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Eastment RV, Wong BBM, McGee MD. Convergent genomic signatures associated with vertebrate viviparity. BMC Biol 2024; 22:34. [PMID: 38331819 PMCID: PMC10854053 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01837-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viviparity-live birth-is a complex and innovative mode of reproduction that has evolved repeatedly across the vertebrate Tree of Life. Viviparous species exhibit remarkable levels of reproductive diversity, both in the amount of care provided by the parent during gestation, and the ways in which that care is delivered. The genetic basis of viviparity has garnered increasing interest over recent years; however, such studies are often undertaken on small evolutionary timelines, and thus are not able to address changes occurring on a broader scale. Using whole genome data, we investigated the molecular basis of this innovation across the diversity of vertebrates to answer a long held question in evolutionary biology: is the evolution of convergent traits driven by convergent genomic changes? RESULTS We reveal convergent changes in protein family sizes, protein-coding regions, introns, and untranslated regions (UTRs) in a number of distantly related viviparous lineages. Specifically, we identify 15 protein families showing evidence of contraction or expansion associated with viviparity. We additionally identify elevated substitution rates in both coding and noncoding sequences in several viviparous lineages. However, we did not find any convergent changes-be it at the nucleotide or protein level-common to all viviparous lineages. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the value of macroevolutionary comparative genomics in determining the genomic basis of complex evolutionary transitions. While we identify a number of convergent genomic changes that may be associated with the evolution of viviparity in vertebrates, there does not appear to be a convergent molecular signature shared by all viviparous vertebrates. Ultimately, our findings indicate that a complex trait such as viviparity likely evolves with changes occurring in multiple different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon V Eastment
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia.
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew D McGee
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
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2
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Saha A, Bellucci A, Fratini S, Cannicci S, Ciofi C, Iannucci A. Ecological factors and parity mode correlate with genome size variation in squamate reptiles. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:69. [PMID: 38053023 PMCID: PMC10696768 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence of correlation between genome size, the nuclear haploid DNA content of a cell, environmental factors and life-history traits have been reported in many animal species. Genome size, however, spans over three orders of magnitude across taxa and such a correlation does not seem to follow a universal pattern. In squamate reptiles, the second most species-rich order of vertebrates, there are currently no studies investigating drivers of genome size variability. We run a series of phylogenetic generalized least-squares models on 227 species of squamates to test for possible relationships between genome size and ecological factors including latitudinal distribution, bioclimatic variables and microhabitat use. We also tested whether genome size variation can be associated with parity mode, a highly variable life history trait in this order of reptiles. RESULTS The best-fitting model showed that the interaction between microhabitat use and parity mode mainly accounted for genome size variation. Larger genome sizes were found in live-bearing species that live in rock/sand ecosystems and in egg-laying arboreal taxa. On the other hand, smaller genomes were found in fossorial live-bearing species. CONCLUSIONS Environmental factors and species parity mode appear to be among the main parameters explaining genome size variation in squamates. Our results suggest that genome size may favour adaptation of some species to certain environments or could otherwise result from the interaction between environmental factors and parity mode. Integration of genome size and genome sequencing data could help understand the role of differential genome content in the evolutionary process of genome size variation in squamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik Saha
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sara Fratini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Cannicci
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Ciofi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Alessio Iannucci
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy.
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Hotha A, Ganesh CB. GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the Central Nervous System of the viviparous teleost Poecilia sphenops. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 133:102339. [PMID: 37689218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) functions as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter within the central nervous system (CNS) of vertebrates. In this study, we examined the distribution pattern of GABA-immunoreactive (GABA-ir) cells and fibres in the CNS of the viviparous teleost Poecilia sphenops using immunofluorescence method. GABA immunoreactivity was seen in the glomerular, mitral, and granular layers of the olfactory bulbs, as well as in most parts of the dorsal and ventral telencephalon. The preoptic area consisted of a small cluster of GABA-ir cells, whereas extensively labelled GABA-ir neurons were observed in the hypothalamic areas, including the paraventricular organ, tuberal hypothalamus, nucleus recessus lateralis, nucleus recessus posterioris, and inferior lobes. In the thalamus, GABA-positive neurons were only found in the ventral thalamic and central posterior thalamic nuclei, whereas the dorsal part of the nucleus pretectalis periventricularis consisted of a few GABA-ir cells. GABA-immunoreactivity was extensively seen in the alar and basal subdivisions of the midbrain, whereas in the rhombencephalon, GABA-ir cells and fibres were found in the cerebellum, motor nucleus of glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves, nucleus commissuralis of Cajal, and reticular formation. In the spinal cord, GABA-ir cells and fibres were observed in the dorsal horn, ventral horn, and around the central canal. Overall, the extensive distribution of GABA-ir cells and fibres throughout the CNS suggests several roles for GABA, including the neuroendocrine, viscerosensory, and somatosensory functions, for the first time in a viviparous teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achyutham Hotha
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India
| | - C B Ganesh
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India.
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Iida A, Tsuda N, Yoshida J, Nomura J, Ratanayotha A, Kawai T, Hondo E. Glucose absorption activity and gene expression of sugar transporters in the trophotaenia of the viviparous teleost Xenotoca eiseni. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130464. [PMID: 37717926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
In viviparous reproductive systems, nutrient transfer from mother to embryo plays a critical role in the generation of offspring. Herein, we investigated the mother-to-embryo nutrient transfer machinery in the viviparous teleost Xenotoca eiseni, which belongs to the family Goodeidae. The intraovarian embryo absorbs maternal supplements via the hindgut-derived placental structure termed the trophotaenia. Tracer analysis indicated that the trophotaenia can take up glucose analogs in ex vivo cultured embryos. The candidate genes for absorption, sglt1, glut2, atp1a, and atp1b, were determined from published transcriptomes. These genes were expressed in the trophotaenia of X. eiseni embryos. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry of Na+/K+ ATPase indicated the polarity of epithelial cells in the trophotaenia. The presented evidence suggests that the epithelial cell layer transports monosaccharides from the apical membrane of epithelial cells in a basolateral direction. Taken together, this study provides insight into how maternal fish maintain their offspring during gestation and will aid in the development of strategies to improve offspring generation in these fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Iida
- Department of Animal Sciences Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; Department of Bioresource Sciences, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Natsuho Tsuda
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Junki Yoshida
- Department of Animal Sciences Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Jumpei Nomura
- Department of Animal Sciences Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Adisorn Ratanayotha
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Takafumi Kawai
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hondo
- Department of Animal Sciences Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; Department of Bioresource Sciences, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
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Miedema F, Klein N, Blackburn DG, Sander PM, Maxwell EE, Griebeler EM, Scheyer TM. Heads or tails first? Evolution of fetal orientation in ichthyosaurs, with a scrutiny of the prevailing hypothesis. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:12. [PMID: 37072698 PMCID: PMC10114408 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
According to a longstanding paradigm, aquatic amniotes, including the Mesozoic marine reptile group Ichthyopterygia, give birth tail-first because head-first birth leads to increased asphyxiation risk of the fetus in the aquatic environment. Here, we draw upon published and original evidence to test two hypotheses: (1) Ichthyosaurs inherited viviparity from a terrestrial ancestor. (2) Asphyxiation risk is the main reason aquatic amniotes give birth tail-first. From the fossil evidence, we conclude that head-first birth is more prevalent in Ichthyopterygia than previously recognized and that a preference for tail-first birth likely arose in derived forms. This weakens the support for the terrestrial ancestry of viviparity in Ichthyopterygia. Our survey of extant viviparous amniotes indicates that fetal orientation at birth reflects a broad diversity of factors unrelated to aquatic vs. terrestrial habitat, further undermining the asphyxiation hypothesis. We propose that birth preference is based on parturitional mechanics or carrying efficiency rather than habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiko Miedema
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Paläontologie, Hohenheim University, Wollgrasweg 23, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Nicole Klein
- Paläontologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, Zurich, CH-8006, Switzerland
- Abteilung Paläontologie, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Bonn, Nußallee 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel G Blackburn
- Dept. of Biology and Electron Microscopy Facility, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
| | - P Martin Sander
- Abteilung Paläontologie, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Bonn, Nußallee 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Erin E Maxwell
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eva M Griebeler
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolution, Universität Mainz, Hanns-Dieter- Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Torsten M Scheyer
- Paläontologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, Zurich, CH-8006, Switzerland
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Wilson AB, Whittington CM, Meyer A, Scobell SK, Gauthier ME. Prolactin and the evolution of male pregnancy. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 334:114210. [PMID: 36646326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a multifunctional hormone of broad physiological importance, and is involved in many aspects of fish reproduction, including the regulation of live birth (viviparity) and both male and female parental care. Previous research suggests that PRL also plays an important reproductive role in syngnathid fishes (seahorses, pipefish and seadragons), a group with a highly derived reproductive strategy, male pregnancy - how the PRL axis has come to be co-opted for male pregnancy remains unclear. We investigated the molecular evolution and expression of the genes for prolactin and its receptor (PRLR) in an evolutionarily diverse sampling of syngnathid fishes to explore how the co-option of PRL for male pregnancy has impacted its evolution, and to clarify whether the PRL axis is also involved in regulating reproductive function in species with more rudimentary forms of male pregnancy. In contrast to the majority of teleost fishes, all syngnathid fishes tested carry single copies of PRL and PRLR that cluster genetically within the PRL1 and PRLRa lineages of teleosts, respectively. PRL1 gene expression in seahorses and pipefish is restricted to the pituitary, while PRLRa is expressed in all tissues, including the brood pouch of species with both rudimentary and complex brooding structures. Pituitary PRL1 expression remains stable throughout pregnancy, but PRLRa expression is specifically upregulated in the male brood pouch during pregnancy, consistent with the higher affinity of pouch tissues for PRL hormone during embryonic incubation. Finally, immunohistochemistry of brood pouch tissues reveals that both PRL1 protein and PRLRa and Na+/K+ ATPase-positive cells line the inner pouch epithelium, suggesting that pituitary-derived PRL1 may be involved in brood pouch osmoregulation during pregnancy. Our data provide a unique molecular perspective on the evolution and expression of prolactin and its receptor during male pregnancy, and provide the foundation for further manipulative experiments exploring the role of PRL in this unique form of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B Wilson
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States; The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States; Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Germany.
