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Yao K, Feng L, Jiang WD, Liu Y, Zhang L, Mi HF, Zhou XQ, Wu P. The role of vitamin E in polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis and alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress in sub-adult grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella). ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:275-287. [PMID: 38371478 PMCID: PMC10869583 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin E (VE) is an essential lipid-soluble vitamin that improves the fish flesh quality. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of VE on growth performance and flesh quality in sub-adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A total of 450 fish (713.53 ± 1.50 g) were randomly divided into six treatment groups (three replicates per treatment) and fed for nine weeks with different experimental diets (dietary lipid 47.8 g/kg) that contained different levels of VE (5.44, 52.07, 96.85, 141.71, 185.66, and 230.12 mg/kg diet, supplemented as dl-α-tocopherol acetate). Notably, the treatment groups that were fed with dietary VE ranging from 52.07 to 230.12 mg/kg diet showed improvement in the percent weight gain, special growth rate, and feed efficiency of grass carp. Moreover, the treatment groups supplemented with dietary VE level of 141.71, 185.66, and 230.12 mg/kg diet showed enhancement in crude protein, lipid, and α-tocopherol contents in the muscle, and the dietary levels of VE ranging from 52.07 to 141.71 mg/kg diet improved muscle pH24h and shear force but reduced muscle cooking loss in grass carp. Furthermore, appropriate levels of VE (52.07 to 96.85 mg/kg diet) increased the muscle polyunsaturated fatty acid content in grass carp. Dietary VE also increased the mRNA levels of fatty acid synthesis-related genes, including fas, scd-1, fad, elovl, srebp1, pparγ, and lxrα, and up-regulated the expression of SREBP-1 protein. However, dietary VE decreased the expression of fatty acid decomposition-related genes, including hsl, cpt1, acox1, and pparα, and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes, including perk, ire1, atf6, eif2α, atf4, xbp1, chop, and grp78, and down-regulated the expression of p-PERK, p-IRE1, ATF6, and GRP78 proteins. In conclusion, dietary VE increased muscle fatty acid synthesis, which may be partly associated with the alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and ultimately improves fish flesh quality. Moreover, the VE requirements for sub-adult grass carp (713.53 to 1590.40 g) were estimated to be 124.9 and 122.73 mg/kg diet based on percentage weight gain and muscle shear force, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Tongwei Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China
- Healthy Aquaculture Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hai-Feng Mi
- Tongwei Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China
- Healthy Aquaculture Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Jaya-Ram A, Shu-Chien AC, Kuah MK. Echium oil increased the expression of a Δ4 Fads2 fatty acyl desaturase and the deposition of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in comparison with linseed oil in striped snakehead (Channa striata) muscle. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:1107-1122. [PMID: 26842427 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the potential of vegetable oils as aquafeed ingredients, a major drawback associated with their utilization is the inferior level of beneficial n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). Echium oil (EO), which is rich in stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n-3), could potentially improve the deposition of n-3 LC-PUFA as the biosynthesis of LC-PUFA is enhanced through bypassing the rate-limiting ∆6 desaturation step. We report for the first time an attempt to investigate whether the presence of a desaturase (Fads2) capable of ∆4 desaturation activities and an elongase (Elovl5) will leverage the provision of dietary SDA to produce a higher rate of LC-PUFA bioconversion. Experimental diets were designed containing fish oil (FO), EO or linseed oil (LO) (100FO, 100EO, 100LO), and diets which comprised equal mixtures of the designated oils (50EOFO and 50EOLO) were evaluated in a 12-week feeding trial involving striped snakeheads (Channa striata). There was no significant difference in growth and feed conversion efficiency. The hepatic fatty acid composition and higher expression of fads2 and elovl5 genes in fish fed EO-based diets indicate the utilization of dietary SDA for LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Collectively, this resulted in a higher deposition of muscle eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) compared to LO-based diets. Dietary EO improved the ratio of n-3 LC-PUFA to n-6 LC-PUFA in fish muscle, which is desirable for human populations with excessive consumption of n-6 PUFA. This study validates the contribution of SDA in improving the content of n-3 LC-PUFA and the ratio of EPA to arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) in a freshwater carnivorous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Jaya-Ram
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Meng-Kiat Kuah
