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Biochemical and nutritional overview of diet-induced metabolic syndrome models in rats: what is the best choice? Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:24. [PMID: 32616730 PMCID: PMC7331639 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-0127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a condition that includes obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemias among other, abnormalities that favors type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases development. Three main diet-induced metabolic syndrome models in rats exist: High carbohydrate diet (HCHD), high fat diet (HFD), and high carbohydrate-high fat diet (HCHHFD). We analyzed data from at least 35 articles per diet, from different research groups, to determine their effect on the development of the MS, aimed to aid researchers in choosing the model that better suits their research question; and also the best parameter that defines obesity, as there is no consensus to determine this condition in rats. For the HCHD we found a mild effect on body weight gain and fasting blood glucose levels (FBG), but significant increases in triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance and visceral fat accumulation. HFD had the greater increase in the parameters previously mentioned, followed by HCHHFD, which had a modest effect on FBG levels. Therefore, to study early stages of MS a HCHD is recommended, while HFD and HCHHFD better reproduce more severe stages of MS. We recommend the assessment of visceral fat accumulation as a good estimate for obesity in the rat.
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Marcondes-de-Mello MLDF, Serafim-Costa MC, Alves-E-Silva MM, Oliveira NR, Bertolucci-Caldo NV, Ferraz RK, Chaves VE. Effect of glucocorticoids on glyceroneogenesis in adipose tissue: A systematic review. Biochimie 2019; 168:210-219. [PMID: 31759936 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glyceroneogenesis is important for the maintenance of fat content in white adipose tissue (WAT). An increase in WAT, and especially the pattern of fat distribution, specifically in visceral depots, potentially contributes to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction and hypertension. Recent studies have shown important differences in glyceroneogenesis of different fat sites under the administration of glucocorticoids (GCs). Such differences need to be analysed with criteria evidencing the parameter studied, the type of corticoid, the form of administration and also the tissue studied. PubMed, Scopus and Virtual Health Library were used to search for articles that analysed the effect of GCs on glyceroneogenesis in different sites of adipose tissue in mammals and primary cultures. GCs decrease the glyceroneogenesis in epididymal WAT (EWAT) and also decrease the expression of the mRNA, content and activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C), key enzyme of glyceroneogenesis. However, in retroperitoneal WAT (RWAT), although there is no consensus about the effect of GCs on PEPCK mRNA, GCs increase PEPCK-C activity and glyceroneogenesis flux. In inguinal WAT (IWAT) an in vitro study showed an increase in the PEPCK mRNA induced by dexamethasone. However, prednisolone does not change glyceroneogenesis flux. In interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) prednisolone or dexamethasone does not change PEPCK-C activity in control diet-fed rats but led to a decrease in PEPCK-C activity in fasted- or high-fat/low-carbohydrate diet-fed rats, as well as in suckling rats. Despite that fact that GCs have different potencies, the same dose of dexamethasone reduces PEPCK-C activity in EWAT, but not in RWAT and IBAT from control-diet fed rats. In summary, the data presented in this article show that GCs differentially regulate glyceroneogenesis in different sites of adipose tissue. Further experiments are needed to firmly establish our hypothesis and clarify the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruan Krubniki Ferraz
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Li J, Wang T, Xia J, Yao W, Huang F. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic protein acetylations control glycolysis process in liver diseases. FASEB J 2019; 33:11640-11654. [PMID: 31370704 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901175r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Impaired glycolysis has pathologic effects on the occurrence and progression of liver diseases, and it appears that glycolysis is increased to different degrees in different liver diseases. As an important post-translational modification, reversible lysine acetylation regulates almost all cellular processes, including glycolysis. Lysine acetylation can occur enzymatically with acetyltransferases or nonenzymatically with acetyl-coenzyme A. Accompanied by the progression of liver diseases, there seems to be a temporal and spatial variation between enzymatic and nonenzymatic acetylations in the regulation of glycolysis. Here, we summarize the most recent findings on the functions and targets of acetylation in controlling glycolysis in the different stages of liver diseases. In addition, we discuss the differences and causes between enzymatic and nonenzymatic acetylations in regulating glycolysis throughout the progression of liver diseases. Then, we review these new discoveries to provide the potential implications of these findings for therapeutic interventions in liver diseases.