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Huang J, Wen Y, Yang T, Song H, Meyboom R, Yang X, Teng L, Duez P, Zhang L. Safety and efficacy evaluation of Simo decoction and Arecae semen in herbal medicine practice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31373. [PMID: 38841513 PMCID: PMC11152707 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The traditional Chinese patent medicine (TCPM), Simo decoction (Simo decoction oral solution), with its primary ingredient Arecae semen (Binglang, Areca catechu L.), known for its potential carcinogenic effects, is the subject of this study. The research aims to analyze the effectiveness and potential risks of Simo decoction, particularly as a carcinogen, and to suggest a framework for evaluating the risks and benefits of other herbal medicines. Methods The study is based on post-marketing research of Simo decoction and Arecae semen. It utilized a wide range of sources, including ancient and modern literature, focusing on the efficacy and safety of Simo decoction. The research includes retrospective data on the sources, varieties, and toxicological studies of Arecae semen from databases such as Pubmed, Clinical Trials, Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WHO-UMC Vigibase, and China National Center for ADR Monitoring. Results Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with Simo decoction include skin rash, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. However, no studies exist reporting the severe ADRs, such as carcinogenic effects. Arecae semen is distributed across approximately 60 varieties in tropical Asia and Australia. According to the WHO-UMC Vigibase and the National Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring System databases, there are currently no reports of toxicity related to Arecae semen in the International System for Classification of ADRs (ISCR) or clinical studies. Conclusion Risk-benefit analysis in TCPM presents more challenges compared to conventional drugs. The development of a practical pharmacovigilance system and risk-benefit analysis framework is crucial for marketing authorization holders, researchers, and regulatory bodies. This approach is vital for scientific supervision and ensuring the safety and efficacy of drug applications, thus protecting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukai Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, PR China
| | - Yalu Wen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Hepingli Hospital, PR China
| | - Tianyi Yang
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Haibo Song
- Center for Drug Reevaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ronald Meyboom
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, PR China
| | - Lida Teng
- Department of Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pierre Duez
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Université de Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
| | - Li Zhang
- Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, District 1, Fangxingyuan, Fangzhuang, Fengtai District, Beijing, PR China
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Ma J, Wei J, Chen G, Yan X, Sun H, Li N. Extracts of Thesium chinense inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and inflammation in vitro. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:1446-1453. [PMID: 37675874 PMCID: PMC10486283 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2253841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still spreading rapidly. Relevant research based on the antiviral effects of Thesium chinense Turcz (Santalaceae) was not found. OBJECTIVE To investigate the antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of extracts of T. chinense. MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate the anti-entry and replication effect of the ethanol extract of T. chinense (drug concentration 80, 160, 320, 640, 960 μg/mL) against the SARS-CoV-2. Remdesivir (20.74 μM) was used as positive control, and Vero cells were used as host cells to detect the expression level of nucleocapsid protein (NP) in the virus by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. RAW264.7 cells were used as an anti-inflammatory experimental model under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction, and the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The ethanol extract of T. chinense significantly inhibited the replication (half maximal effective concentration, EC50: 259.3 μg/mL) and entry (EC50: 359.1 μg/mL) of SARS-CoV-2 into Vero cells, and significantly reduced the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α produced by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Petroleum ether (EC50: 163.6 μg/mL), ethyl acetate (EC50: 22.92 μg/mL) and n-butanol (EC50: 56.8 μg/mL) extracts showed weak inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero cells, and reduced the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α produced by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSION T. chinense can be a potential candidate to fight SARS-CoV-2, and is becoming a traditional Chinese medicine candidate for treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Ma
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juanru Wei
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaowei Yan
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hechun Sun
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Wang MC. Natural plant resource flavonoids as potential therapeutic drugs for pulmonary fibrosis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19308. [PMID: 37664726 PMCID: PMC10470008 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is an enduring and advancing pulmonary interstitial disease caused by multiple factors that ultimately lead to structural changes in normal lung tissue. Currently, pulmonary fibrosis is a global disease with a high degree of heterogeneity and mortality rate. Nitidine and pirfenidone have been approved for treating pulmonary fibrosis, and the quest for effective therapeutic drugs remains unabated. In recent years, the anti-pulmonary fibrosis properties of natural flavonoids have garnered heightened attention, although further research is needed. In this paper, the resources, structural characteristics, anti-pulmonary fibrosis properties and mechanisms of natural flavonoids were reviewed. We hope to provide potential opportunities for the application of flavonoids in the fight against pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China
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4
