A kinetic study of phospholipid extraction by degumming process in sunflower seed oil

Remove Non-hydrated Phospholipids in Okra Seed Oil by Silicon Dioxide

Water degumming, mainly removes hydrated phospholipids, is the most common method applying in traditional edible oil production. Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) adsorption has been proved as a green and efficient method for removing phospholipids from rapeseed oil. But both methods exhibited poor effect on okra seed oil. Based on a hypothesis that SiO₂ can adsorb non-hydrated phospholipids, removal effect of non-hydrated phospholipids in okra seed oil was studied. Single factor test and response surface design were used to optimize the SiO₂ adsorbing process in water-degummed oil. Meanwhile, the qualities and flavor changes of okra seed oil before and after degumming were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the optimized degumming procedure was: 1.43% (w/w) of SiO₂ added into the water-degummed oil, and the mixture was stirred at 33.52℃ for 30.47 min. The maximum non-hydrated phospholipids removal rate reached 43.3%. Comparing with crude okra seed oil, the optimal degumming method resulted in the increase of peroxide value and the decrease of induction period (IP) of the oil. However, it had the same safety as the water and the SiO₂ degumming methods. It could retain 62% of total phenols, which was less than the water and the SiO₂ degumming methods (both about 79%). The differences of E-nose sensors among oils were most likely caused by the pyrazines. It is necessary to study the composition and properties of phospholipids and develop new methods to further improve the phospholipids removal rate of okra seed oil.

On-Line Real-Time Monitoring of a Rapid Enzymatic Oil Degumming Process: A Feasibility Study Using Free-Run Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Enzymatic degumming is a well established process in vegetable oil refinement, resulting in higher oil yield and a more stable downstream processing compared to traditional degumming methods using acid and water. During the reaction, phospholipids in the oil are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids and lyso-phospholipids. The process is typically monitored by off-line laboratory measurements of the free fatty acid content in the oil, and there is a demand for an automated on-line monitoring strategy to increase both yield and understanding of the process dynamics. This paper investigates the option of using Near-Infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to monitor the enzymatic degumming reaction. A new method for balancing spectral noise and keeping the chemical information in the spectra obtained from a rapid changing chemical process is suggested. The effect of a varying measurement averaging window width (0 to 300 s), preprocessing method and variable selection algorithm is evaluated, aiming to obtain the most accurate and robust calibration model for prediction of the free fatty acid content (% (w/w)). The optimal Partial Least Squares (PLS) model includes eight wavelength variables, as found by rPLS (recursive PLS) calibration, and yields an RMSECV (Root Mean Square Error of Cross Validation) of 0.05% (w/w) free fatty acid using five latent variables.

Process scale-up and technoeconomic analysis of phospholipid extraction from a dairy byproduct (whey protein phospholipid concentrate)

Dairy byproducts such as whey protein phospholipid concentrate (WPPC) and buttermilk contain phospholipids (PL). A solvent extraction process (simultaneous texturization and extraction of phospholipids, STEP method) to extract PL present in WPPC, using ethanol, recovers about 70% of PL in the raw material. To understand the commercial feasibility of this technology, we simulated a scaled-up version of the process to industrial production of 3.26 kt/yr in the SuperPro Designer (version 10, http://www.intelligen.com) process simulation platform. Economic analysis revealed that PL can be produced at a minimum selling price (MSP) of $92.98/kg, using the scaled-up STEP method. The total investment on capital and annual operating costs were $15.51 million and $14.49 million, respectively. The uncertainty in product cost due to variations in process variables, including PL composition in raw material, product recovery, labor, and raw material costs was analyzed through sensitivity analysis. Phospholipids MSP was most sensitive to product recovery and its composition in WPPC. A reduction of almost 5% in MSP was achieved by improving either of the process parameters by 10%. By increasing the plant size 1.5 times, the product MSP could be decreased by 30% to $65.14/kg. Finally, based on our analysis, recommendations were made for scale-up and commercialization of PL extraction using the STEP method.

Low-Cost Investment with High Quality Performance. Bleaching Earths for Phosphorus Reduction in the Low-Temperature Bleaching Process of Rapeseed Oil

Rapeseed oils are a valuable component of the diet. Mostly, there are refined oils deprived of valuable nutrients in the market, hence in recent times cold-pressed and unrefined oils have been available and popular among consumers. However, the low yield of this oil makes this product expensive. The aim of the study was to analyse the effectiveness of phosphorus reduction in crude oils, cold- and hot-pressed in the low-temperature bleaching process. Eight market-available bleaching earths was compared. The effectiveness of 90% was found with 2% (m/m) of Kerolite with hydrated magnesium silicate. An increase in the share of earths to 4% (m/m) resulted in the effectiveness of phosphorus reduction >90% in seven out of eight analysed cases. Bentonite activated with acid with the lowest MgO content was characterised by low efficiency <64%. The research shows that the effectiveness of phosphorus reduction was significantly affected by the composition of earths applied in the bleaching process at ambient temperature. The results of research confirm the high effectiveness of the process as it is not necessary to heat up the oil before the bleaching process. This method is recommended for existing and new industrial plant for two-stage rapeseed oil pressing.

Optimization of the degumming process for camellia oil by the use of phospholipase C in pilot-scale system

In present study, phospholipase C (PLC) was applied in camellia oil degumming and the response surface method (RSM) was used to determine the optimum degumming conditions (reaction time, reaction temperature and enzyme dosage) for this enzyme. The optimum conditions for the minimum residual phosphorus content (15.14 mg/kg) and maximum yield of camellia oil (98.2 %) were obtained at reaction temperature 53 ºC, reaction time 2.2 h, PLC dosage 400 mg/kg and pH 5.4. The application of phospholipase A (PLA) - assisted degumming process could further reduce the residual phosphorus content of camellia oil (6.84 mg/kg) to make the oil suitable for physical refining while maintaining the maximal oil yield (98.2 %). These results indicate that PLC degumming process in combination with PLA treatment can be a commercially viable alternative for traditional degumming process. Study on the quality changes of degummed oils showed that the oxidative stability of camellia oil was slightly deceased after the enzymatic treatment, thus more attention should be paid to the oxidative stability in the further application.