| | - Camilla M Whittington
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland; Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Germany
| | - Sunny K Scobell
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States
| | - Marie-Emilie Gauthier
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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Nomura J, Yokoi H, Hondo E, Iida A. Vitellogenin uptake activity in the intestinal ducts of intraovarian embryos in a viviparous teleost Xenotoca eiseni. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 644:79-84. [PMID: 36634585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the viviparous teleost species belonging to the family Goodeidae, intraovarian embryos absorb maternal supplements while they grow during the gestation period. They take up the components via trophotaeniae, a hindgut-derived placental structure. Our previous study using a goodeid species Xenotoca eiseni revealed that intraovarian embryos absorb the yolk protein vitellogenin (Vtg) via the trophotaenia. However, another group indicated yolk components accumulate in the intestinal lumen of X. eiseni embryos. Here, we investigated whether the intestinal duct is capable of protein uptake, as is the trophotaenia. Immunohistochemical studies indicated that endogenous vitellogenin is detected in the intestinal epithelial cells of the intraovarian embryo. Tracer analysis using FITC-Vtg also indicated that intestinal tissues can take up protein. The endocytosis-related genes expressed in trophotaenia were also detected in the intestinal tissues of the embryo. Lipid transporter genes which are not expressed in the trophotaenia were detected in the embryonic intestine. This evidence suggests that the intraovarian embryo of X. eiseni possesses two distinct sites for uptake of the maternal proteins. However, the presumed functions of the embryonic intestine and trophotaenia might be not identical. The study provides a new perspective on how mother-to-embryo matrotrophic interactions have changed in the evolution of viviparous teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Nomura
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hayato Yokoi
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hondo
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsuo Iida
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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Tokunaga S, Watanabe YY, Kawano M, Kawabata Y. Factors affecting gestation periods in elasmobranch fishes. Biol Open 2022; 11:275666. [PMID: 35686686 PMCID: PMC9194679 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestation periods vary greatly across elasmobranch species. Differences in body size and body temperature (i.e. major determinants of metabolic rates) might explain such variation. Although temperature effects have been demonstrated for captive animals, body size effects remain undocumented. Moreover, whether metabolic rates of mothers or those of embryos affect gestation periods remains unclear. Because biological times generally scale with mass1-β, where β is metabolic scaling exponent (0.8-0.9 in fishes), we hypothesized that elasmobranch gestation periods would scale with mass0.1-0.2. We also hypothesized that regionally endothermic species with elevated metabolic rates should have shorter gestation periods than similar-sized ectothermic species if the metabolic rates of mothers are responsible. We compiled data on gestation periods for 36 elasmobranch species to show that gestation periods scale with M0.11 and m0.17, where M and m are adult female mass and birth mass, respectively. Litter size and body temperature also affected gestation periods. Our findings suggest that the body-mass dependence of metabolic rate explains some variations in elasmobranch gestation periods. Unexpectedly, regionally endothermic sharks did not have shorter gestation periods than their ectothermic counterparts, suggesting that the metabolic rates of embryos, which are likely ectothermic in all elasmobranch species, may be responsible. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Tokunaga
- Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.,Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Yuuki Y Watanabe
- Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan.,National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Mai Kawano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Yuuki Kawabata
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Iida A, Nomura J, Yoshida J, Suzuki T, Yokoi H, Hondo E. Endocytosis-mediated vitellogenin absorption and lipid metabolism in the hindgut-derived placenta of the viviparous teleost Xenotoca eiseni. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159183. [PMID: 35660667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Certain viviparous animals possess mechanisms for mother-to-embryo nutrient transport during gestation. Xenotoca eiseni is one such viviparous teleost species in which the mother supplies proteins and other components to the offspring developing in the ovary. The embryo possesses trophotaenia, hindgut-derived placental structure, to receive the maternal supplement. However, research on the molecular mechanisms underlying viviparous species is scarce in non-mammalian vertebrates, including teleosts. Thus, we conducted this study to investigate the mechanism for nutrient absorption and degradation in trophotaeniae of X. eiseni. A tracer assay indicated that a lipid transfer protein, vitellogenin (Vtg), was absorbed into the epithelial layer cells of the trophotaeniae. Vtg uptake was significantly suppressed by Pitstop-2, an inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Gene expression analysis indicated that the genes involved in endocytosis-mediated lipolysis and lysosomal cholesterol transport were expressed in the trophotaeniae. In contrast, plasma membrane transporters expressed in the intestinal tract were not functional in the trophotaeniae. Our results suggested that endocytosis-mediated lysosomal lipolysis is one of the mechanisms underlying maternal component metabolism. Thus, our study demonstrated how viviparous teleost species have acquired a unique developmental system that is based on the hindgut-derived placenta.
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Malafaia G, Nóbrega RH, Luz TMD, Araújo APDC. Shedding light on the impacts of gestational exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics on the reproductive performance of Poecilia reticulata female and on the biochemical response of embryos. J Hazard Mater 2022; 427:127873. [PMID: 34863562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the toxicity of nanoplastics (NPs) has already been reported in experimental aquatic models, their possible effects on the reproductive performance of viviparous freshwater fish and their consequences for embryos, so far, are unknown. Thus, we aimed to evaluate whether the gestational exposure of Poecilia reticulata to polystyrene NPs (PS NPs) impacts the reproductive performance of females, induces teratogenic effects and/or predictive alterations of redox unbalance and cholinesterasic effect. Our results demonstrate that gestational exposure of P. reticulata females (for 30 days) to PS NPs (50 µg/L) affected reproductive aspects of the animals, inferred by the lower percentage of pregnancy and reduced offspring quantity. Although we did not observe teratogenic effect, we observed that the accumulation of PS NPs in embryos was significantly correlated with a redox unbalance, without, however, having a cholinesterasic effect (via evaluation of AChE and BChE activity) in embryos. Thus, by evidencing the accumulation of PS NPs in embryos of P. reticulata females exposed to the pollutant during the gestational period, we confirm not only the plausibility of the maternal transfer of these nanomaterials, but also their consequent physiological impacts on the offspring, which has not yet been demonstrated in live-bearing freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Malafaia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí (GO/Brasil), Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (MG/Brasil), Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás and Instituto Federal Goiano (GO/Brasil), Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (SP/Brasil), Brazil.
| | - Rafael Henrique Nóbrega
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (SP/Brasil), Brazil
| | - Thiarlen Marinho da Luz
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí (GO/Brasil), Brazil
| | - Amanda Pereira da Costa Araújo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí (GO/Brasil), Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Goias - Campus Samambaia (GO/Brasil), Brazil
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Abstract
In the vertebrate tree of life, viviparity or live birth has independently evolved many times, resulting in a rich diversity of reproductive strategies. Viviparity is believed to be a mode of reproduction that evolved from the ancestral condition of oviparity or egg laying, where most of the fetal development occurs outside the body. Today, there is not a simple model of parity transition to explain this species-specific divergence in modes of reproduction. Most evidence points to a gradual series of evolutionary adaptations that account for this phenomenon of reproduction, elegantly displayed by various viviparous squamates that exhibit placentae formed by the appositions of maternal and embryonic tissues, which share significant homology with the tissues that form the placenta in therian mammals. In an era where the genomes of many vertebrate species are becoming available, studies are now exploring the molecular basis of this transition from oviparity to viviparity, and in some rare instances its possible reversibility, such as the Australian three-toed skink (Saiphos equalis). In contrast to the parity diversity in squamates, mammals are viviparous with the notable exception of the egg-laying monotremes. Advancing computational tools coupled with increasing genome availability across species that utilize different reproductive strategies promise to reveal the molecular underpinnings of the ancestral transition of oviparity to viviparity. As a result, the dramatic changes in reproductive physiology and anatomy that accompany these parity changes can be reinterpreted. This chapter will briefly explore the vertebrate modes of reproduction using a phylogenetic framework and where possible highlight the role of potential candidate genes that may help explain the polygenic origins of live birth.
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Buddle AL, Van Dyke JU, Thompson MB, Simpfendorfer CA, Murphy CR, Day ML, Whittington CM. Structure and permeability of the egg capsule of the placental Australian sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon taylori. J Comp Physiol B 2022. [PMID: 35118516 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Shark placentae are derived from modifications to the fetal yolk sac and the maternal uterine mucosa. In almost all placental sharks, embryonic development occurs in an egg capsule that remains intact for the entire pregnancy, separating the fetal tissues from the maternal tissues at the placental interface. Here, we investigate the structure and permeability of the egg capsules that surround developing embryos of the placental Australian sharpnose shark (Rhizoprionodon taylori) during late pregnancy. The egg capsule is an acellular fibrous structure that is 0.42 ± 0.04 μm thick at the placental interface between the yolk sac and uterine tissues, and 0.67 ± 0.08 μm thick in the paraplacental regions. This is the thinnest egg capsule of any placental shark measured so far, which may increase the diffusion rate of respiratory gases, fetal wastes, water and nutrients between maternal and fetal tissues. Molecules smaller than or equal to ~ 1000 Da can diffuse through the egg capsule, but larger proteins (~ 3000–26,000 Da) cannot. Similar permeability characteristics between the egg capsule of R. taylori and other placental sharks suggest that molecular size is an important determinant of the molecules that can be exchanged between the mother and her embryos during pregnancy.
