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Mulder KP, Alarcón-Ríos L, Nicieza AG, Fleischer RC, Bell RC, Velo-Antón G. Independent evolutionary transitions to pueriparity across multiple timescales in the viviparous genus Salamandra. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 167:107347. [PMID: 34763070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to bear live offspring, viviparity, has evolved multiple times across the tree of life and is a remarkable adaptation with profound life-history and ecological implications. Within amphibians the ancestral reproductive mode is oviparity followed by a larval life stage, but viviparity has evolved independently in all three amphibian orders. Two types of viviparous reproduction can be distinguished in amphibians; larviparity and pueriparity. Larviparous amphibians deliver larvae into nearby ponds and streams, while pueriparous amphibians deliver fully developed juveniles and thus do not require waterbodies for reproduction. Among amphibians, the salamander genus Salamandra is remarkable as it exhibits both inter- and intraspecific variation in the occurrence of larviparity and pueriparity. While the evolutionary relationships among Salamandra lineages have been the focus of several recent studies, our understanding of how often and when transitions between modes occurred is still incomplete. Furthermore, in species with intraspecific variation, the reproductive mode of a given population can only be confirmed by direct observation of births and thus the prevalence of pueriparous populations is also incompletely documented. We used sequence capture to obtain 1,326 loci from 94 individuals from across the geographic range of the genus, focusing on potential reproductive mode transition zones. We also report additional direct observations of pueriparous births for 20 new locations and multiple lineages. We identify at least five independent transitions from the ancestral mode of larviparity to pueriparity among and within species, occurring at different evolutionary timescales ranging from the Pliocene to the Holocene. Four of these transitions occurred within species. Based on a distinct set of markers and analyses, we also confirm previous findings of introgression between species and the need for taxonomic revisions in the genus. We discuss the implications of our findings with respect to the evolution of this complex trait, and the potential of using five independent convergent transitions for further studies on the ecological context in which pueriparity evolves and the genetic architecture of this specialized reproductive mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Mulder
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 1000 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA; Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008, USA.
| | - Lucía Alarcón-Ríos
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo UO, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alfredo G Nicieza
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo UO, Oviedo, Spain; Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB), University of Oviedo-Principality of Asturias-CSIC, 33600 Mieres, Spain
| | - Robert C Fleischer
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Rayna C Bell
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 1000 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA; Herpetology Department, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Guillermo Velo-Antón
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Universidade de Vigo, Grupo GEA, Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Vigo, Spain.
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Kiss I, Hamer AJ, Vörös J. Life history modelling reveals trends in fitness and apparent survival of an isolated Salamandra salamandra population in an urbanised landscape. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-021-01521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Physical and ecological isolation contribute to maintain genetic differentiation between fire salamander subspecies. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 126:776-789. [PMID: 33536637 PMCID: PMC8102559 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-021-00405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Landscape features shape patterns of gene flow among populations, ultimately determining where taxa lay along the continuum between panmixia to complete reproductive isolation. Gene flow can be restricted, leading to population differentiation in two non-exclusive ways: "physical isolation", in which geographic distance in combination with the landscape features restricts movement of individuals promoting genetic drift, and "ecological isolation", in which adaptive mechanisms constrain gene flow between different environments via divergent natural selection. In central Iberia, two fire salamander subspecies occur in parapatry across elevation gradients along the Iberian Central System mountains, while in the adjacent Montes de Toledo Region only one of them occurs. By integrating population and landscape genetic analyses, we show a ubiquitous role of physical isolation between and within mountain ranges, with unsuitable landscapes increasing differentiation between populations. However, across the Iberian Central System, we found strong support for a significant contribution of ecological isolation, with low genetic differentiation in environmentally homogeneous areas, but high differentiation across sharp transitions in precipitation seasonality. These patterns are consistent with a significant contribution of ecological isolation in restricting gene flow among subspecies. Overall, our results suggest that ecological divergence contributes to reduce genetic admixture, creating an opportunity for lineages to follow distinct evolutionary trajectories.