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Kitessa SM, Abeywardena M, Wijesundera C, Nichols PD. DHA-containing oilseed: a timely solution for the sustainability issues surrounding fish oil sources of the health-benefitting long-chain omega-3 oils. Nutrients 2014; 6:2035-58. [PMID: 24858407 PMCID: PMC4042577 DOI: 10.3390/nu6052035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefits of long-chain (≥C20) omega-3 oils (LC omega-3 oils) for reduction of the risk of a range of disorders are well documented. The benefits result from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); optimal intake levels of these bioactive fatty acids for maintenance of normal health and prevention of diseases have been developed and adopted by national and international health agencies and science bodies. These developments have led to increased consumer demand for LC omega-3 oils and, coupled with increasing global population, will impact on future sustainable supply of fish. Seafood supply from aquaculture has risen over the past decades and it relies on harvest of wild catch fisheries also for its fish oil needs. Alternate sources of LC omega-3 oils are being pursued, including genetically modified soybean rich in shorter-chain stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4ω3). However, neither oils from traditional oilseeds such as linseed, nor the SDA soybean oil have shown efficient conversion to DHA. A recent breakthrough has seen the demonstration of a land plant-based oil enriched in DHA, and with omega-6 PUFA levels close to that occurring in marine sources of EPA and DHA. We review alternative sources of DHA supply with emphasis on the need for land plant oils containing EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soressa M Kitessa
- CSIRO Animal, Foods and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 10041, Adelaide BC, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Mahinda Abeywardena
- CSIRO Animal, Foods and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 10041, Adelaide BC, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Chakra Wijesundera
- CSIRO Animal, Foods and Health Sciences, Werribee, Victoria, VIC 3030, Australia.
| | - Peter D Nichols
- Food Futures Flagship, Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia.
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Do Nascimento M, Dublan MDLA, Ortiz-Marquez JCF, Curatti L. High lipid productivity of an Ankistrodesmus-Rhizobium artificial consortium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 146:400-407. [PMID: 23948276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have great potential as alternative productive platforms for sustainable production of bioenergy, food, feed and other commodities. Process optimization to realize the claimed potential often comprises strains selection and improvement and also developing of more efficient cultivation, harvesting and downstream processing technology. In this work we show that inoculation with the bacterium Rhizobium strain 10II resulted in increments of up to 30% in chlorophyll, biomass and lipids accumulation of the oleaginous microalgae Ankistrodesmus sp. strain SP2-15. Inoculated cultures have reached a high lipid productivity of up to 112 mg L(-1) d(-1) after optimization. The resulting biomass presented significant levels of Ω3 fatty acids including stearidonic acid, suggesting potential as an alternative land-based source of essential fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Do Nascimento
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria de Los Angeles Dublan
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio Integrado de Microbiología Agrícola y de Alimentos, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Cesar Federico Ortiz-Marquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Curatti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Tanghe S, Millet S, De Smet S. Echium oil and linseed oil as alternatives for fish oil in the maternal diet: Blood fatty acid profiles and oxidative status of sows and piglets1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3253-64. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Tanghe
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - S. Millet
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - S. De Smet
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
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Kawabata T, Shimoda K, Horiguchi S, Domon M, Hagiwara C, Takiyama M, Kagawa Y. Influences of stearidonic acid-enriched soybean oil on the blood and organ biochemical parameters in rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:179-84. [PMID: 23219237 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we administered various diets of stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) soybean oil to rats and examined the subsequent blood and organ biochemical parameters. Male Wistar rats (seven rats/group, six groups total) were fed diets supplemented with a test oil for 4 weeks. Diets containing test oils were: FFC diet (fish-oil-free control diet), C diet (control group, assuming a Japanese diet), SDA25 diet (25% 18:4n-3 soybean oil in the C diet), SDA50 (50% 18:4n-3 soybean oil in the C diet), ALA diet (34% flaxseed oil in the C diet), and EPA+DHA diet (34% fish oil in the C diet). The intake of 18:4n-3 showed increased relative efficiency of 20:5n-3 accretions in serum and liver triacylglycerol and significantly decreased the serum triacylglycerol level in rats. The results suggested that the consumption of 18:4n-3 soybean oil may modify the lipid and fatty acid profiles of body fats, even when EPA and DHA derived from fish is consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terue Kawabata
- Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan.
