1
|
Niu X, Zhao R, Yan S, Pang Z, Li H, Yang X, Wang K. Chiral Materials: Progress, Applications, and Prospects. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303059. [PMID: 37217989 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is a universal phenomenon in molecular and biological systems, denoting an asymmetric configurational property where an object cannot be superimposed onto its mirror image by any kind of translation or rotation, which is ubiquitous on the scale from neutrinos to spiral galaxies. Chirality plays a very important role in the life system. Many biological molecules in the life body show chirality, such as the "codebook" of the earth's biological diversity-DNA, nucleic acid, etc. Intriguingly, living organisms hierarchically consist of homochiral building blocks, for example, l-amino acids and d-sugars with unknown reason. When molecules with chirality interact with these chiral factors, only one conformation favors the positive development of life, that is, the chiral host environment can only selectively interact with chiral molecules of one of the conformations. The differences in chiral interactions are often manifested by chiral recognition, mutual matching, and interactions with chiral molecules, which means that the stereoselectivity of chiral molecules can produce changes in pharmacodynamics and pathology. Here, the latest investigations are summarized including the construction and applications of chiral materials based on natural small molecules as chiral source, natural biomacromolecules as chiral sources, and the material synthesized by design as a chiral source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Niu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Simeng Yan
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Zengwei Pang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Li
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Xing Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kunjie Wang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sung YY, Chou YM, Hsieh MM. Ultrasensitive determination of 10 phenothiazine derivatives and their enantiomers in biological fluids by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464212. [PMID: 37487301 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple, rapid, and ultrasensitive technique was developed to identify five pairs of phenothiazine drugs by using ultrasound-enhanced and surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UESA-DLLME), field-amplified sample injection with capillary electrophoresis (FASI-CE), and capacitively coupled capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D). During the CE separation process, UESA-DLLME was used for sample clean-up and offline concentration, and FASI-CE was used for the online concentration of phenothiazine enantiomers. At baseline, the five pairs of phenothiazine enantiomer drugs required 18 min for separation. UESA-DLLME was then used to extract 0.01 mM Tween 80 at pH 10 from a sample solution (extraction solvent, 100 mL of dichloromethane). Subsequently, FASI was used to stack the sample solution (buffer, 30 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid/aspartic acid, additive 4 mM hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin, pH 2.5), and C4D was used for signal detection (amplitude, 2 Vpp; frequency, 400 kHz). The results indicated that the linear range for quantifying all analyte enantiomers was 1.0-150 nM, with a coefficient of determination exceeding 0.99. In addition, the relative standard deviations in the migration time and peak areas for the 10 analytes were less than 3.2% and 7.2%, respectively. The proposed system has a limit of detection (LOD) for the 10 analytes at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, ranging from 0.24 to 0.28 nM. The sensitivity enhancement, which compares the LOD0 (limit of detection in the normal method) to LOD1 (limit of detection achieved using the proposed UESA-DLLME-FASI-CE-C4D method), varies between approximately 1200 and 2000 for the 10 analytes. Analysis of the 10 separated analytes spiked in urine and serum samples revealed recovery rates of 88%-106% and 89%-105%, respectively. Therefore, this highly sensitive advanced technique was successfully used to analyze phenothiazine enantiomers in urine and serum samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yang Sung
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Mu Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ioannou KA, Christou A, Stavrou IJ, Schmid MG, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Evaluation of cyclodextrin- and cyclofructan-based chiral selectors for the enantioseparation of psychoactive substances in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:2392-2401. [PMID: 36189902 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During this study, a simple and easy-to-prepare electrophoretic method was developed for the enantioseparation of amphetamine and cathinone derivatives. Different types of β-cyclodextrin and cyclofructan-based chiral selectors (CSs), both native and derivatized, were utilized, and the most effective ones, in terms of resolution and analysis time, were identified. In addition, several electrophoretic parameters, such as background electrolyte concentration and pH, and CS concentration, were examined to optimize the separation conditions. Under the optimal electrophoretic conditions, 10 psychoactive substances were enantiomerically separated using 1 mM sulfated cyclofructan-6 (SCF-6) for the amphetamine derivatives and 1 mM sulfated cyclofructan-7 (SCF-7) for the cathinone derivatives dissolved in an aqueous solution of 20-mM monobasic sodium phosphate at pH 2.5, a temperature of 25°C, and an applied voltage of 25 kV. In addition, the method was validated by estimating the intra- and interday precision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ioannis J Stavrou
- Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Martin G Schmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Recent Advances on Chiral Mobile Phase Additives: A Critical Review. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-022-00222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
5
|
Belenguer-Sapiña C, Sáez-Hernández R, Pellicer-Castell E, Armenta S, Mauri-Aucejo A. Simultaneous determination of third-generation synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluids using cyclodextrin-silica porous sorbents. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
6
|
Fanali C, D'Orazio G, Gentili A, Fanali S. Potentiality of miniaturized techniques for the analysis of drugs of abuse. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:190-200. [PMID: 34148240 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electromigration (CE) and liquid chromatographic techniques (CLC/nano-LC) are miniaturized techniques offering distinct advantages over conventional ones in the field of separation science. Among these, high efficiency, high chromatographic resolution, and use of minute volumes of both mobile phase and sample volumes are the most important. CE and CLC/nano-LC have been applied to the analysis of many compounds including peptides, proteins, drugs, enantiomers, ions, etc. Over the years, the methods described here have also been used for the analysis of compounds of clinical, forensic, and toxicological interest. In this review article, the main features of the mentioned techniques are summarized. Their potentiality for the analysis of drugs of abuse are discussed. Some selected applications in this field in the period of 2015-present are also reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Faculty of Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni D'Orazio
- Institute for the Biological Systems, National Research Council, Monterotondo, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Negatively charged cyclodextrins: Synthesis and applications in chiral analysis-A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 256:117517. [PMID: 33483038 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The negatively charged cyclodextrins (CDs) play an important role in chiral analysis due to the additional electrostatic effect beyond the host-guest inclusion, especially in enantioanalysis of positively charged and electrically neutral analytes. This review presents recent advances in application of anionic CDs for enantioanalysis during the past five years. Firstly, the synthesis approaches of random substitution and single isomers of anionic CDs are briefly discussed. The main part focuses on the chiral analysis using anionic CDs in various analytical techniques, including capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrochromatography, counter current chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc. Particular attention is given to the capillary electrophoresis application since charged CDs could be used as a carrier of enantiomers by virtue of their self-mobility and offer an easy adjustment of the enantiomer migration order. Finally, future opportunities are also discussed in the conclusion of this review.
Collapse
|
8
|
Schmid MG, Hägele JS. Separation of enantiomers and positional isomers of novel psychoactive substances in solid samples by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques – A selective review. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
9
|
Hägele JS, Hubner E, Schmid MG. Determination of the chiral status of different novel psychoactive substance classes by capillary electrophoresis and β-cyclodextrin derivatives. Chirality 2020; 32:1191-1207. [PMID: 32671883 PMCID: PMC7496848 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Besides the abuse of well‐known illicit drugs, consumers discovered new synthetic compounds with similar effects but minor alterations in their chemical structure. Originally, these so‐called novel psychoactive substances (NPS) have been created to circumvent law of prosecution because of illicit drug abuse. During the past decade, such compounds came up in generations, the most popular compound was a synthetic cathinone derivative named mephedrone. Cathinones are structurally related to amphetamines; to date, more than 120 completely new derivatives have been synthesized and are traded via the Internet. Cathinones possess a chiral center; however, only little is known about the pharmacology of their enantiomers. However, NPS comprise further chiral compound classes such as amphetamine derivatives, ketamines, 2‐(aminopropyl)benzofurans, and phenidines. In continuation of our project, a cheap and easy‐to‐perform chiral capillary zone electrophoresis method for enantioseparation of cathinones presented previously was extended to the aforementioned compound classes. Enantioresolution was achieved by simply adding native β‐cyclodextrin, acetyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, or carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin as chiral selector additives to the background electrolyte. Fifty‐one chiral NPS served as analytes mainly purchased from online vendors via the Internet. Using 10 mM of the aforementioned β‐cyclodextrins in a 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 2.5), overall, 50 of 51 NPS were resolved. However, chiral separation ability of the selectors differed depending on the analyte. Additionally, simultaneous enantioseparations, the determination of enantiomeric migration orders of selected analytes, and a repeatability study were performed successfully. It was proven that all separated NPS were traded as racemic mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes S. Hägele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Eva‐Maria Hubner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Martin G. Schmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Determination of orotic acid in human urine using a combination of two capillaries with different internal diameters. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