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Wang X, Meng W, Qi X, Li Y, Li J, Lyu L, Li J, Yao Y, Yan S, Zuo C, Xie S, Wen H. Molecular characterization and expression patterns of glucocorticoid receptors in the viviparous black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 316:113947. [PMID: 34848189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors associated with anti-inflammation, stress, metabolism and gonadal development. In this study, two gr genes (gr1 and gr2) were cloned and analyzed from a viviparous teleost, black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). The phylogenetic analysis of GRs showed that GR1 and GR2 clustered into teleost GR1 and GR2 separately and differed from the GRs of tetrapods or basal ray-finned fishes. Black rockfish GRs possess four modular domains of the nuclear receptor superfamily: an N-terminal domain (NTD), a DNA-binding domain (DBD), a hinge region (HR) and a ligand-binding domain (LBD). Nine conserved amino acid inserts were found in the GR1 DBD, and the ligand cavity-related amino acids of GR1 and GR2 LBD were slightly different. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that grs was widely expressed in various tissues, while cyp11b was mainly expressed in the testis and head kidney. The cyp11b transcripts were localized in the interrenal glands of the head kidney, the main source of cortisol; grs transcripts were detected in oocytes, the follicle layer and the ovarian wall. Histologically, significant blood vessel dilation was observed in the fetal membrane during or after parturition of black rockfish. The highest levels of serum cortisol and ovarian cyp11b mRNA were detected in parturition. In addition, the relative expression level of gr1 was upregulated significantly after delivery, while the levels of gr2 showed no significant change. In addition, in vitro GC treatment inhibited the expression of il1b but significantly upregulated the transcription of il1r1. These data provide evidence that GRs are likely to work as anti-inflammatory factors by inhibiting the functions of pro-inflammatory factors in the parturition of black rockfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Wei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Jifang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Likang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Jianshuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yijia Yao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Shaojing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Chenpeng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Songyang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Haishen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
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Hagmayer A, Lankheet MJ, Bijsterbosch J, van Leeuwen JL, Pollux BJA. Maternal food restriction during pregnancy affects offspring development and swimming performance in a placental live-bearing fish. J Exp Biol 2021; 225:273881. [PMID: 34964050 PMCID: PMC8917445 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
How pregnant mothers allocate limited resources to different biological functions such as maintenance, somatic growth, and reproduction can have profound implications for early life development and survival of offspring. Here, we examined the effects of maternal food restriction during pregnancy on offspring in the matrotrophic (i.e. mother-nourishment throughout gestation) live-bearing fish species Phalloptychus januarius (Poeciliidae). We fed pregnant females with either low or high food levels for 6 weeks and quantified the consequences for offspring size and body fat at birth and 1 week after birth. We further measured fast-start escape performance of offspring at birth, as well as swimming kinematics during prey capture at 0, 2 and 7 days after birth. We found that the length of maternal food restriction during pregnancy negatively affected offspring dry mass and lean dry mass at birth, as well as body fat gain during the first week after birth. Moreover, it impacted the locomotor performance of offspring during prey capture at birth and during the first week after birth. We did not observe an effect of food restriction on fast-start escape performance of offspring. Our study suggests that matrotrophic poeciliid fish are maladapted to unpredictably fluctuating resource environments, because sudden reductions in maternal food availability during pregnancy result in smaller offspring with slower postnatal body fat gain and an inhibition of postnatal improving swimming skills during feeding, potentially leading to lower competitive abilities after birth. Highlighted Article: Maternal food restriction during pregnancy results in smaller offspring, slower postnatal body fat gain and an inhibition of postnatal improvement of swimming skills during feeding, possibly leading to lower competitive abilities after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Hagmayer
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Martin J Lankheet
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Judith Bijsterbosch
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Johan L van Leeuwen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart J A Pollux
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, Netherlands
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15
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Mulder KP, Alarcón-Ríos L, Nicieza AG, Fleischer RC, Bell RC, Velo-Antón G. Independent evolutionary transitions to pueriparity across multiple timescales in the viviparous genus Salamandra. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 167:107347. [PMID: 34763070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to bear live offspring, viviparity, has evolved multiple times across the tree of life and is a remarkable adaptation with profound life-history and ecological implications. Within amphibians the ancestral reproductive mode is oviparity followed by a larval life stage, but viviparity has evolved independently in all three amphibian orders. Two types of viviparous reproduction can be distinguished in amphibians; larviparity and pueriparity. Larviparous amphibians deliver larvae into nearby ponds and streams, while pueriparous amphibians deliver fully developed juveniles and thus do not require waterbodies for reproduction. Among amphibians, the salamander genus Salamandra is remarkable as it exhibits both inter- and intraspecific variation in the occurrence of larviparity and pueriparity. While the evolutionary relationships among Salamandra lineages have been the focus of several recent studies, our understanding of how often and when transitions between modes occurred is still incomplete. Furthermore, in species with intraspecific variation, the reproductive mode of a given population can only be confirmed by direct observation of births and thus the prevalence of pueriparous populations is also incompletely documented. We used sequence capture to obtain 1,326 loci from 94 individuals from across the geographic range of the genus, focusing on potential reproductive mode transition zones. We also report additional direct observations of pueriparous births for 20 new locations and multiple lineages. We identify at least five independent transitions from the ancestral mode of larviparity to pueriparity among and within species, occurring at different evolutionary timescales ranging from the Pliocene to the Holocene. Four of these transitions occurred within species. Based on a distinct set of markers and analyses, we also confirm previous findings of introgression between species and the need for taxonomic revisions in the genus. We discuss the implications of our findings with respect to the evolution of this complex trait, and the potential of using five independent convergent transitions for further studies on the ecological context in which pueriparity evolves and the genetic architecture of this specialized reproductive mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Mulder
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 1000 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA; Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008, USA.
| | - Lucía Alarcón-Ríos
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo UO, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alfredo G Nicieza
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo UO, Oviedo, Spain; Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB), University of Oviedo-Principality of Asturias-CSIC, 33600 Mieres, Spain
| | - Robert C Fleischer
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Rayna C Bell
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 1000 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA; Herpetology Department, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Guillermo Velo-Antón
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Universidade de Vigo, Grupo GEA, Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Vigo, Spain.
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Geisert RD, Spencer TE. Mammalian Placentation: A Tribute to E.C. Amoroso's Contributions to Placenta Development. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 2021; 234:1-6. [PMID: 34694474 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77360-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of viviparity in mammals evolved through not only the long-term retainment of the fetus within the maternal uterus but differentiation and expansion of cell layers to form functional membranes to exchange O2/CO2 and nutrients between the placenta and maternal circulations. Development of a fetal placental vascular circulation to interact with the maternal uterus is critical to the survival of all species. However, the fascination with the mammalian placenta is the robust variation in types, form, attachment, invasiveness, structure, cell differentiation, endocrine function, and regulation of the maternal immune system. Despite the obvious role of the placenta to support fetal development, mammals have evolved multiple strategies to give live birth at term. The placenta and the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy can be quite simple to very complex. Professor E.C. Amoroso contributed greatly to the study of comparative placentation in animals. His paper "Placentation" in Marshall's Physiology of Reproduction published in 1952 remains the standard for comparative placental anatomy today. The present volume on "Mammalian Placentation" brings together current reviews for leading experts to diversity of placentation in a number of mammalian species. Chapters will discuss viviparity, blastocyst formation, and placentation in the cow, pig, horse, mouse, dog, primate, human, elephant, and marsupials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney D Geisert
- Division of Animal Sciences, S121 Animal Science Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Thomas E Spencer
- Division of Animal Sciences, S135 Animal Science Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Bhat SK, Ganesh CB. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)-immunoreactive neurons in the brain of the viviparous fish Gambusia affinis. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 118:102033. [PMID: 34563637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The monoaminergic neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) acts as a neuromodulator and is associated with a wide range of functions in fish. In this investigation, 5-HT immunoreactivity was studied in the central nervous system (CNS) of the viviparous mosquitofish Gambusia affinis. 5-HT-immunoreactive (5-HT-ir) cells/fibres were observed throughout the subdivisions of ventral and dorsal telencephalon including the olfactory bulb. Several intensely stained 5-HT-ir cells and/or fibres were detected in different areas of the hypothalamus as well as the proximal pars distalis of the pituitary gland. 5-HT-ir cells were restricted to the dorsal and ventral part of the pretectal diencephalic cluster, but only fibres were detected in the anterior, ventromedial and posterior subdivisions of the thalamic nucleus and in the preglomerular complex. In the mesencephalon, 5-HT-ir perikarya, and fibres were seen in the optic tectum, midbrain tegmentum and torus semicircularis. A cluster of prominently labelled 5-HT-ir neurons was observed in the superior raphe nucleus, whereas numerous 5-HT-ir fibres were distributed throughout the rhombencephalic divisions. In addition, a bundle of rostrocaudally running 5-HT-ir fibres was noticed in the spinal cord. This is the first detailed neuroanatomical study in a viviparous teleost, reporting a widespread distribution of 5-HT-ir somata and fibres in the CNS. The results of this study provide new insights into the evolutionarily well conserved nature of the monoaminergic system in the CNS of vertebrates and suggest a role for 5-HT in regulation of several physiological, behavioural and neuroendocrine functions in viviparous teleosts.
