teriparatide). RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have further highlighted that GIOP is a major public health concern and have provided new insights on the pathogenesis of GIOP, in particular, the dose-dependent effects of glucocorticoids on bone. New evidence on the real-world effectiveness of established GIOP therapies have been recently published as well as the results of the 24-months denosumab randomized controlled trial in GIOP. SUMMARY GIOP and fragility fractures are important adverse events related to the long-term use of glucocorticoids. Recent studies have provided additional data on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of GIOP and on the efficacy and effectiveness of GIOP therapies.
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Oortgiesen BE, Driessen JHM, Hoogendoorn M, Kibbelaar RE, Veeger NJGM, van den Bergh JPW, Vestergaard P, de Vries F, van Roon EN. No decrease in fracture risk despite 15 years of treatment evolution for multiple myeloma patients: A Danish nationwide case-control study. Bone 2020; 134:115299. [PMID: 32097762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE While treatment strategies for multiple myeloma have evolved radically over the last decades, little is known about the risk of fractures for symptomatic multiple myeloma patients over time. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of different treatment periods (1996-2000, 2001-2006 and 2007-2011) on the risk of fractures in patients with multiple myeloma. METHODS This retrospective case-control study included patients with multiple myeloma in Denmark, using the Danish National Health Service. Cases were defined as patients who had sustained a fracture between 1996 and 2011, and controls were those without a fracture. Exposure was defined as an ICD code for multiple myeloma. Vertebral fractures, gender, and age were considered in secondary analyses. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odd ratios (ORs) of fracture risk, and the analyses were adjusted for comorbidities and recent drug use. RESULTS The study population consisted of 925,341 cases, and the same number of matched controls, of whom 1334 patients with multiple myeloma. Among cases, the risk of any fracture was higher in multiple myeloma patients compared to patients without multiple myeloma (any fracture: ORadj[95% CI] 1996-2000: 1.7[1.3-2.3]; 2001-2006: 1.3[1.1-1.6]; 2007-2011: 1.7[1.4-2.2]). Although fractures were mainly non-vertebral, the risk of vertebral fractures in particular was higher in multiple myeloma patients (vertebral fracture: ORadj[95% CI] 1996-2000: 3.5[1.4-8.6]; 2001-2006: 4.0[1.9-8.2]; 2007-2011: 3.0[1.6-5.7]). CONCLUSIONS Despite new treatment strategies and improved supportive care, this study showed no decreased fracture risk for multiple myeloma patients over time. New treatment strategies, even if they have a positive impact on overall survival, offer no guarantee for a corresponding reduction in bone lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berdien E Oortgiesen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
| | - Johanna H M Driessen
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mels Hoogendoorn
- Department of Hematology, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Robby E Kibbelaar
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Friesland, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Nic J G M Veeger
- Department of Epidemiology, MCL Academy, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joop P W van den Bergh
- Department of Internal Medicine, VieCuri Medical Center, Venlo, the Netherlands; Biomedical Research Centre, Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Subdivision Rheumatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Vestergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Frank de Vries
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; MRC Epidemiology Lifecourse Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Eric N van Roon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Chiodini I, Merlotti D, Falchetti A, Gennari L. Treatment options for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:721-732. [PMID: 32004105 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1721467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucocorticoid (GC) induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is the most common form of secondary osteoporosis. It develops in a dose and time dependent manner, due to a rapid and transient increase in bone resorption, followed by the inhibition of bone formation. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors summarize the pathophysiology of GIOP and give discussion to the clinical management of patients taking GCs, focusing on the currently available drugs that have antiresorptive or anabolic activity on bone. EXPERT OPINION Despite the widespread use of GCs and their well-established detrimental skeletal effects, GIOP remains an under-diagnosed and under-treated condition. Indeed, the clinical management of GIOP is still debated, so that the recent guidelines differ in their indications for pharmacological intervention. Either bone mineral density (BMD) or algorithms such as FRAX do not completely account for the remarkable and rapid increase in fracture risk of most GC-treated patients. Moreover, while oral bisphosphonates remain the most used and cost-effective option, the potential increased benefits of more potent antiresorptive agents (e.g. denosumab and zoledronate) or anabolic compounds (e.g. teriparatide) warrant further investigation. Despite the above limitations, the assessment of fracture risk is recommended for all individuals committed to receiving oral GCs for 3 months or longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Chiodini
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Unit for Bone Metabolism Diseases and Diabetes & Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research , Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Merlotti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena , Italy
| | - Alberto Falchetti
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Unit for Bone Metabolism Diseases and Diabetes & Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research , Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Gennari
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena , Italy
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Adami G, Saag KG. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: 2019 concise clinical review. Osteoporos Int 2019; 30:1145-1156. [PMID: 30805679 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-019-04906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids remain widely used for many medical conditions, and fractures are the most serious common adverse event related to long-term glucocorticoid use. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) develops in a time- and dose-dependent manner, but even at low doses, an increased risk of fragility fracture may be observed even within the first month of treatment. GIOP is mediated by multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms resulting in an inhibition of bone formation and an increase in bone resorption. The clinical assessment of GIOP has potential pitfalls since dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) may underestimate the risk of fracture in patients treated with glucocorticoids. Many national organizations have developed guidelines for assessing fracture risk and treating patients with, or at risk for, GIOP. These groups advocate both antiresorptive agents and bone-forming agents based predominately on their efficacy in improving bone mineral density. Oral bisphosphonates are generally the first-line therapy for GIOP in most patients due to their proven efficacy, good safety, and low cost. For those patients at greater risk of fracture, teriparatide should be considered earlier, based on its ability to significantly reduce vertebral fractures when compared with alendronate. GIOP remains a major public health concern that is at least partially preventable with current and potential future therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Adami
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 510 20th Street South, Faculty Office Tower 820D, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Verona, Pz Scuro 10, 37135, Verona, Italy
| | - K G Saag
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 510 20th Street South, Faculty Office Tower 820D, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Adami G, Saag KG. Osteoporosis Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, and Screening in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2019; 21:34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-019-0836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jagpal A, Saag KG. Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis: Update on Management. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40674-018-0105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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