1
|
Zhang T, Liu Y. Preparation of High-Transparency Phosphenanthrene-Based Flame Retardants and Studies of Their Flame-Retardant Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4665. [PMID: 38139917 PMCID: PMC10747229 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Transparency is an important property for polymer flame retardants, especially epoxy resin (EP) flame retardants, and flame-retardant epoxy resins that maintain a high transparency and low chromatic aberration play important roles in the optical, lighting, and energy industries. Herein, a DOPO-based flame retardant 6,6'-((sulfonylbis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) with a high transparency and low chromatic aberration was prepared via the classical Atherton-Todd reaction and named SBPDOPO. Its chemical structure was characterized with Fourier IR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy. An EP loaded with 7 wt% SBPDOPO passed the UL-94 V-0 rating with an LOI value of 32.1%, and the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production were reduced by 34.1%, 31.6%, and 27.7%, respectively, compared with those of pure EP. In addition, the addition of SBPDOPO improved the thermal stability, residual mass, and glass transition temperature of the EP. On this basis, the EP containing 7 wt% SBPDOPO maintained a high transparency and low color aberration, with a transmittance of 94% relative to that of pure EP and a color aberration ΔE of 1.63. Finally, the flame-retardant mechanism of SBPDOPO was analyzed, which demonstrated that it exerted both gas-phase and condensed-phase flame-retardant effects, and that SBPDOPO/EP had high potential for application scenarios in which both flame retardancy and transparency are needed. SBPDOPO/EP has great potential for applications requiring both flame retardancy and transparency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China;
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China;
- Work Safety Key Laboratory on Prevention and Control of Gas and Roof Disasters for Southern Coal Mines, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Safe Mining Techniques of Coal Mines, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu L, Huo S, Wang C, Ye G, Song P, Feng J, Fang Z, Wang H, Liu Z. Flame-retardant poly(L-lactic acid) with enhanced UV protection and well-preserved mechanical properties by a furan-containing polyphosphoramide. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123707. [PMID: 36796568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite good biodegradability and mechanical strength, the intrinsic flammability of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) impede its practical application. Introducing phosphoramide is an effective method to enhance the flame retardancy of PLA. However, most of the reported phosphoramides derive from petroleum resources, and their addition tends to deteriorate the mechanical properties, especially toughness, of PLA. Herein, a bio-based, furan-containing polyphosphoramide (DFDP) with high flame-retardant efficiency was synthesized for PLA. Our study found that 2 wt% DFDP enabled PLA to pass a UL-94 V-0 rating, and 4 wt% DFDP increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 30.8 %. DFDP effectively maintained the mechanical strength and toughness of PLA. The tensile strength of PLA with 2 wt% DFDP reached 59.9 MPa, and its elongation at break and impact strength were increased by 15.8 % and 34.3 %, respectively, relative to those of virgin PLA. The UV protection of PLA was significantly enhanced by introducing DFDP. Hence, this work provides a sustainable and comprehensive strategy for the creation of flame-retardant biomaterials with improved UV protection and well-preserved mechanical properties, which possess a broad prospect in industrial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Yu
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic and New Energy Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Siqi Huo
- Center for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield 4300, Australia; Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic and New Energy Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Guofeng Ye
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic and New Energy Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Pingan Song
- Center for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield 4300, Australia
| | - Jiabing Feng
- Center for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield 4300, Australia
| | - Zhengping Fang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Center for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield 4300, Australia
| | - Zhitian Liu
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic and New Energy Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu C, Li P, Xu Y, Liu Y, Zhu P. Nickel alginate‐enhanced fire safety of aluminum diethylphosphinate on epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire‐Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐textiles Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire‐Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐textiles Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Ying‐Jun Xu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire‐Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐textiles Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire‐Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐textiles Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Ping Zhu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire‐Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐textiles Qingdao University Qingdao China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Flame-Retarded Rigid Polyurethane Foam Composites with the Incorporation of Steel Slag/Dimelamine Pyrophosphate System: A New Strategy for Utilizing Metallurgical Solid Waste. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248892. [PMID: 36558034 PMCID: PMC9783893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane (RPUF) was widely used in external wall insulation materials due to its good thermal insulation performance. In this study, a series of RPUF and RPUF-R composites were prepared using steel slag (SS) and dimelamine pyrophosphate (DMPY) as flame retardants. The RPUF composites were characterized by thermogravimetric (TG), limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimetry (CCT), and thermogravimetric infrared coupling (TG-FTIR). The results showed that the LOI of the RPUF-R composites with DMPY/SS loading all reached the combustible material level (22.0 vol%~27.0 vol%) and passed UL-94 V0. RPUF-3 with DMPY/SS system loading exhibited the lowest pHRR and THR values of 134.9 kW/m2 and 16.16 MJ/m2, which were 54.5% and 42.7% lower than those of unmodified RPUF, respectively. Additionally, PO· and PO2· free radicals produced by pyrolysis of DMPY could capture high energy free radicals, such as H·, O·, and OH·, produced by degradation of RPUF matrix, effectively blocking the free radical chain reaction of composite materials. The metal oxides in SS reacted with the polymetaphosphoric acid produced by the pyrolysis of DMPY in combustion. It covered the surface of the carbon layer, significantly insulating heat and mass transport in the combustion area, endowing RPUF composites with excellent fire performance. This work not only provides a novel strategy for the fabrication of high-performance RPUF composites, but also elucidates a method of utilizing metallurgical solid waste.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang X, Wang J, Zhao W, Liu J, Long S, Wang D. Effects of flame retardants containing
POC
and
PC
structures on the flame retardant properties of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Jingming Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Long
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Dun Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang B, Yang S, Liu X, Zou Y, Kan Y, Deng D, Zong Z, Tang G. Rigid polyurethane foam composites based on bivalent metal phytate: thermal stability, flame retardancy, and fire toxicity. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2039192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Sujie Yang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zou
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Yongchun Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Dan Deng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, P.R. China
| | - Zhifang Zong
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Han X, Guo Y, Cai H, Li X, Ding J, Zhao X, Zhou H, Guo W, Huang W, Zhao T. Synergistic effects of a half‐cage and cage structure phosphorus and nitrogen‐containing
POSS
with tetrabutyl titanate on flame retardancy of vinyl epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Huanhuan Cai
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Xiang Li
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Jiangnan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Wantao Guo
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li C, Yu X, Tan Y, Xie G, Liu H, Tang G. Investigation on thermal properties and flame retardancy of glass‐fiber reinforced poly(butylene succinate) composites filled with aluminum hypophosphite and melamine cyanurate. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongyi Li
- School of Chemical Engineering Hunan Chemical Vocational Technology College Zhuzhou China
| | - Xiaoguang Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering Hunan Chemical Vocational Technology College Zhuzhou China
| | - Ying Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering Hunan Chemical Vocational Technology College Zhuzhou China
| | - Guirong Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering Hunan Chemical Vocational Technology College Zhuzhou China
| | - Hong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering Hunan Chemical Vocational Technology College Zhuzhou China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan Anhui China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Enhancement of fire performance for rigid polyurethane foam composites by incorporation of aluminum hypophosphite and expanded graphite. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|