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Savini G, Scolari F, Ometto L, Rota-Stabelli O, Carraretto D, Gomulski LM, Gasperi G, Abd-Alla AMM, Aksoy S, Attardo GM, Malacrida AR. Viviparity and habitat restrictions may influence the evolution of male reproductive genes in tsetse fly (Glossina) species. BMC Biol 2021; 19:211. [PMID: 34556101 PMCID: PMC8461966 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glossina species (tsetse flies), the sole vectors of African trypanosomes, maintained along their long evolutionary history a unique reproductive strategy, adenotrophic viviparity. Viviparity reduces their reproductive rate and, as such, imposes strong selective pressures on males for reproductive success. These species live in sub-Saharan Africa, where the distributions of the main sub-genera Fusca, Morsitans, and Palpalis are restricted to forest, savannah, and riverine habitats, respectively. Here we aim at identifying the evolutionary patterns of the male reproductive genes of six species belonging to these three main sub-genera. We then interpreted the different patterns we found across the species in the light of viviparity and the specific habitat restrictions, which are known to shape reproductive behavior. RESULTS We used a comparative genomic approach to build consensus evolutionary trees that portray the selective pressure acting on the male reproductive genes in these lineages. Such trees reflect the long and divergent demographic history that led to an allopatric distribution of the Fusca, Morsitans, and Palpalis species groups. A dataset of over 1700 male reproductive genes remained conserved over the long evolutionary time scale (estimated at 26.7 million years) across the genomes of the six species. We suggest that this conservation may result from strong functional selective pressure on the male imposed by viviparity. It is noteworthy that more than half of these conserved genes are novel sequences that are unique to the Glossina genus and are candidates for selection in the different lineages. CONCLUSIONS Tsetse flies represent a model to interpret the evolution and differentiation of male reproductive biology under different, but complementary, perspectives. In the light of viviparity, we must take into account that these genes are constrained by a post-fertilization arena for genomic conflicts created by viviparity and absent in ovipositing species. This constraint implies a continuous antagonistic co-evolution between the parental genomes, thus accelerating inter-population post-zygotic isolation and, ultimately, favoring speciation. Ecological restrictions that affect reproductive behavior may further shape such antagonistic co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Savini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Scolari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Pavia, Italy
| | - Lino Ometto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Davide Carraretto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ludvik M Gomulski
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuliano Gasperi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Attardo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anna R Malacrida
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Yamaguchi Y, Nagata J, Nishimiya O, Kawasaki T, Hiramatsu N, Todo T. Molecular characterization of fshb and lhb subunits and their expression profiles in captive white-edged rockfish, Sebastes taczanowskii. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 261:111055. [PMID: 34389493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental knowledge on the regulation of reproduction by gonadotropins (Gths) is quite limited in viviparous fishes. In the present study, we performed molecular cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding two Gth subunits (fshb and lhb) from the pituitaries of viviparous white-edged rockfish, Sebastes taczanowskii; expression profiles of both gene transcripts were elucidated in the pituitaries of reproductive males and females which were kept in a captive environment. The cloned fshb and lhb fragments exhibited high sequence identities with corresponding β-subunit sequences from black rockfish, S. schlegelii. Notably, the fshb of white-edged rockfish appeared to lack a putative N-glycosylation site, whereas lhb conserved it. Expression of fshb and lhb transcripts in the rockfish pituitaries largely changed in synchrony but for minor exceptions. In males, levels of both transcripts increased with progression of spermatogenesis, although the peak for fshb (October) appeared slightly earlier than that for lhb (November). In females, both gene transcripts exhibited synchronous bimodal changes. High expression of fshb and lhb transcripts in the female pituitary during the gestation period, followed by the drastic decrease at parturition, suggest their possible involvement in regulation of gestation of this species. The knowledge gained for Sebastes in this study superimposes fundamental information necessary for further physiological understanding of viviparity in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Jun Nagata
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Osamu Nishimiya
- Division of Marine Life Science, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Takuma Kawasaki
- Mariculture Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, 1-156-3 Hunami, Muroran, Hokkaido 051-0013, Japan
| | - Naoshi Hiramatsu
- Division of Marine Life Science, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Takashi Todo
- Division of Marine Life Science, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
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Iida A, Sano K, Inokuchi M, Nomura J, Suzuki T, Kuriki M, Sogabe M, Susaki D, Tonosaki K, Kinoshita T, Hondo E. Cubam receptor-mediated endocytosis in hindgut-derived pseudoplacenta of a viviparous teleost (Xenotoca eiseni). J Exp Biol 2021; 224:269277. [PMID: 34170318 PMCID: PMC8278012 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient transfer from mother to embryo is essential for reproduction in viviparous animals. In the viviparous teleost Xenotoca eiseni (family Goodeidae), the intraovarian embryo intakes the maternal component secreted into the ovarian fluid via the trophotaenia. Our previous study reported that the epithelial layer cells of the trophotaenia incorporate a maternal protein via vesicle trafficking. However, the molecules responsible for the absorption were still elusive. Here, we focused on Cubam (Cubilin-Amnionless) as a receptor involved in the absorption, and cathepsin L as a functional protease in the vesicles. Our results indicated that the Cubam receptor is distributed in the apical surface of the trophotaenia epithelium and then is taken into the intracellular vesicles. The trophotaenia possesses acidic organelles in epithelial layer cells and cathepsin L-dependent proteolysis activity. This evidence does not conflict with our hypothesis that receptor-mediated endocytosis and proteolysis play roles in maternal macromolecule absorption via the trophotaenia in viviparous teleosts. Such nutrient absorption involving endocytosis is not a specific trait in viviparous fish. Similar processes have been reported in the larval stage of oviparous fish or the suckling stage of viviparous mammals. Our findings suggest that the viviparous teleost acquired trophotaenia-based viviparity from a modification of the intestinal absorption system common in vertebrates. This is a fundamental study to understand the strategic variation of the reproductive system in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Iida
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kaori Sano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Josai University, Sakado 350-0295, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mayu Inokuchi
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jumpei Nomura
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mao Kuriki
- Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Maina Sogabe
- Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Daichi Susaki
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 244-0813, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kaoru Tonosaki
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 244-0813, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsu Kinoshita
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 244-0813, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hondo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
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21
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Horreo JL, Jiménez-Valverde A, Fitze PS. Climatic niche differences among Zootoca vivipara clades with different parity modes: implications for the evolution and maintenance of viviparity. Front Zool 2021; 18:32. [PMID: 34183024 PMCID: PMC8240382 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parity mode (oviparity/viviparity) importantly affects the ecology, morphology, physiology, biogeography and evolution of organisms. The main hypotheses explaining the evolution and maintenance of viviparity are based on bioclimatic predictions and also state that the benefits of viviparity arise during the reproductive period. We identify the main climatic variables discriminating between viviparous and oviparous Eurasian common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) occurrence records during the reproductive period and over the entire year. Analyses based on the climates during the reproductive period show that viviparous clades inhabit sites with less variable temperature and precipitation. On the contrary, analyses based on the annual climates show that viviparous clades inhabit sites with more variable temperatures. Results from models using climates during reproduction are in line with the “selfish-mother hypothesis”, which can explain the success of viviparity, the maintenance of the two reproductive modes, and why viviparous individuals cannot colonize sites inhabited by oviparous ones (and vice versa). They suggest that during the reproductive period viviparity has an adaptive advantage over oviparity in less risky habitats thanks to the selfish behaviour of the mothers. Moreover, the results from both analyses stress that hypotheses about the evolution and maintenance of viviparity need to be tested during the reproductive period.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Horreo
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Novais 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Jiménez-Valverde
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Grupo de Investigación de Biología del Suelo y de los Ecosistemas Subterráneos, A.P. 20 Campus Universitario, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - P S Fitze
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Nekliudova UA, Schwaha TF, Kotenko ON, Gruber D, Cyran N, Ostrovsky AN. Three in one: evolution of viviparity, coenocytic placenta and polyembryony in cyclostome bryozoans. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:54. [PMID: 33845757 PMCID: PMC8042935 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placentation has evolved multiple times among both chordates and invertebrates. Although they are structurally less complex, invertebrate placentae are much more diverse in their origin, development and position. Aquatic colonial suspension-feeders from the phylum Bryozoa acquired placental analogues multiple times, representing an outstanding example of their structural diversity and evolution. Among them, the clade Cyclostomata is the only one in which placentation is associated with viviparity and polyembryony-a unique combination not present in any other invertebrate group. RESULTS The histological and ultrastructural study of the sexual polymorphic zooids (gonozooids) in two cyclostome species, Crisia eburnea and Crisiella producta, revealed embryos embedded in a placental analogue (nutritive tissue) with a unique structure-comprising coenocytes and solitary cells-previously unknown in animals. Coenocytes originate via nuclear multiplication and cytoplasmic growth among the cells surrounding the early embryo. This process also affects cells of the membranous sac, which initially serves as a hydrostatic system but later becomes main part of the placenta. The nutritive tissue is both highly dynamic, permanently rearranging its structure, and highly integrated with its coenocytic 'elements' being interconnected via cytoplasmic bridges and various cell contacts. This tissue shows evidence of both nutrient synthesis and transport (bidirectional transcytosis), supporting the enclosed multiple progeny. Growing primary embryo produces secondary embryos (via fission) that develop into larvae; both the secondary embyos and larvae show signs of endocytosis. Interzooidal communication pores are occupied by 1‒2 specialized pore-cells probably involved in the transport of nutrients between zooids. CONCLUSIONS Cyclostome nutritive tissue is currently the only known example of a coenocytic placental analogue, although syncytial 'elements' could potentially be formed in them too. Structurally and functionally (but not developmentally) the nutritive tissue can be compared with the syncytial placental analogues of certain invertebrates and chordates. Evolution of the cyclostome placenta, involving transformation of the hydrostatic apparatus (membranous sac) and change of its function to embryonic nourishment, is an example of exaptation that is rather widespread among matrotrophic bryozoans. We speculate that the acquisition of a highly advanced placenta providing massive nourishment might support the evolution of polyembryony in cyclostomes. In turn, massive and continuous embryonic production led to the evolution of enlarged incubating polymorphic gonozooids hosting multiple progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- U A Nekliudova
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - T F Schwaha
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - O N Kotenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - D Gruber
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Cyran
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - A N Ostrovsky
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Niu J, Song W, Li R, Yu H, Guan J, Qi J, He Y. The Bdkrb2 gene family provides a novel view of viviparity adaptation in Sebastes schlegelii. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:44. [PMID: 33731008 PMCID: PMC7968187 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) is a viviparous teleost. We proposed that the rockfish ovarian wall had a similar function to the uterus of mammals previously. In the present study, the well-developed vascular system was observed in the ovarian wall and the exterior surface of the egg membrane. In gestation, adaptation of the ovary vasculature to the rising needs of the embryos occurs through both vasodilation and neovascularization. Bdkrb2, encoding a receptor for bradykinin, plays a critical role in the control of vasodilatation by regulating nitric oxide production. RESULTS Eight Bdkrb2 genes were identified in the black rockfish genome. These genes were located on chromosome 14, which are arranged in a tandem array, forming a gene cluster spanning 50 kb. Protein structure prediction, phylogenetic analysis, and transcriptome analysis showed that eight Bdkrb2 genes evolved two kinds of protein structure and three types of tissue expression pattern. Overexpression of two Bdkrb2 genes in zebrafish indicated a role of them in blood vessel formation or remodeling, which is an important procedure for the viviparous rockfish getting prepared for fertilization and embryos implantation. CONCLUSIONS Our study characterizes eight Bdrkb2 genes in the black rockfish, which may contribute to preparation for fertilization and embryo implantation. This research provides a novel view of viviparity adaptation and lays the groundwork for future research into vascular regulation of ovarian tissue in the breeding cycle in black rockfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Niu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Weihao Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Rui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jian Guan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jie Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yan He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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24