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Xie J, Tan P, Geng F, Shang Q, Qin S, Hao L. A practical and rapid screening method for influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors based on fluorescence detection. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:547-556. [PMID: 36617368 PMCID: PMC9826620 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical method for rapid screening of influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors was established. The method is based on the principle that, given a certain amount of neuraminidase, the sample and the neuraminidase act in the microplate for a period of time, and the active neuraminidase that is not inhibited by the sample can generate a fluorescence value at a specific wavelength after binding to the substrate, and the rate of inhibition of neuraminidase by the sample can be calculated based on the actual detected fluorescence value. This newly developed method was used to screen and evaluate the in vitro anti-neuraminidase activity of 39 high-purity compounds contained in three traditional Chinese herbal medicines, and finally 25 compounds with strong activity were obtained. The newly established neuraminidase inhibitor analytical method has these advantages of practicality, rapidity, high sensitivity and low cost, and has a good value for promotion and application. This article newly establishes a rapid, sensitive, simple and practical screening method for influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors, which is a great complement to the existing methods and has a good promotion and application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation of TCM Quality of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Peng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation of TCM Quality of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Funeng Geng
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Medicinal American Cockroach, Sichuan Good Doctor Panxi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Qiang Shang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center of Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine Industrialization, Pengzhou, 611900, China
| | - Shanbo Qin
- Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation of TCM Quality of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lu Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation of TCM Quality of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Ding R, Yu L, Wang C, Zhong S, Gu R. Quality assessment of traditional Chinese medicine based on data fusion combined with machine learning: A review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-18. [PMID: 36966435 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2189477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
The authenticity and quality of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) directly impact clinical efficacy and safety. Quality assessment of traditional Chinese medicine (QATCM) is a global concern due to increased demand and shortage of resources. Recently, modern analytical technologies have been extensively investigated and utilized to analyze the chemical composition of TCM. However, a single analytical technique has some limitations, and judging the quality of TCM only from the characteristics of the components is not enough to reflect the overall view of TCM. Thus, the development of multi-source information fusion technology and machine learning (ML) has further improved QATCM. Data information from different analytical instruments can better understand the connection between herbal samples from multiple aspects. This review focuses on the use of data fusion (DF) and ML in QATCM, including chromatography, spectroscopy, and other electronic sensors. The common data structures and DF strategies are introduced, followed by ML methods, including fast-growing deep learning. Finally, DF strategies combined with ML methods are discussed and illustrated for research on applications such as source identification, species identification, and content prediction in TCM. This review demonstrates the validity and accuracy of QATCM-based DF and ML strategies and provides a reference for developing and applying QATCM methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianhui Yu
- Chengdu Pushi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenghui Wang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihong Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Gu
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Qi PX, Liu SS, Zhang P, Xie YQ, Yang ZY, Khan A, Liu L. (±)-Gentiovarisin A and gentiovarisin B, unusual secoiridoid dimer skeletons from gentiopicroside. Fitoterapia 2023; 164:105392. [PMID: 36526221 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gentiana scabra, a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been documented in Chinese Pharmacopoeia for the treatment of hepatitis. Its index component gentiopicroside could not be detected in the decoction, which suggested that the quality control of the TCM with this ingredient needs attention. The transformed products were obtained from gentiopicroside, mimicking the traditional process of G. scabra. Further investigation of the heat-transformed products yielded two secoiridoid dimers, gentiovarisin A (1) and B (2), with an unprecedented 6/6/6/6/6-fused pentacyclic skeletons. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and the absolute configurations of 1 were confirmed as (+)-1 and (-)-1 by ECD method. Plausible transformation pathways of the isolates were also proposed. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited in vitro hepatoprotective activity similar to gentiopicroside, while (+)-1 displayed a more potent hepatoprotective activity than N-Acetyl-L-cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Xing Qi
- Yunnan Yunzhong Institute of Nutrition and health, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- Yunnan Yunzhong Institute of Nutrition and health, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Yunnan Yunzhong Institute of Nutrition and health, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qing Xie
- Yunnan Yunzhong Institute of Nutrition and health, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu-Ya Yang
- Yunnan Yunzhong Institute of Nutrition and health, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Afsar Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Lu Liu
- Yunnan Yunzhong Institute of Nutrition and health, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China.