11
|
Řezanka P, Macková D, Jurok R, Himl M, Kuchař M. Enantioseparation and Determination of Mephedrone and Its Metabolites by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Cyclodextrins as Chiral Selectors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122879. [PMID: 32585814 PMCID: PMC7355680 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mephedrone, a psychoactive compound derived from cathinone, is widely used as a designer drug. The determination of mephedrone and its metabolites is important for understanding its possible use in medicine. In this work, a method of capillary electrophoresis for the chiral separation of mephedrone and its metabolites was developed. Carboxymethylated β-cyclodextrin was selected as the most effective chiral selector from seven tested cyclodextrin derivates. Based on the simplex method, the optimal composition of the background electrolyte was determined: at pH 2.75 and 7.5 mmol·L-1 carboxymethylated β-cyclodextrin the highest total resolution of a mixture of analytes was achieved. For mephedrone and its metabolites, calibration curves were constructed in a calibration range from 0.2 to 5 mmol·L-1; limits of detection, limits of quantification, precision, and repeatability were calculated, and according to Mandel's fitting test, the linear calibration ranges were determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Řezanka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
| | - Denisa Macková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Radek Jurok
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (R.J.); (M.K.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Michal Himl
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (R.J.); (M.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hobbs C, Řezanka P, Řezanka M. Cyclodextrin‐Functionalised Nanomaterials for Enantiomeric Recognition. Chempluschem 2020; 85:876-888. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hobbs
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural SciencesInstitute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and InnovationTechnical University of Liberec Studentská 1402/2 461 17 Liberec Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Řezanka
- Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Michal Řezanka
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural SciencesInstitute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and InnovationTechnical University of Liberec Studentská 1402/2 461 17 Liberec Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang C, Woolfork AG, Suh K, Ovbude S, Bi C, Elzoeiry M, Hage DS. Clinical and pharmaceutical applications of affinity ligands in capillary electrophoresis: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 177:112882. [PMID: 31542417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) is a separation technique that combines a biologically-related binding agent with the separating power and efficiency of capillary electrophoresis. This review will examine several classes of binding agents that have been used in ACE and applications that have been described for the resulting methods in clinical or pharmaceutical analysis. Binding agents that will be considered are antibodies, aptamers, lectins, serum proteins, carbohydrates, and enzymes. This review will also describe the various formats in which each type of binding agent has been used in CE, including both homogeneous and heterogeneous methods. Specific areas of applications that will be considered are CE-based immunoassays, glycoprotein/glycan separations, chiral separations, and biointeraction studies. The general principles and formats of ACE for each of these applications will be examined, along with the potential advantages or limitations of these methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenhua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - Ashley G Woolfork
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - Kyungah Suh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - Susan Ovbude
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - Cong Bi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - Marawan Elzoeiry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - David S Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chiral Selectors in Capillary Electrophoresis: Trends During 2017⁻2018. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061135. [PMID: 30901973 PMCID: PMC6471358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral separation is an important process in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. From the analytical chemistry perspective, chiral separation is required for assessing the fit-for-purpose and the safety of chemical products. Capillary electrophoresis, in the electrokinetic chromatography mode is an established analytical technique for chiral separations. A water-soluble chiral selector is typically used. This review therefore examines the use of various chiral selectors in electrokinetic chromatography during 2017–2018. The chiral selectors were both low and high (macromolecules) molecular mass molecules as well as molecular aggregates (supramolecules). There were 58 papers found by search in Scopus, indicating continuous and active activity in this research area. The macromolecules were sugar-, amino acid-, and nucleic acid-based polymers. The supramolecules were bile salt micelles. The low molecular mass selectors were mainly ionic liquids and complexes with a central ion. A majority of the papers were on the use or preparation of sugar-based macromolecules, e.g., native or derivatised cyclodextrins. Studies to explain chiral recognition of macromolecular and supramolecular chiral selectors were mainly done by molecular modelling and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Demonstrations were predominantly on drug analysis for the separation of racemates.
Collapse
|