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Hernández-Díaz N, Leal F, Ramírez-Pinilla MP. Parallel evolution of placental calcium transfer in the lizard Mabuya and eutherian mammals. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.237891. [PMID: 33568441 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.237891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An exceptional case of parallel evolution between lizards and eutherian mammals occurs in the evolution of viviparity. In the lizard genus Mabuya, viviparity provided the environment for the evolution of yolk-reduced eggs and obligate placentotrophy. One major event that favored the evolution of placentation was the reduction of the eggshell. As with all oviparous reptiles, lizard embryos obtain calcium from both the eggshell and egg yolk. Therefore, the loss of the eggshell likely imposes a constraint for the conservation of the egg yolk, which can only be obviated by the evolution of alternative mechanisms for the transport of calcium directly from the mother. The molecular and cellular mechanisms employed to solve these constraints, in a lizard with only a rudimentary eggshell such as Mabuya, are poorly understood. Here, we used RT-qPCR on placental and uterine samples during different stages of gestation in Mabuya, and demonstrate that transcripts of the calcium transporters trpv6, cabp28k, cabp9k and pmca are expressed and gradually increase in abundance through pregnancy stages, reaching their maximum expression when bone mineralization occurs. Furthermore, CABP28K/9K proteins were studied by immunofluorescence, demonstrating expression in specific regions of the mature placenta. Our results indicate that the machinery for calcium transportation in the Mabuya placenta was co-opted from other tissues elsewhere in the vertebrate bodyplan. Thus, the calcium transportation machinery in the placenta of Mabuya evolved in parallel with the mammalian placenta by redeploying the expression of similar calcium transporter genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Hernández-Díaz
- Grupo de Estudios en Biodiversidad, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Francisca Leal
- Grupo de Estudios en Biodiversidad, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Martha Patricia Ramírez-Pinilla
- Grupo de Estudios en Biodiversidad, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
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25
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Wang X, Wen H, Li Y, Lyu L, Song M, Zhang Y, Li J, Yao Y, Li J, Qi X. Characterization of CYP11A1 and its potential role in sex asynchronous gonadal development of viviparous black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii (Sebastidae). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 302:113689. [PMID: 33301756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc), encoded by the cyp11a1 gene, initiates the first step of steroid biosynthesis. In this study, a 1554-bp open reading frame (ORF) of black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) cyp11a1 was cloned. The cyp11a1 gene is located on chromosome 5 and has 9 exons. The ORF encodes a putative precursor protein of 517 amino acids, and the predicted cleavable mitochondrial targeting peptide is located at amino acids 1-39. P450scc shares homology with other teleosts and tetrapods, which have relatively conserved binding regions with heme, cholesterol and adrenodoxin. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that the highest expression levels of cyp11a1 were detected in mature gonads and head kidney but that low levels were detected in gestational/regressed ovaries, regressed testes and other tissues. Immunostaining of P450scc was observed in testicular Leydig cells, ovarian theca cells, interrenal glands of head kidney, pituitary and multiple regions of brain. Particularly, two kinds of fish-specific P450scc-positive cells, including coronet cells of brain saccus vasculosus and hypophyseal somatolactin cells, were identified in black rockfish. Our results provide novel evidence for the potential role played by P450scc in reproduction behavior by mediating steroidogenesis in viviparous teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Haishen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Likang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Min Song
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Jianshuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yijia Yao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Jifang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
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26
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Tinguely SM, David A, Lange A, Tyler CR. Effects of maternal exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of 17α-ethinyloestradiol in a live bearing freshwater fish, Xenotoca eiseni (Cyprinodontiformes, Goodeidae). Aquat Toxicol 2021; 232:105746. [PMID: 33515925 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The viviparous teleost Redtail Splitfin (Xenotoca eiseni) is a live bearing fish that presents a novel freshwater model for investigating the effects of maternally derived micropollutants on vulnerable early developmental life stages. Here, adult female X. eiseni were exposed to 17α-ethinyloestradiol (EE2), a potent contraceptive oestrogen, at environmentally relevant concentrations, to investigate for effects on sex partitioning and development. Pregnant and non-pregnant females were exposed for four weeks to EE2 at measured concentrations of 0.9 and 3.4 ng/L EE2 and offspring from gravid females were kept in clean water for a further four weeks. Only pregnant females were seen to respond to 3.4 ng/L EE2 with an increase in the transcription of hepatic vitellogenins (vtgA, vtgB and vtgC). Offspring of exposed mothers showed no obvious effects on somatic growth, gonadal development, sex partitioning or development. However, there was a higher rate of deformities and developmental abnormalities in offspring of EE2-exposed females. The work presented provides the foundation for the development of X. eiseni as a new freshwater model for studies on maternal transfer of chemical pollutants in live bearing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M Tinguely
- University of Exeter, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
| | - Arthur David
- University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Anke Lange
- University of Exeter, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
| | - Charles R Tyler
- University of Exeter, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
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27
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Mamos T, Uit de Weerd D, von Oheimb PV, Sulikowska-Drozd A. Evolution of reproductive strategies in the species-rich land snail subfamily Phaedusinae (Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 158:107060. [PMID: 33383174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Most of the present knowledge on animal reproductive mode evolution, and possible factors driving transitions between oviparity and viviparity is based on studies on vertebrates. The species rich door snail (Clausiliidae) subfamily Phaedusinae represents a suitable and unique model for further examining parity evolution, as three different strategies, oviparity, viviparity, and the intermediate mode of embryo-retention, occur in this group. The present study reconstructs the evolution of reproductive strategies in Phaedusinae based on time-calibrated molecular phylogenetics, reproductive mode examinations and ancestral state reconstruction. Our phylogenetic analysis employing multiple mitochondrial and nuclear markers identified a well-supported clade (including the tribes Phaedusini and Serrulinini) that contains species exhibiting various reproductive strategies. This clade evolved from an oviparous most recent common ancestor according to our reconstruction. All non-oviparous taxa are confined to a highly supported subclade, coinciding with the tribe Phaedusini. Both oviparity and viviparity occur frequently in different lineages of this subclade that are not closely related. During Phaedusini diversification, multiple transitions in reproductive strategy must have taken place, which could have been promoted by a high fitness of embryo-retaining species. The evolutionary success of this group might result from the maintenance of various strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Mamos
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; University of Basel, Zoological Institute, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Uit de Weerd
- Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Sciences, Open Universiteit, P.O. Box 2960, NL-6401 DL Heerlen, the Netherlands; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, NL-2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Parm Viktor von Oheimb
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Sulikowska-Drozd
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
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28
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Beltrán I, Durand V, Loiseleur R, Whiting MJ. Effect of early thermal environment on the morphology and performance of a lizard species with bimodal reproduction. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:795-809. [PMID: 32951106 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Early developmental environments influence life-history traits and survival of reptiles. In fact, rising global temperatures have already caused widespread extinctions among lizards. Viviparous species might be more susceptible to increasing temperatures because of their inability to meet their energetic demands following rapid environmental changes. Nevertheless, we do not yet fully understand how lizards with different reproductive modes can respond to climate change. We investigated the effect of both maternal thermal environment during pregnancy and incubation temperature on hatchling morphology and physiological performance of two populations of the lizard Saiphos equalis differing in their mode of reproduction, to test whether reproductive mode affects the ability to buffer against rising temperatures. Gravid females from both populations were subjected to current or projected end-of-century (future) thermal environments, to evaluate differences in the body size, growth rate, thermal preference, and locomotor performance of their offspring. Our results show that independently of the mode of reproduction, high temperatures accelerated gestation periods. Thermal environments did not affect hatchling thermal preference, but viviparous hatchlings consistently preferred lower temperatures. Unlike viviparous lizards, oviparous hatchlings incubated under future temperatures were smaller and had a lower growth rate compared to current-incubated hatchlings. Finally, thermal environments did not affect hatchling endurance and speed when controlling for body size. Our results show that global warming is likely to have a negative impact on S. equalis, but suggest that some of its effects may be ameliorated by maternal responses during pregnancy, particularly in viviparous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Beltrán
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Victorien Durand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of the Sciences of Life, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Alsace, France
| | - Rebecca Loiseleur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of the Sciences of Life, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Alsace, France
| | - Martin J Whiting
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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29
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Barbosa-Moyano H, Rodríguez-Chaparro S, Santos RLSR, Ramírez-Pinilla MP. Plasma estradiol and progesterone concentrations during the female reproductive cycle in a highly placentotrophic viviparous lizard, Mabuya sp. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 295:113530. [PMID: 32526330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The neotropical genus Mabuya are obligate placentotrophic viviparous lizards, which have a short vitellogenesis that produces microlecithal oocytes and a prolonged time of gestation (9 to 10 months). The hormonal control of female reproductive activity during follicular growth and pregnancy has not been studied, although it is known that the corpus luteum can produce progesterone, but regresses early in pregnancy, being replaced in this function by the placenta. Through enzyme immunoassay (EIA) we measured the plasma concentrations of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) in females of a population of Mabuya sp at different stages of their reproductive cycle. Previously, we confirmed the presence of P4 in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography methods with diode-array detector ultraviolet (HPLC-DAD-UV). The average concentration values of E2 and P4 were compared among reproductive stages and their dynamics were related to what is known in other oviparous and viviparous amniotes. The plasma E2 concentrations of Mabuya sp. are below the levels found in other viviparous reptiles, probably related to the substantial reduction of its follicular growth phase. Its highest concentration was detected during vitellogenesis, related to its function in the growth and maturation of the ovarian follicles and oviduct preparation for pregnancy; lower levels were observed during pregnancy, but they increase at the end when a new vitellogenesis event begins and massive placental maternal-fetal nutrient transfer occurs. High concentrations of P4 were found during pregnancy, related to its function in the maintenance of the developing embryos within the oviduct. The highest levels of P4 were found at early gestation, then they descend from mid-gestation to the end of gestation. Although some characteristics of hormonal control related to the high level of placentotrophy were observed in this species, the changes in plasma sex steroid concentrations during the reproductive cycle in females of Mabuya sp. follow patterns seen in other viviparous amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto Barbosa-Moyano
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva de Vertebrados, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Salomé Rodríguez-Chaparro
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva de Vertebrados, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | | | - Martha Patricia Ramírez-Pinilla
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva de Vertebrados, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS), Bucaramanga, Colombia.