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Wang Y, Turvey ST, Leader‐Williams N. Global biodiversity conservation requires traditional Chinese medicine trade to be sustainable and well regulated. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:6847-6856. [PMID: 36074067 PMCID: PMC9826198 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is highlighted by conservation practitioners as an ongoing threat to many overharvested plant and animal species, including several charismatic threatened vertebrates. However, studies that provide evidence-based and practical recommendations on how to better regulate the TCM trade for sustainability and biodiversity conservation remain limited. China is the biggest promotor of and market for TCM and understanding the TCM trade in China is important for global biodiversity conservation. In particular, conservation researchers need to better understand how the TCM trade and its regulations interact with China's development needs and should collaborate with TCM communities to propose locally adapted suggestions to decision makers. However, progress in these areas has been restricted by language, cultural, and knowledge barriers. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current status of TCM-related regulations in China, identify weaknesses in regulation frameworks, and highlight issues that currently limit our understanding of the magnitude, dynamics, and impact of the trade. We propose changes in trade regulations, actions to enhance law enforcement, and future research directions to encourage a more sustainable TCM trade that benefits both global biodiversity conservation and TCM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifu Wang
- Department of GeographyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
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8
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Liu YQ, Zhou GB. Promising anticancer activities and mechanisms of action of active compounds from the medicinal herb Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun & Asch. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 106:154397. [PMID: 36084403 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun & Asch (C. minima) has been used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine to treat multiple diseases, including sinusitis, rhinitis, headache, and allergy. To date, the anticancer properties of C. minima have drawn considerable attention owing to the anticancer potential of C. minima extracts, the identification of active components, and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. However, the anticancer properties and significance of active components in C. minima have rarely been summarized. PURPOSE This review presents a comprehensive summary of the anticancer properties exhibited by active components of C. minima. METHODS An extensive search for published articles on the anticancer activities and active components of C. minima was performed using Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. RESULTS C. minima extracts exhibited both anticancer and chemosensitizing effects. Phytochemical studies have identified the active anticancer components of C. minima extracts. Sesquiterpene lactones, such as 6-O-angeloylplenolin (6-OAP, or brevilin A) and arnicolide D, have similar structures and anticancer mechanisms. As the most abundant sesquiterpene lactone in C. minima, 6-OAP exhibits anticancer activities mainly by targeting Skp1-Cullin1-F-box protein (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). Clinical trials have assessed the potential of 6-OAP in patients with vertex balding and alopecia areata, given its effect on JAK-STATs signaling. Chlorogenic acid, a representative organic acid in C. minima, reportedly possesses anticancer potential and inhibits tumor growth by affecting tumor microenvironment and has been approved for phase II clinical trials in patients with glioma in China. CONCLUSION In the present review, we highlight intriguing anticancer properties mediated by active compounds isolated from C. minima extracts, particularly sesquiterpene lactones, which might provide clues for developing novel anticancer drugs. Relevant clinical trials on chlorogenic acid and 6-OAP can promote anticancer clinical applications. Therefore, it is worth comprehensively elucidating underlying anticancer mechanisms and conducting clinical trials on C. minima and its active components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resources Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Dongguan Institute of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Guang-Biao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
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9
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Zhou Y, Yang J, He Y, Lv Y, Wang C, Deng H, Huang J. Characteristic analysis of clinical trials for new traditional Chinese medicines in mainland China from 2013 to 2021. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1008683. [PMID: 36330068 PMCID: PMC9622921 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1008683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Based on the clinical trials registered on the platform for the registry and publicity of clinical drug trials of the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), the registration and approval of clinical trials of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) in mainland China from 2013 to 2021 were reviewed. Methods Clinical trials of new TCMs published in Chinese were retrieved from the platform for the registry and publicity of clinical drug trials. The number of registered trials and approved trials, status of clinical trials, therapeutic area of clinical trials for the treatment of diseases, type of trial design, sample size, sponsors, and leading clinical trial centers were evaluated. Results From 2013 to 2021, a total of 965 clinical trials of new drugs applied in TCM were registered on the aforementioned NMPA platform, comprising 117 phase I trials, 586 phase II trials, 174 phase III trials, 40 phase IV trials, and 48 other clinical trials. The treatment fields included the respiratory system, alimentary tract and metabolism, genetic system and reproductive hormones, and cardiovascular system. Among the 760 phase II and phase III trials, 98.9% were randomized, 95.4% were double-blind, and 98.2% were parallel controlled trials, and the proportion of placebo-controlled trials increased year by year from 2013 to 2021. From 2013 to 2021, 123 new TCMs were approved in mainland China. Conclusion From 2015 to 2021, the number of registered clinical trials of new TCMs remained low. The approval rate was also low, but the clinical trial design was greatly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Zhou