-Li, J., Wang, T., Xia, J., Yao, W., Huang, F. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic protein acetylations control glycolysis process in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tongxin Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weilei Yao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiruo Huang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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de Melo AF, Moreira CCL, Sales CF, Rentz T, Raposo HF, Garófalo MAR, Botion LM, Kettelhut IDC, de Oliveira HCF, Chaves VE. Increase in liver cytosolic lipases activities and VLDL-TAG secretion rate do not prevent the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in cafeteria diet-fed rats. Biochimie 2018; 150:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Crisóstomo L, Alves MG, Calamita G, Sousa M, Oliveira PF. Glycerol and testicular activity: the good, the bad and the ugly. Mol Hum Reprod 2017; 23:725-737. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gax049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Crisóstomo
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Mário Sousa
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Reproductive Genetics Professor Alberto Barros, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
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Hussain R, Shaukat Z, Khan M, Saint R, Gregory SL. Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Maintains Glycolysis-driven Growth in Drosophila Tumors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11531. [PMID: 28912546 PMCID: PMC5599506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors frequently fail to pass on all their chromosomes correctly during cell division, and this chromosomal instability (CIN) causes irregular aneuploidy and oxidative stress in cancer cells. Our objective was to test knockdowns of metabolic enzymes in Drosophila to find interventions that could exploit the differences between normal and CIN cells to block CIN tumor growth without harming the host animal. We found that depleting by RNAi or feeding the host inhibitors against phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) was able to block the growth of CIN tissue in a brat tumor explant model. Increasing NAD+ or oxidising cytoplasmic NADH was able to rescue the growth of PEPCK depleted tumors, suggesting a problem in clearing cytoplasmic NADH. Consistent with this, blocking the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle blocked tumor growth, as well as lowering ROS levels. This work suggests that proliferating CIN cells are particularly vulnerable to inhibition of PEPCK, or its metabolic network, because of their compromised redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Hussain
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5006, Australia
| | - Zeeshan Shaukat
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5006, Australia
| | - Mahwish Khan
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5006, Australia
| | | | - Stephen L Gregory
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5006, Australia.
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Castro É, Silva TEO, Festuccia WT. Critical review of beige adipocyte thermogenic activation and contribution to whole-body energy expenditure. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 31:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2017-0042/hmbci-2017-0042.xml. [PMID: 28862985 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Beige (or brite, "brown in white") adipocytes are uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-positive cells residing in white adipose depots that, depending on the conditions, behave either as classic white adipocytes, storing energy as lipids, or as brown adipocytes, dissipating energy from oxidative metabolism as heat through non-shivering thermogenesis. Because of their thermogenic potential and, therefore, possible usage to treat metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, beige cells have attracted the attention of many scientists worldwide aiming to develop strategies to safely recruit and activate their thermogenic activity. Indeed, in recent years, a large variety of conditions, molecules (including nutrients) and signaling pathways were reported to promote the recruitment of beige adipocytes. Despite of those advances, the true contribution of beige adipocyte thermogenesis to whole-body energy expenditure is still not completely defined. Herein, we discuss some important aspects that should be considered when studying beige adipocyte biology and the contribution to energy balance and whole-body metabolism.