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30
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Wiggering B, Neiber MT, Gebauer K, Glaubrecht M. One species, two developmental modes: a case of geographic poecilogony in marine gastropods. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:76. [PMID: 32591013 PMCID: PMC7318368 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poecilogony, the presence of two developmental modes in the same animal species, is a rare phenomenon. Few cases of poecilogony have been suggested for marine invertebrates including molluscs and even less stood extensive testing, mostly revealing a species pair with differing developmental modes. We studied a textbook example of poecilogony in the viviparous snail Planaxis sulcatus (Gastropoda: Planaxidae), for the first time throughout its entire distribution range. Results In the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea this intertidal species is observed to have large, shelled juveniles, whereas in the Indo-West Pacific planktotrophic veliger larvae are released from a subhaemocoelic brood pouch. We uncovered a shift in developmental modes across its range: from west to east successively earlier developmental stages are released. Furthermore, genetic data based on mitochondrial DNA suggests to recognize P. sulcatus as a single species rather than a group of cryptic species. A reconstruction of the ancestral area of P. sulcatus based on molecular data outlines the Western Indian Ocean and the Indo-West Pacific as area of origin. Conclusion The findings supporting Planaxis sulcatus as a single widespread species and the geographical shift from one reproductive mode to another suggest for this species to truly represent a case of geographic poecilogony, i.e. differing developmental modes between populations of the same species. Furthermore, the results of our ancestral range estimation imply the release of planktotrophic larvae as the ancestral developmental mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Wiggering
- Department of Animal Diversity, Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marco T Neiber
- Department of Animal Diversity, Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Gebauer
- Department of Animal Diversity, Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Glaubrecht
- Department of Animal Diversity, Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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Jennings EC, Korthauer MW, Hendershot JM, Bailey ST, Weirauch MT, Ribeiro JMC, Benoit JB. Molecular mechanisms underlying milk production and viviparity in the cockroach, Diploptera punctata. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 120:103333. [PMID: 32119906 PMCID: PMC7293887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Viviparous reproduction is characterized by maternal retention of developing offspring within the reproductive tract during gestation, culminating in live birth. In some cases, a mother will provide nutrition beyond that present in the yolk; this is known as matrotrophic viviparity. While this phenomenon is best associated with mammals, it is observed in insects such as the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata. Female D. punctata carry developing embryos in the brood sac, a reproductive organ that acts as both a uterus and a placenta by protecting and providing a nutritive secretion to the intrauterine developing progeny. While the basic physiology of D. punctata pregnancy has been characterized, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. This study combined RNA-seq analysis, RNA interference, and other assays to characterize molecular and physiological changes associated with D. punctata reproduction. A comparison of four stages of the female reproductive cycle and males revealed unique gene expression profiles corresponding to each stage and between sexes. Differentially regulated transcripts of interest include the previously identified family of milk proteins and transcripts associated with juvenile hormone metabolism. RNA interference and methoprene application experiments established the potential impacts of bothbreakdown and synthesis reduction of juvenile hormone in maintaining pregnancy in D. punctata. These studies provide the comprehensive molecular mechanisms associated with cockroach viviparity, which will be a critical resource for comparative purposes among viviparity in insect systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Jennings
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Matthew W Korthauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Jacob M Hendershot
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Samuel T Bailey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE) and Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jose M C Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.
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Nakamura O, Suzuki R, Asai K, Kaji H, Kaneko T, Takahashi Y, Takahagi A, Tsutsui S. Transport of maternal transthyretin to the fetus in the viviparous teleost Neoditrema ransonnetii (Perciformes, Embiotocidae). J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:231-41. [PMID: 31980892 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01261-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis of viviparity in non-mammalian species has not been widely studied. Neoditrema ransonnetii, a surfperch, is a matrotrophic teleost whose fetuses grow by ovarian cavity fluid (OCF) ingestion and by nutrient absorption via their enlarged hindgut. We performed a proteomics analysis of N. ransonnetii plasma protein and found proteins specific to pregnant females; one of these was identified as transthyretin (TTR), a thyroid hormone distributor protein. We synthesized recombinant protein rNrTTR and raised an antibody, anti-rNrTTR, against it. Semi-quantitative analysis by western blotting using the antibody demonstrated that plasma TTR levels were significantly greater in pregnant fish than in non-pregnant fish. OCF and fetal plasma also contained high TTR levels. Immunohistochemical staining showed that large amounts of maternal TTR were taken up by fetal intestinal epithelial cells. These results indicate that maternal TTR is secreted into OCF and taken up by fetal enterocytes, presumably to deliver thyroid hormones to developing fetuses.
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Albuquerque RL, Garland T. Phylogenetic analysis of maximal oxygen consumption during exercise (V̇O2max) and ecological correlates among lizard species. J Exp Biol 2020:jeb.229013. [PMID: 34005784 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.229013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The maximum amount of oxygen consumed during forced exercise (V̇O2max) sets the upper limit to the effort that can be sustained over relatively long periods and can limit activity levels in nature. Among ectotherms, V̇O2max is primarily affected by body size and body temperature, but it should also coadapt with behavior, ecology, and life history aspects. We compiled published data from 11 different families of lizards, including 58 species and 7 populations (total 65 data points) and tested whether V̇O2max was related to diet (herbivore, insectivore, insectivore/carnivore, carnivore, and omnivore), climate (tropical, temperate, and arid), nocturnality, viviparity, or family. We fitted models that included body mass and measurement temperature as covariates, and all possible combinations of other independent variables using ordinary least-squares (OLS) and phylogenetic regressions assuming an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of residual trait evolution (RegOU). The sum of Akaike weights for each independent variable revealed viviparity (∑wi=0.996) and the combined set of dummy variables coding for helodermatids, varanids, and skinks (∑wi=0.996) as the most important predictors. These three families had relatively high V̇O2max. They are composed mainly of active foragers that probably benefit from higher V̇O2max. Viviparity had a negative effect on V̇O2max. Ecological or behavioral factors associated with viviparity (e.g., activity levels), but not included here, may explain this effect. The average allometric slope of V̇O2max from the top eight models (which accounted for 99% of the cumulative evidence) was 0.803, which is similar to that reported previously for lizards and for mammals in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph L Albuquerque
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Recknagel H, Elmer KR. Differential reproductive investment in co-occurring oviparous and viviparous common lizards (Zootoca vivipara) and implications for life-history trade-offs with viviparity. Oecologia 2019; 190:85-98. [PMID: 31062164 PMCID: PMC6535419 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Live-bearing reproduction (viviparity) has evolved from egg-laying (oviparity) independently many times and most abundantly in squamate reptiles. Studying life-history trade-offs between the two reproductive modes is an inherently difficult task, as most transitions to viviparity are evolutionarily old and/or are confounded by environmental effects. The common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) is one of very few known reproductively bimodal species, in which some populations are oviparous and others viviparous. Oviparous and viviparous populations can occur in sympatry in the same environment, making this a unique system for investigating alternative life-history trade-offs between oviparous and viviparous reproduction. We find that viviparous females exhibit larger body size, smaller clutch sizes, a larger reproductive investment, and a higher hatching success rate than oviparous females. We find that offspring size and weight from viviparous females was lower compared to offspring from oviparous females, which may reflect space constraints during pregnancy. We suggest that viviparity in common lizards is associated with increased reproductive burden for viviparous females and speculate that this promoted the evolution of larger body size to create more physical space for developing embryos. In the context of life-history trade-offs in the evolution of viviparity, we suggest that the extent of correlation between reproductive traits, or differences between reproductive modes, may also depend on the time since the transition occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Recknagel
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Kathryn R Elmer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Bilinski SM, Tworzydlo W. Morphogenesis of serial abdominal outgrowths during development of the viviparous dermapteran, Arixenia esau (Insecta, Dermaptera). Arthropod Struct Dev 2019; 49:62-69. [PMID: 30445116 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The embryos and first instar larvae of the epizoic earwig, Arixenia esau, develop sequentially in two different compartments of the female reproductive system, that is ovarian follicles and the lateral oviducts (the uterus). Here we show that the second (intrauterine) phase of development consists of three physiologically disparate stages: early embryos (before dorsal closure, surrounded by an egg envelope), late embryos (after dorsal closure, surrounded by an egg envelope) and the first instar larvae (after "hatching" from an egg envelope). Early and late embryos float in the fluid filling the uterus, whereas the first instar larvae develop attached to the uterus wall. Our analyses revealed also that in Arixenia serial multilobed outgrowths develop on dorso-lateral aspects of all abdominal segments. At the onset of the third developmental stage and after liberation from an egg envelope, these outgrowths (or more precisely their lobes) adhere to the epithelium lining the uterus, forming a series of small contact sites, where the mother and embryo tissues are separated only by a thin, presumably permeable, embryonic cuticle. We suggest that all these contact sites collectively constitute a dispersed placenta-like organ involved in the nourishment of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan M Bilinski
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Waclaw Tworzydlo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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Martínez-Méndez N, Mejía O, Ortega J, Méndez-de la Cruz F. Climatic niche evolution in the viviparous Sceloporus torquatus group (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae). PeerJ 2019; 6:e6192. [PMID: 30643683 PMCID: PMC6330044 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cold-climate hypothesis maintains that viviparity arose as a means to prevent increased egg mortality in nests owing to low temperatures, and this hypothesis represents the primary and most strongly supported explanation for the evolution of viviparity in reptiles. In this regard, certain authors have stated that viviparous species will exhibit speciation via climatic niche conservatism, with similar climatic niches being observed in allopatric sister species. However, this prediction remains to be tested with bioclimatic variables relevant to each viviparous group. In the present study, we examined climatic niche evolution in a group of North American viviparous lizards to determine whether their diversification is linked to phylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC). We evaluated the phylogenetic signal and trait evolution of individual bioclimatic variables and principal component (PC) scores of a PC analysis, along with reconstructions of ancestral climate tolerances. The results suggest that diversification of the Sceloporus torquatus group species is associated with both niche differentiation and PNC. Furthermore, we did not observe PNC across nearly all bioclimatic variables and in PC2 and PC3. However, in Precipitation Seasonality (Bio15), in Precipitation of Coldest Quarter (Bio19) and in PC1 (weakly associated with variability of temperature), we did observe PNC. Additionally, variation of the scores along the phylogeny and Pagel’s delta (δ) >1 of PC3 suggests a fast, recent evolution to dry conditions in the clade that sustains S. serrifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Martínez-Méndez
- Departamento de Zoología, Laboratorio de Bioconservación y Manejo, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Omar Mejía
- Departamento de Zoología, Laboratorio de Variación y Evolución, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jorge Ortega
- Departamento de Zoología, Laboratorio de Bioconservación y Manejo, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fausto Méndez-de la Cruz
- Departamento de Zoología, Laboratorio de Herpetología, Instituto de Biología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Jaglarz MK, Tworzydlo W, Bilinski SM. Excretion in the mother's body: modifications of the larval excretory system in the viviparous dermapteran, Arixenia esau. Protoplasma 2018; 255:1799-1809. [PMID: 29948364 PMCID: PMC6208827 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of Dermaptera are free-living and oviparous, i.e., females lay eggs within which embryonic development occurs until the larva hatches. In contrast, in the epizoic dermapteran Arixenia esau, eggs are retained within mother's body and the embryos and first instar larvae develop inside her reproductive system. Such a reproductive strategy poses many physiological challenges for a mother, one of which is the removal of metabolic waste generated by the developing offspring. Here, we examine how the Arixenia females cope with this challenge by analyzing features of the developing larval excretory system. Our comparative analyses of the early and late first instar larvae revealed characteristic modifications in the cellular architecture of the Malpighian tubules, indicating that these organs are functional. The results of the electron probe microanalyses suggest additionally that the larval Malpighian tubules are mainly involved in maintaining ion homeostasis. We also found that the lumen of the larval alimentary track is occluded by a cellular diaphragm at the midgut-hindgut junction and that cells of the diaphragm accumulate metabolic compounds. Such an organization of the larval gut apparently prevents fouling of the mother's organism with the offspring metabolic waste and therefore can be regarded as an adaptation for viviparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz K Jaglarz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Waclaw Tworzydlo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Szczepan M Bilinski
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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Sulikowska-Drozd A, Hirano T, Wu SP, Páll-Gergely B. High Fecundity, Rapid Development and Selfing Ability in Three Species of Viviparous Land Snails Phaedusinae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae) from East Asia. Zool Stud 2018; 57:e38. [PMID: 31966278 DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2018.57-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anna Sulikowska-Drozd, Takahiro Hirano, Shu-Ping Wu, and Barna Páll-Gergely (2018) Life history traits are important yet understudied aspects of ecological diversification in land snail faunas. To acquire information for comparative analysis of gastropod life cycles, we conducted experimental breeding of three viviparous clausiliids from Japan and Taiwan. Under laboratory conditions, Tauphaedusa sheridani (Pfeiffer, 1866), T. tau (O. Boettger, 1877) and Stereophaedusa (Breviphaedusa) jacobiana (Pilsbry, 1902) featured similar times to complete shell growth (12-16 weeks), age of first reproduction (23-24 weeks) and annual fecundity (143- 173 neonates per pair of snails). The maximum number of eggs retained in genital tract reaches nine for T. sheridani, 11 for T. tau, and seven for S. jacobiana. The ratio between average shell height of neonate and adult varied between 13.5% for T. tau, 13.9% for T. sheridani, and 16.7% for S. jacobiana. All species were able to self-fertilize. Exposure to long drought affects intrauterine embryo development in all species; additionally, it results in parent and embryo mortality in S. jacobiana. Observed differences in the structure of the egg envelope among studied species point to greater than expected differentiation of developmental processes in viviparous Phaedusinae of East Asia.