- Science and Information Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchun He
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghua Lv
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- Information Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyong Deng
- Science and Information Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihan Huang
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Liang LJ, Wang D, Yu H, Wang J, Zhang H, Sun BB, Yang FY, Wang Z, Xie DW, Feng RE, Xu KF, Wang GZ, Zhou GB. Transcriptional regulation and small compound targeting of ACE2 in lung epithelial cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2895-2904. [PMID: 35468992 PMCID: PMC9035780 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of COVID-19 pathogen SARS-CoV-2, but the transcription factors (TFs) that regulate the expression of the gene encoding ACE2 (ACE2) have not been systematically dissected. In this study we evaluated TFs that control ACE2 expression, and screened for small molecule compounds that could modulate ACE2 expression to block SARS-CoV-2 from entry into lung epithelial cells. By searching the online datasets we found that 24 TFs might be ACE2 regulators with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) as the most significant one. In human normal lung tissues, the expression of ACE2 was positively correlated with phosphorylated Stat3 (p-Stat3). We demonstrated that Stat3 bound ACE2 promoter, and controlled its expression in 16HBE cells stimulated with interleukin 6 (IL-6). To screen for medicinal compounds that could modulate ACE2 expression, we conducted luciferase assay using HLF cells transfected with ACE2 promoter-luciferase constructs. Among the 64 compounds tested, 6-O-angeloylplenolin (6-OAP), a sesquiterpene lactone in Chinese medicinal herb Centipeda minima (CM), represented the most potent ACE2 repressor. 6-OAP (2.5 µM) inhibited the interaction between Stat3 protein and ACE2 promoter, thus suppressed ACE2 transcription. 6-OAP (1.25-5 µM) and its parental medicinal herb CM (0.125%-0.5%) dose-dependently downregulated ACE2 in 16HBE and Beas-2B cells; similar results were observed in the lung tissues of mice following administration of 6-OAP or CM for one month. In addition, 6-OAP/CM dose-dependently reduced IL-6 production and downregulated chemokines including CXCL13 and CX3CL1 in 16HBE cells. Moreover, we found that 6-OAP/CM inhibited the entry of SARS-CoV-2 S protein pseudovirus into target cells. These results suggest that 6-OAP/CM are ACE2 inhibitors that may potentially protect lung epithelial cells from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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11
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Li W, Sun LT, Zhao L, Yue XD, Dai SJ. New C 9 -Monoterpenoid Alkaloids Featuring a Rare Skeleton with Anti-Inflammatory and Antiviral Activities from Forsythia suspensa. Chem Biodivers 2021; 19:e202100668. [PMID: 34812586 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Forsyqinlingines C (1) and D (2), two C9 -monoterpenoid alkaloids bearing a rare skeleton, were isolated from the ripe fruits of Forsythia suspensa. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were fully elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data and ECD experiments. The plausible biogenetic pathway for compounds 1 and 2 was also proposed. In vitro, two C9 -monoterpenoid alkaloids showed anti-inflammatory activity performed by the inhibitory effect on the release of β-glucuronidase in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), as well as antiviral activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Li-Tong Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Dian Yue
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Jun Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
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Lyu M, Fan G, Xiao G, Wang T, Xu D, Gao J, Ge S, Li Q, Ma Y, Zhang H, Wang J, Cui Y, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Zhang B. Traditional Chinese medicine in COVID-19. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3337-3363. [PMID: 34567957 PMCID: PMC8450055 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread across the globe, posing an enormous threat to public health and safety. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), in combination with Western medicine (WM), has made important and lasting contributions in the battle against COVID-19. In this review, updated clinical effects and potential mechanisms of TCM, presented in newly recognized three distinct phases of the disease, are summarized and discussed. By integrating the available clinical and preclinical evidence, the efficacies and underlying mechanisms of TCM on COVID-19, including the highly recommended three Chinese patent medicines and three Chinese medicine formulas, are described in a panorama. We hope that this comprehensive review not only provides a reference for health care professionals and the public to recognize the significant contributions of TCM for COVID-19, but also serves as an evidence-based in-depth summary and analysis to facilitate understanding the true scientific value of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Guanwei Fan
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Guangxu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Taiyi Wang
- Oxford Chinese Medicine Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Dong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shaoqin Ge
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Qingling Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, the Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Yuling Ma
- Oxford Chinese Medicine Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yuanlu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Boli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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13