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Cleveland BJ, Francis DS, Turchini GM. Echium oil provides no benefit over linseed oil for (n-3) long-chain PUFA biosynthesis in rainbow trout. J Nutr 2012; 142:1449-55. [PMID: 22739372 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.161497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of alternative lipid sources for use in aquaculture is of considerable interest globally. However, the possible benefit of using stearidonic acid (SDA)-rich fish oil (FO) alternatives has led to scientific confusion. Two hundred and forty rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed 1 of 4 diets (3 replicate tanks/treatment) containing either FO, linseed oil (LO), echium oil, or mixed vegetable oil (72% LO, 23% sunflower oil, and 6% canola oil) as the dietary lipid source (16.5%) for 73 d to investigate the competition and long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis between the fatty acid substrates α-linolenic acid (ALA) and SDA. SDA was more efficiently bioconverted to LC-PUFA compared with ALA. However, when the dietary lipid sources were directly compared, the increased provision of C18 PUFA within the LO diet resulted in no significant differences in (n-3) LC-PUFA content compared with fish fed the other diets. This study therefore shows that, rather than the previously speculated substrate competition, the limiting process in the apparent in vivo (n-3) LC-PUFA biosynthesis appears to be substrate availability. Rainbow trout fed the SDA- and ALA-rich dietary lipid sources subsequently had similar significant reductions in (n-3) LC-PUFA compared with fish fed the FO diet, therefore providing no additional dietary benefit on (n-3) LC-PUFA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Cleveland
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia
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Alhazzaa R, Bridle AR, Nichols PD, Carter CG. Up-regulated desaturase and elongase gene expression promoted accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) but not long-chain PUFA in Lates calcarifer, a tropical euryhaline fish, fed a stearidonic acid- and γ-linoleic acid-enriched diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:8423-8434. [PMID: 21707030 DOI: 10.1021/jf201871w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The limited activity of Δ6 fatty acid desaturase (FAD6) on α-linolenic (ALA, 18:3n-3) and linoleic (LA, 18:2n-6) acids in marine fish alters the long-chain (≥C(20)) polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) concentration in fish muscle and liver when vegetable oils replace fish oil (FO) in aquafeeds. Echium oil (EO), rich in stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) and γ-linoleic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6), may enhance the biosynthesis of n-3 and n-6 LC-PUFA by bypassing the rate-limiting FAD6 step. Nutritional and environmental modulation of the mechanisms in LC-PUFA biosynthesis was examined in barramundi, Lates calcarifer , a tropical euryhaline fish. Juveniles were maintained in either freshwater or seawater and fed different dietary LC-PUFA precursors present in EO or rapeseed oil (RO) and compared with FO. After 8 weeks, growth of fish fed EO was slower compared to the FO and RO treatments. Irrespective of salinity, expression of the FAD6 and elongase was up-regulated in fish fed EO and RO diets, but did not lead to significant accumulation of LC-PUFA in the neutral lipid of fish tissues as occurred in the FO treatment. However, significant concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), but not docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), appeared in liver and, to a lesser extent, in muscle of fish fed EO with marked increases in the phospholipid fraction. Fish in the EO treatment had higher EPA and ARA in their liver phospholipids than fish fed FO. Endogenous conversion of dietary precursors into neutral lipid LC-PUFA appears to be limited by factors other than the initial rate-limiting step. In contrast, phospholipid LC-PUFA had higher biosynthesis, or selective retention, in barramundi fed EO rather than RO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramez Alhazzaa
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia.
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