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Wu YQ, Qu YF, Wang XJ, Gao JF, Ji X. Does the oviparity- viviparity transition alter the partitioning of yolk in embryonic snakes? BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:235. [PMID: 29187161 PMCID: PMC5707827 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The oviparity-viviparity transition is a major evolutionary event, likely altering the reproductive process of the organisms involved. Residual yolk, a portion of yolk remaining unutilized at hatching or birth as parental investment in care, has been investigated in many oviparous amniotes but remained largely unknown in viviparous species. Here, we used data from 20 (12 oviparous and 8 viviparous) species of snakes to see if the oviparity-viviparity transition alters the partitioning of yolk in embryonic snakes. We used ANCOVA to test whether offspring size, mass and components at hatching or birth differed between the sexes in each species. We used both ordinary least squares and phylogenetic generalized least squares regressions to test whether relationships between selected pairs of offspring components were significant. We used phylogenetic ANOVA to test whether offspring components differed between oviparous and viviparous species and, more specifically, the hypothesis that viviparous snakes invest more in the yolk as parental investment in embryogenesis to produce more well developed offspring that are larger in linear size. Results In none of the 20 species was sex a significant source of variation in any offspring component examined. Newborn viviparous snakes on average contained proportionally more water and, after accounting for body dry mass, had larger carcasses but smaller residual yolks than did newly hatched oviparous snakes. The rates at which carcass dry mass (CDM) and fat body dry mass (FDM) increased with residual yolk dry mass (YDM) did not differ between newborn oviparous and viviparous snakes. Neither CDM nor FDM differed between newborn oviparous and viviparous snakes after accounting for YDM. Conclusions Our results are not consistent with the hypothesis that the partitioning of yolk between embryonic and post-embryonic stages differs between snakes that differ in parity mode, but instead show that the partitioning of yolk in embryonic snakes is species-specific or phylogenetically related. We conclude that the oviparity-viviparity transition does not alter yolk partitioning in embryonic snakes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-017-1083-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qing Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yan-Fu Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xue-Ji Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gao
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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Bilinski SM, Halajian A, Tworzydlo W. Ovaries and oogenesis in an epizoic dermapteran, Hemimerus talpoides (Dermaptera, Hemimeridae): Structural and functional adaptations to viviparity and matrotrophy. ZOOLOGY 2017; 125:32-40. [PMID: 28869120 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Dermaptera are traditionally classified in three taxa: the free living Forficulina and two viviparous (matrotrophic) groups, the Hemimerina and Arixeniina. Recent molecular and histological analyses suggest that both matrotrophic groups should be nested among the most derived taxon of the Forficulina, the Eudermaptera. We present results of ultrastructural analyses of ovary/ovariole morphology and oogenesis in a representative of the Hemimerina, Hemimerus talpoides (Walker, 1871). Our results strongly reinforce the idea that the Hemimerina should be classified within the Eudermaptera. We show additionally that the ovaries of the studied species are characterized by two peculiar modifications, i.e. the presence of numerous tracheoles in contact with the basement lamina covering the ovarioles, and an unusual development of the ovariole stalks. We believe that both characters are related to viviparity and unconventional "intra-ovariolar" embryo development. Finally, our study also indicates that the oocytes of H. talpoides reveal characters apparently associated with a matrotrophic type of embryo nourishment. They are completely yolkless and devoid of the typical, multilayered egg envelopes; instead, they comprise unconventional organelles (para-crystalline stacks of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and translucent vacuoles) that seem to function after initiation of embryonic development. Thus, the ovaries as well as the oocytes of H. talpoides are characterized by an exceptional mixture of features shared with derived dermapterans and adaptations to matrotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan M Bilinski
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ali Halajian
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - Waclaw Tworzydlo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Griffith OW, Brandley MC, Whittington CM, Belov K, Thompson MB. Comparative genomics of hormonal signaling in the chorioallantoic membrane of oviparous and viviparous amniotes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 244:19-29. [PMID: 27102939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In oviparous amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) lines the inside of the egg and acts as the living point of contact between the embryo and the outside world. In livebearing (viviparous) amniotes, communication during embryonic development occurs across placental tissues, which form between the uterine tissue of the mother and the CAM of the embryo. In both oviparous and viviparous taxa, the CAM is at the interface of the embryo and the external environment and can transfer signals from there to the embryo proper. To understand the evolution of placental hormone production in amniotes, we examined the expression of genes involved in hormone synthesis, metabolism, and hormone receptivity in the CAM of species across the amniote phylogeny. We collected transcriptome data for the chorioallantoic membranes of the chicken (oviparous), the lizards Lerista bougainvillii (both oviparous and viviparous populations) and Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii (viviparous), and the horse Equus caballus (viviparous). The viviparous taxa differ in their mechanisms of nutrient provisioning: L. bougainvillii is lecithotrophic (embryonic nourishment is provided via the yolk only), but P. entrecasteauxii and the horse are placentotrophic (embryos are nourished via placental transport). Of the 423 hormone-related genes that we examined, 91 genes are expressed in all studied species, suggesting that the chorioallantoic membrane ancestrally had an endocrine function. Therefore, the chorioallantoic membrane appears to be a highly hormonally active organ in all amniotes. No genes are expressed only in viviparous species, suggesting that the evolution of viviparity has not required the recruitment of any specific hormone-related genes. Our data suggest that the endocrine function of the CAM as a placental tissue evolved in part through co-option of ancestral gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Griffith
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heydon-Laurence Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Matthew C Brandley
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heydon-Laurence Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; New York University - Sydney, The Rocks, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Camilla M Whittington
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heydon-Laurence Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Katherine Belov
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael B Thompson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heydon-Laurence Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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42
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Jones SM. Variations upon a theme: Australian lizards provide insights into the endocrine control of vertebrate reproductive cycles. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 244:60-69. [PMID: 26342969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Australian lizards exhibit a broad array of different reproductive strategies and provide an extraordinary diversity and range of models with which to address fundamental problems in reproductive biology. Studies on lizards have frequently led to new insights into hormonal regulatory pathways or mechanisms of control, but we have detailed knowledge of the reproductive cycle in only a small percentage of known species. This review provides an overview and synthesis of current knowledge of the hormonal control of reproductive cycles in Australian lizards. Agamid lizards have provided useful models with which to test hypotheses about the hormonal regulation of the expression of reproductive behaviors, while research on viviparous skinks is providing insights into the evolution of the endocrine control of gestation. However, in order to better understand the potential risks that environmental factors such as climate change and endocrine disrupting chemicals pose to our fauna, better knowledge is required of the fundamental characteristics of the reproductive cycle in a broader range of lizard species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.