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Liu D, Zeng X, Ding Z, Lv F, Mehta JL, Wang X. Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Anti-COVID-19 Drugs. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:699949. [PMID: 34512335 PMCID: PMC8424204 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.699949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 infection is the cause of the ongoing global pandemic. Mortality from COVID-19 infection is particularly high in patients with cardiovascular diseases. In addition, COVID-19 patients with preexisting cardiovascular comorbidities have a higher risk of death. Main cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 are myocardial infarction, myocarditis, acute myocardial injury, arrhythmias, heart failure, stroke, and venous thromboembolism. Therapeutic interventions in terms of drugs for COVID-19 have many cardiac adverse effects. Here, we review the relative therapeutic efficacy and adverse effects of anti-COVID-19 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zufeng Ding
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Fenghua Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Xinxiang Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Weihui, China
| | - Jawahar L. Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Department of Cardiology, Xinxiang Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Weihui, China
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14
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Dong J, Wu H, Zhou D, Li K, Zhang Y, Ji H, Tong Z, Lou S, Liu Z. Application of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in COVID-19 Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Management Decisions in China. J Med Syst 2021; 45:84. [PMID: 34302549 PMCID: PMC8308073 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-021-01757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), spread rapidly and affected most of the world since its outbreak in Wuhan, China, which presents a major challenge to the emergency response mechanism for sudden public health events and epidemic prevention and control in all countries. In the face of the severe situation of epidemic prevention and control and the arduous task of social management, the tremendous power of science and technology in prevention and control has emerged. The new generation of information technology, represented by big data and artificial intelligence (AI) technology, has been widely used in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management of COVID-19 as an important basic support. Although the technology has developed, there are still challenges with respect to epidemic surveillance, accurate prevention and control, effective diagnosis and treatment, and timely judgement. The prevention and control of sudden infectious diseases usually depend on the control of infection sources, interruption of transmission channels and vaccine development. Big data and AI are effective technologies to identify the source of infection and have an irreplaceable role in distinguishing close contacts and suspicious populations. Advanced computational analysis is beneficial to accelerate the speed of vaccine research and development and to improve the quality of vaccines. AI provides support in automatically processing relevant data from medical images and clinical features, tests and examination findings; predicting disease progression and prognosis; and even recommending treatment plans and strategies. This paper reviews the application of big data and AI in the COVID-19 prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management decisions in China to explain how to apply big data and AI technology to address the common problems in the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the findings regarding the application of big data and AI technologies in sudden public health events lack validation of repeatability and universality, current studies in China have shown that the application of big data and AI is feasible in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. These studies concluded that the application of big data and AI technology can contribute to prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management decision making regarding sudden public health events in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Dong
- Medical Big Data Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Huiqun Wu
- Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Kaixiang Li
- Medical Big Data Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanpeng Zhang
- Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnical University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hanzhen Ji
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhuang Tong
- Medical Big Data Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Lou
- Jiangsu Zhongkang Software Co, Ltd, Nantong, China
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Medical Big Data Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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15
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Zhao L, Li W, Dai SJ, Liu RX, Xie ZP, Zhang SM, Yue XD. Alkaloids bearing rare skeletons from Forsythia suspensa with anti-inflammatory and anti-viral activities in vitro. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 186:112739. [PMID: 33773412 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Five alkaloids, including two previously undescribed alkaloids, named forsyshiyanines A and B, attributable to the rare skeletons 4b,5,6,7,8,8a,9,10-octahydrobenzo[f]quinoline and (6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[c]pyridin-7-yl)methyl, respectively, along with three known ones (3-5), were isolated from the ripe fruits of Forsythia suspensa. The chemical structures including absolute configurations of two undescribed compounds were established using integrated spectroscopic techniques, electronic circular dichroism calculations, and single-crystal x-ray diffraction analysis. In vitro, five alkaloids showed anti-inflammatory activities, with the inhibition rates of the release of β-glucuronidase from polymorphonuclear leukocytes of rats being in the range 47.9%-56.0% at a concentration of 10 μM. Moreover, five compounds exhibited anti-viral activities against influenza A virus and respiratory syncytial virus, with IC50 values in the range of 7.3-32.5 μM and EC50 values in the range 3.7-14.1 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Jun Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rong-Xia Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Ping Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Min Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xi-Dian Yue