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Velo-Antón G, Lourenço A, Galán P, Nicieza A, Tarroso P. Landscape resistance constrains hybridization across contact zones in a reproductively and morphologically polymorphic salamander. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9259. [PMID: 33927228 PMCID: PMC8085075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Explicitly accounting for phenotypic differentiation together with environmental heterogeneity is crucial to understand the evolutionary dynamics in hybrid zones. Species showing intra-specific variation in phenotypic traits that meet across environmentally heterogeneous regions constitute excellent natural settings to study the role of phenotypic differentiation and environmental factors in shaping the spatial extent and patterns of admixture in hybrid zones. We studied three environmentally distinct contact zones where morphologically and reproductively divergent subspecies of Salamandra salamandra co-occur: the pueriparous S. s. bernardezi that is mostly parapatric to its three larviparous subspecies neighbours. We used a landscape genetics framework to: (i) characterise the spatial location and extent of each contact zone; (ii) assess patterns of introgression and hybridization between subspecies pairs; and (iii) examine the role of environmental heterogeneity in the evolutionary dynamics of hybrid zones. We found high levels of introgression between parity modes, and between distinct phenotypes, thus demonstrating the evolution to pueriparity alone or morphological differentiation do not lead to reproductive isolation between these highly divergent S. salamandra morphotypes. However, we detected substantial variation in patterns of hybridization across contact zones, being lower in the contact zone located on a topographically complex area. We highlight the importance of accounting for spatial environmental heterogeneity when studying evolutionary dynamics of hybrid zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Velo-Antón
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias de Vairão. R. Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal ,grid.6312.60000 0001 2097 6738Universidade de Vigo, Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal, Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Torre Cacti (Lab 97), 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - André Lourenço
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias de Vairão. R. Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto. Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Galán
- grid.8073.c0000 0001 2176 8535Grupo de Investigación en Bioloxía Evolutiva (GIBE), Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alfredo Nicieza
- grid.10863.3c0000 0001 2164 6351Departamento de Biologıa de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain ,grid.10863.3c0000 0001 2164 6351Unidad Mixta de Investigacion en Biodiversidad (UMIB), CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo-Principado de Asturias, Mieres, Spain
| | - Pedro Tarroso
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias de Vairão. R. Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
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Figueiredo-Vázquez C, Lourenço A, Velo-Antón G. Riverine barriers to gene flow in a salamander with both aquatic and terrestrial reproduction. Evol Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-021-10114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Burgon JD, Vences M, Steinfartz S, Bogaerts S, Bonato L, Donaire-Barroso D, Martínez-Solano I, Velo-Antón G, Vieites DR, Mable BK, Elmer KR. Phylogenomic inference of species and subspecies diversity in the Palearctic salamander genus Salamandra. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 157:107063. [PMID: 33387650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The salamander genus Salamandra is widespread across Europe, North Africa, and the Near East and is renowned for its conspicuous and polymorphic colouration and diversity of reproductive modes. The phylogenetic relationships within the genus, and especially in the highly polymorphic species S. salamandra, have been very challenging to elucidate, leaving its real evolutionary history and classification at species and subspecies levels a topic of debate and contention. However, the distribution of diversity and species delimitation within the genus are critically important for identifying evolutionarily significant units for conservation and management, especially in light of threats posed by the pathogenic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans that is causing massive declines of S. salamandra populations in central Europe. Here, we conducted a phylogenomic analysis from across the taxonomic and geographic breadth of the genus Salamandra in its entire range. Bayesian, maximum likelihood and network-based phylogenetic analyses of up to 4905 ddRADseq-loci (294,300 nucleotides of sequence) supported the distinctiveness of all currently recognised species (Salamandra algira, S. atra, S. corsica, S. infraimmaculata, S. lanzai, and S. salamandra), and all five species for which we have multiple exemplars were confirmed as monophyletic. Within S. salamandra, two main clades can be distinguished: one clade with the Apenninic subspecies S. s. gigliolii nested within the Iberian S. s. bernardezi/fastuosa; and a second clade comprising all other Iberian, Central and East European subspecies. Our analyses revealed that some of the currently recognized subspecies of S. salamandra are paraphyletic and may require taxonomic revision, with the Central- and Eastern-European subspecies all being poorly differentiated at the analysed genomic markers. Salamandra s. longirostris - sometimes considered a separate species - was nested within S. salamandra, consistent with its subspecies status. The relationships identified within and between Salamandra species provide valuable context for future systematic and biogeographic studies, and help elucidate critical evolutionary units for conservation and taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Burgon
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Miguel Vences
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Steinfartz
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Lucio Bonato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - David Donaire-Barroso
- Asociación Herpetológica Fretum Gaditanum, Calle Mar Egeo 7, 11407 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | - Iñigo Martínez-Solano
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C./ José Gutiérrez Abascal n°2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Velo-Antón
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias de Vairão, R. Padre Armando Quintas n° 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal (GEA), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - David R Vieites
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C./ José Gutiérrez Abascal n°2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Barbara K Mable
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Kathryn R Elmer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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