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Whittington CM, Danastas K, Grau GE, Murphy CR, Thompson MB. Expression of VEGF 111 and other VEGF-A variants in the rat uterus is correlated with stage of pregnancy. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:353-360. [PMID: 27722773 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A is a major mediator of angiogenesis, a critically important process in vertebrate growth and development as well as pregnancy. Here we report for the first time the expression of a rare and unusually potent splice variant, VEGF 111 , in vivo in mammals. This variant has previously only been found in mammals in cultured human cells exposed to genotoxic agents. Our discovery of VEGF 111 in the uterus of both a eutherian (rat) and a marsupial (fat-tailed dunnart) suggests that the splice variant may be common to all mammals. As VEGF 111 is also expressed in the uterus of at least one lineage of lizards, the expression of this splice variant may be a widespread amniote phenomenon. We measured expression of VEGF 111 and two major VEGF-A splice variants in the uterus of pregnant rats, showing that the three variants show different expression patterns across pregnancy. Our results suggest that viviparous mammals possess a precisely regulated milieu of VEGF isoforms producing the angiogenesis required for successful pregnancy. The discovery of VEGF 111 in rat uterus paves the way for the development of in vivo models of VEGF 111 activity in a highly tractable laboratory animal, and is particularly significant in the context of early pregnancy loss and cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M Whittington
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kevin Danastas
- School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georges E Grau
- School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher R Murphy
- School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael B Thompson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Cattin L, Schuerch J, Salamin N, Dubey S. Why are some species older than others? A large-scale study of vertebrates. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:90. [PMID: 27142042 PMCID: PMC4855795 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strong variations are observed between and within taxonomic groups in the age of extant species and these differences can clarify factors that render species more vulnerable to extinction. Understanding the factors that influence the resilience of species is thus a key component of evolutionary biology, but it is also of prime importance in a context of climate change and for conservation in general. We explored the effect of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on the timing of the oldest diversification event in over 600 vertebrate species distributed worldwide. We used phylogenetic comparative methods to show that color polymorphism, latitude and reproduction (the latter through its interaction with latitude) affected the timing of the oldest diversification event within a species. RESULTS Species from higher latitudes tended to be younger, and colour-polymorphic species were older than monomorphic species. Mode of reproduction was important also, in that the age of oviparous species decreased with latitude, whereas no pattern was apparent for viviparous species. Organisms which have already persisted for a long time may be more likely to deal with future modifications of their environment. CONCLUSIONS Species that are colour polymorphic, viviparous, and/or live at low latitudes have exhibited resilience to past environmental changes, and hence may be better able to deal with current climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Cattin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Schuerch
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Salamin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Dubey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Naegle MA, Mugleston JD, Bybee SM, Whiting MF. Reassessing the phylogenetic position of the epizoic earwigs (Insecta: Dermaptera). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 100:382-390. [PMID: 27033951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dermaptera is a relatively small order of free-living insects that typically feed on detritus and other plant material. However, two earwig lineages - Arixeniidae and Hemimeridae - are epizoic on Cheiromeles bats and Beamys and Cricetomys rats respectively. Both of these epizoic families are comprised of viviparous species. The monophyly of these epizoic lineages and their placement within dermapteran phylogeny has remained unclear. A phylogenetic analyses was performed on a diverse sample of 47 earwig taxa for five loci (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, COI, Histone 3, and Tubulin Alpha I). Our results support two independent origins of the epizoic lifestyle within Dermaptera, with Hemimeridae and Arixeniidae each derived from a different lineage of Spongiphoridae. Our analyses places Marava, a genus of spongiphorids that includes free-living but viviparous earwigs, as sister group to Arixeniidae, suggesting that viviparity evolved prior to the shift to the epizoic lifestyle. Additionally, our results support the monophyly of Forficulidae and Chelisochidae and the paraphyly of Labiduridae, Pygidicranidae, Spongiphoridae, and Anisolabididae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Naegle
- Department of Biology and M. L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Joseph D Mugleston
- Department of Biology and M. L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Seth M Bybee
- Department of Biology and M. L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Michael F Whiting
- Department of Biology and M. L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Ueda K, Saito E, Iwasaki K, Tsutsui S, Nozawa A, Kikuchi K, Nakamura O. Accumulation of cells expressing macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor gene in the ovary of a pregnant viviparous fish, Neoditrema ransonnetii (Perciformes, Embiotocidae). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 50:223-230. [PMID: 26828262 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR), a member of the group of type III protein tyrosine kinase receptors, is expressed primarily by monocyte/macrophage lineage cells. In order to describe the distribution of macrophages at the maternal-fetal interface in Neoditrema ransonnetii, a viviparous fish species, M-CSFR cDNA was sequenced. Two sequences were obtained: NrM-CSFR1 (4381 bp, encoding 980 amino acids), and NrM-CSFR2 (3573 bp, encoding 1016 amino acids). Both the genes were expressed in the ovary of pregnant females. In situ hybridization revealed that a number of cells that were positive for NrM-CSFR1 and/or NrM-CSFR2 populated the ovigerous lamellae of the ovary during pregnancy. Following parturition, M-CSFR-positive cells disappeared from the subepithelial region of ovigerous lamellae, and were localized in perivascular tissues. These results suggest the role of M-CSFR-positive cells, which appear to be macrophages, in N. ransonnetii during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Ueda
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Erina Saito
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kaoru Iwasaki
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Tsutsui
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Aoi Nozawa
- Fisheries Laboratory, the University of Tokyo, Shizuoka, 431-0214, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Fisheries Laboratory, the University of Tokyo, Shizuoka, 431-0214, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakamura
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
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Lourdais O, Lorioux S, Dupoué A, Wright C, DeNardo DF. Embryonic water uptake during pregnancy is stage- and fecundity-dependent in the snake Vipera aspis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 189:102-6. [PMID: 26255703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Water is a crucial resource that can profoundly impact the biology of terrestrial organisms. Early life stages are particularly sensitive to hydric constraints because water uptake is an important component of embryonic development. While amniotic eggs constitute a key innovation to terrestrial life, many vertebrates are viviparous wherein the mother must be the source of water for her developing embryos. Since most viviparous squamates are lecithotrophic (i.e., energy is supplied to the offspring as yolk deposited into pre-ovulated follicles), water is the predominant resource allocated from the mother to the offspring during development. Contrary to energy that can be stored (e.g., as fat reserves), water typically cannot be acquired in advance. Therefore, the embryos' need for water can impose significant constraints on the pregnant female. We detailed water flux during pregnancy in a viviparous snake, the aspic viper (Vipera aspis). We found that embryonic water uptake occurred mostly during the second half of pregnancy-a period dominated by somatic growth. We also found that, somewhat unexpectedly, changes in female plasma osmolality were negatively related to fecundity. This latter result suggests that water consumption by the female is especially important for large litter sizes, and thus may suggest an important sensitivity of reproductive females to environmental water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lourdais
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
| | - Sophie Lorioux
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - Andréaz Dupoué
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Christian Wright
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - Dale F DeNardo
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
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Eaton L, Edmonds EJ, Henry TB, Snellgrove DL, Sloman KA. Mild maternal stress disrupts associative learning and increases aggression in offspring. Horm Behav 2015; 71:10-5. [PMID: 25840012 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Maternal stress has been shown to affect behaviour of offspring in a wide range of animals, but this evidence has come from studies that exposed gestating mothers to acute or severe stressors, such as restraint or exposure to synthetic stress hormones. Here we show that exposure of mothers to even a mild stressor reduces associative learning and increases aggression in offspring. Female guppies were exposed to routine husbandry procedures that produced only a minimal, non-significant, elevation of the stress hormone cortisol. In contrast to controls, offspring from mothers that experienced this mild stress failed to learn to associate a colour cue and food reward, and showed a greater amount of inter-individual variation in behaviour compared with control offspring. This mild stress also resulted in offspring that were more aggressive towards their own mirror image than controls. While it is possible that these results could represent the transmission of beneficial maternal characteristics to offspring born into unpredictable environments, the potential for mild maternal stress to affect offspring performance also has important implications for research into the trans-generational effects of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Eaton
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland PA1 2BE, UK.
| | - E J Edmonds
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland PA1 2BE, UK
| | - T B Henry
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, UK; Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - D L Snellgrove
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, LE14 4RT, Leicestershire, UK
| | - K A Sloman
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland PA1 2BE, UK
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Abstract
Although viviparity has evolved many times in the animal kingdom, it remains relatively uncommon-scorpions and therian mammals being rare examples of entirely viviparous major taxa. Viviparity is a specialised form of intra-species parasitism which biases parental investment towards fertilised eggs, temporally spreads that investment, and also temporarily protects offspring from many selection pressures. Importantly, the mammalian viviparity appeared at a relatively late stage in the process of vertebrate evolution. Because of this, viviparity was 'superimposed' on complex pre-existing cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic and immune systems, and has altered them dramatically. Also, pregnancy has exerted pervasive effects on gene expression in mammals, including genetic imprinting, X inactivation, sex determination, and the ectopic expression in the extra-embryonic membranes of many genes previously expressed in the gonads, brain, pituitary and immune system. Finally, although lactation probably pre-dated viviparity in mammalian evolution, the two have co-evolved as alternative strategies of offspring nutrition ever since.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R J Bainbridge
- Veterinary Anatomy Programme, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Downing Street CB2 3DY, UK.
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50
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Foucart T, Lourdais O, DeNardo DF, Heulin B. Influence of reproductive mode on metabolic costs of reproduction: insight from the bimodal lizard Zootoca vivipara. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:4049-56. [PMID: 25278472 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.104315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Examination of the selective forces behind the transition from oviparity to viviparity in vertebrates must include an understanding of the relative energy costs of the two reproductive modes. However, interspecific comparisons of reproductive mode are confounded by numerous other inherent differences among the species. Therefore, we compared oxygen consumption, as a reflection of energy costs, during reproduction in oviparous and viviparous females of the reproductively bimodal lizard Zootoca vivipara (Jaquin 1787). Female oxygen consumption progressively increased over the course of reproduction, peaking just prior to parition when it was 46% (oviparous form) and 82% (viviparous form) higher than it was at the pre-reproductive stage. Total increase in oxygen consumption (TIOC) during the pre-ovulation period was not different between the reproductive modes. Conversely, post-ovulation TIOC was more than three times higher in viviparous females, reflecting a dramatic increase in embryonic metabolism as well as maternal metabolic costs of pregnancy (MCP). MCP accounted for 22% of total metabolism in viviparous females, whereas it was negligible in oviparous females. Our results demonstrate that egg retention through the first third of development, as is typical of most oviparous squamates, entails minimal maternal energy demand, while extending retention imposes much greater metabolic constraints. Selection for transition from oviparity to viviparity must therefore provide benefits that outweigh not only the added burden associated with prolonged embryonic retention, but also the substantial additional energy costs that are incurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Foucart
- Station Biologique de Paimpont, UMR 6553 CNRS, F-35380, Paimpont, France Centre d'Étude Biologique de Chizé CNRS, F-79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Olivier Lourdais
- Centre d'Étude Biologique de Chizé CNRS, F-79360, Villiers en Bois, France School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - Dale F DeNardo
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - Benoit Heulin
- Station Biologique de Paimpont, UMR 6553 CNRS, F-35380, Paimpont, France
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