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Moreira CCL, Lourenço FC, Mario ÉG, Santos RAS, Botion LM, Chaves VE. Long-term effects of angiotensin-(1-7) on lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue and liver. Peptides 2017; 92:16-22. [PMID: 28438644 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin (Ang) converting enzyme 2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis has been described to have a beneficial role on metabolic disorders. In the present study, the use of a transgenic rat model that chronically overexpresses Ang-(1-7) enabled us to investigate the chronic effects of this peptide on lipid accumulation in the liver and adipose tissue. The transgenic group showed a marked tendency toward increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and decreased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression and activity in epididymal adipose tissue. We also showed that Mas receptor-knockout mice had decreased PPARγ expression in adipose tissue, accompanied by an increase in LPL activity. These results confirm the regulation of adipose tissue LPL activity by Ang-(1-7) and suggest that this occurs independent of PPARγ expression. The reduced adiposity index of transgenic rats, due to the effect of Ang-(1-7), was accompanied by a decrease in lipogenesis. These findings suggest a direct effect of Ang-(1-7) on lipogenesis, independent of the stimulatory effect of insulin. Furthermore, the decreased concentration of triacylglycerol in the liver of transgenic rats may result from increased activity of cytosolic lipases and decreased fatty acid uptake from the adipose tissue, determined from fatty acid-binding protein expression, and hepatic de novo fatty acid synthesis, evaluated by fatty acid synthase expression. The data clearly show that Ang-(1-7) regulates lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Campos Lima Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Cesário Lourenço
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Érica Guilhen Mario
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leida Maria Botion
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Rodrigues AH, Moreira CCL, Mario ÉG, de Souza Cordeiro LM, Avelar GF, Botion LM, Chaves VE. Differential modulation of cytosolic lipases activities in liver and adipose tissue by high-carbohydrate diets. Endocrine 2016; 53:423-32. [PMID: 26874528 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that a high-fructose (FRUC) diet induces metabolic and haemodynamic abnormalities, known as the metabolic syndrome, which are characterised by obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. In this study, the effect of a FRUC diet (60 % fructose) for 8 weeks on the metabolism of lipids in liver and epididymal adipose tissue from Wistar rats was compared with the AIN-93M diet and the effects of the AIN-93M diet were compared with a chow diet. The FRUC diet induced marked increases in both hepatocyte lipid droplet volume and postprandial serum levels of triacylglycerol (TAG), but reduced the postprandial serum levels of insulin. The AIN-93M diet induced marked increases in the hepatocyte lipid droplet volume and the serum levels of insulin, without affecting the serum levels of TAG. We found that isocaloric substitution of cornstarch, dextrinised cornstarch and sucrose (AIN-93M diet) for fructose did not affect the hepatic VLDL-TAG secretion and adipose tissue glucose uptake, lipolysis and cytosolic lipases activities in rats. However, the high-fructose diet induced a severe steatosis in liver accompanied by a decrease in cytosolic lipases activities. In adipose tissue, the FRUC diet induced a decrease in the lipoprotein lipase activity, and an increase in lipogenesis. FRUC and AIN-93M diets induced changes in lipid homeostasis in liver and adipose tissue by distinct biochemical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Campos Lima Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Érica Guilhen Mario
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Letícia Maria de Souza Cordeiro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gleide Fernandes Avelar
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leida Maria Botion
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Avenida Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Chanadour, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, 35501-296, Brazil.
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Menezes AL, Pereira MP, Buzelle SL, Dos Santos MP, de França SA, Baviera AM, Andrade CMB, Garófalo MAR, Kettelhut IDC, Chaves VE, Kawashita NH. A low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet increases de novo fatty acid synthesis from glycerol and glycerokinase content in the liver of growing rats. Nutr Res 2013; 33:494-502. [PMID: 23746566 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We had previously shown that adipose tissue increased in rats fed a low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC) diet (6% protein, 74% carbohydrate) without a simultaneous increase in the de novo fatty acids (FA) synthesis. In addition, impairment in insulin signaling in adipose tissues was observed in these rats. For this study, we hypothesized that the insulin signaling pathway is preserved in the livers from these rats, which contributes to an increase in liver lipogenesis and, consequently, an increase in the weight of the adipose tissue. We also hypothesized that glycerol from triacylglycerol is an important substrate for FA synthesis. Our results showed that administration of the LPHC diet induced an increase in the in vivo rate of total FA synthesis (150%) as well as FA synthesis from glucose (270%) in the liver. There were also increased rates of [U-¹⁴C]glycerol incorporation into glyceride-FA (15-fold), accompanied by increased glycerokinase content (30%) compared with livers of rats fed the control diet. The LPHC diet did not change the glycerol-3-phosphate generation from either glucose or glyceroneogenesis. There was an increase in the insulin sensitivity in liver from LPHC-fed rats, as evidenced by increases in IR(β) (35%) levels and serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT) levels (75%), and basal (95%) and insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation (105%) levels. The LPHC diet also induced an increase in the liver sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c content (50%). In summary, these data confirmed the hypothesis that lipogenesis and insulin signaling are increased in the livers of LPHC-fed rats and that glycerol is important not only for FA esterification but also for FA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza Lúcia Menezes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil
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