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Li G, Zhou W, Zhao X, Xie Y. In Silico Molecular Docking and Interaction Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicines Against SARS-CoV-2 Receptor. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211015030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, has led to a major pandemic in 2020 and is responsible for more than 2.9 million officially recorded deaths worldwide. As well as synthetic anti-viral drugs, there is also a need to explore natural herbal remedies. The Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) system has been used for thousands of years for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of several chronic diseases. In this paper, we performed an in silico molecular docking and interaction analysis of TCMs against SARS-CoV-2 receptor RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). We obtained the 5 most effective plant compounds which had a better binding affinity towards the target receptor protein. These compounds areforsythoside A, rutin, ginkgolide C, icariside II, and nolinospiroside E. The top-ranked compound, based on docking score, was nolinospiroside, a glycoside found in Ophiopogon japonicas that has antioxidant properties. Protein-ligand interaction analysis discerned that nolinospiroside formed a strong bond between ARG 349 of the protein receptor and the carboxylate group of the ligand, forming a stable complex. Hence, nolinospiroside could be deployed as a lead compound against SARS-CoV-2 infection that can be further investigated for its potential benefits in curbing the viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiurong Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary Function, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Province, P.R. China
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17
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Dai YJ, Wan SY, Gong SS, Liu JC, Li F, Kou JP. Recent advances of traditional Chinese medicine on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:881-889. [PMID: 33357718 PMCID: PMC7832371 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a new highly infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus. Recently, the number of new cases infected pneumonia in the world continues to increase, which has aroused great concern from the international community. At present, there are no small-molecule specific anti-viral drugs for the treatment. The high mortality rate seriously threatens human health. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a unique health resource in China. The combination of TCM and Western medicine has played a positive and important role in combating COVID-19 in China. In this review, through literature mining and analysis, it was found that TCM has the potential to prevent and treat the COVID-19. Then, the network pharmacological studies demonstrated that TCM played roles of anti-virus, anti-inflammation and immunoregulation in the management of COVID-19 via multiple components acting on multiple targets and multiple pathways. Finally, clinical researches also confirmed the beneficial effects of TCM on the treatment of patients. This review may provide meaningful and useful information on further drug development of COVID-19 and other viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shi-Yao Wan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jin-Cheng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Fang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Jun-Ping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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18
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Sun X, Jiang J, Wang Y, Liu S. Exploring the potential therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) through a combination of data mining and network pharmacology analysis. Eur J Integr Med 2020; 40:101242. [PMID: 33163124 PMCID: PMC7598573 DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Historically traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used as treatment during epidemics. During the recent COVID-19 pandemic patients evidence suggests that the use of TCM has provided health benefits and has been successfully used to control the spread of the disease in China. The aim of this study was to systematically explore the TCM formulae which have been used for the prevention and treatment of pneumonia or ‘pestilence’ to investigate their compatibility with the Chinese materia medica (CMM) and understand their potential mechanisms in the treatment of COVID-19. Methods Frequency analysis was performed to identify high-frequency CMM and CMM groups. Association rules analysis was applied to investigate the compatibility law of CMMs and generate the commonly used CMM groups. Results A total of 173 prescriptions were collected. The frequency analysis showed that seven out of ten high-frequency CMMs overlapped with Lianhua Qingwen Capsules (LHQWC), and five high-frequency pair-CMMs and four triple-CMMs were included in LHQWC, respectively. Then three groups of CMM were generated from association rules analysis, one of which is Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSGD). The results of the protein-protein interaction network and enrichment analysis showed that the potential therapeutic mechanisms of the generated prescriptions were involved in the anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and neuroprotective effects. Conclusion This study showed the importance of systematic research on TCM prescriptions and provided candidate CMM groups that have the potential to treat COVID-19. In vitro and in vivo experiments should be conducted to validate these network pharmacology results, which can provide more information for the development of potential antiviral drugs from TCM prescriptions. The combination of TCM treatment and modern medical approaches will benefit patients with COVID-19 and help to overcome the current epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Sun
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Jinhe Jiang
- School of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
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