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Zerdazi EH, Curis E, Karsinti E, Icick R, Fortias M, Batel P, Cottencin O, Orizet C, Gay A, Coeuru P, Deschenau A, Lack P, Moisan D, Pelissier-Alicot AL, Plat A, Trabut JB, Kousignian I, Boumendil L, Vicaut E, Prince N, Laplanche JL, Bellivier F, Lépine JP, Marie-Claire C, Brousse G, Vorspan F, Bloch V. Occurrence and severity of cocaine-induced hallucinations: Two distinct phenotypes with shared clinical factors but specific genetic risk factors. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 232:109270. [PMID: 35124387 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cocaine-induced transient hallucinations (CIH) are a frequent complication following cocaine intake that is associated with addiction severity. METHODS Two hundred and forty-two non-psychotic and Caucasian lifetime cocaine users were included in a French multicentric study. Clinical variables and dopamine pathway genotype data were extracted and tested with CIH scores using a zero-inflated binomial model, which allows for the exploration of factors associated with occurrence and severity separately. RESULTS Cocaine dependence (poccurrence= 6.18 × 10-5, pseverity= 9.25 × 10-8), number of cocaine dependence DSM IV-Tr criteria (poccurrence= 1.22 × 10-7, pseverity= 5.09 × 10-6), and frequency of intake during the worst period of misuse (poccurrence= 8.51 × 10-04, pseverity= 0.04) were associated with greater occurrence and higher severity of CIH. The genetic associations did not yield significant results after correction for multiple tests. However, some nominal associations of SNPs mapped to the VMAT2, DBH, DRD1, and DRD2 genes were significant. In the multivariate model, the significant variables were the number of cocaine dependence criteria, lifetime alcohol dependence, and the nominally associated SNPs. CONCLUSION Our study shows that CIH occurrence and severity are two distinct phenotypes, with shared clinical risk factors; however, they likely do not share the same genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Hadi Zerdazi
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris F-75006, France; APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DMU IMPACT, Hôpital Emile ROUX, Service d'addictologie, Limeil Brévannes 94450, France.
| | - Emmanuel Curis
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris F-75006, France; EA 7537 BioSTM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, USPC, Paris 75006, France
| | - Emily Karsinti
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris F-75006, France; APHP, GHU Nord-Université de Paris, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologigue, Paris 75010, France; Université Paris Nanterre, Laboratoire Clipsyd, Nanterre 92000, France
| | - Romain Icick
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris F-75006, France; APHP, GHU Nord-Université de Paris, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologigue, Paris 75010, France
| | - Maeva Fortias
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris F-75006, France; APHP, GHU Nord-Université de Paris, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologigue, Paris 75010, France
| | - Philippe Batel
- Centre Hospitalier Camille Claudel, Service d'Addictologie de la Charente, La Couronne 16400, France
| | - Olivier Cottencin
- University of Lille, Inserm U-1172, CHU Lille, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Lille 59000, France
| | - Cyrille Orizet
- APHP, GHU Centre-Université de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, CSAPA Monte-Cristo, Paris 75015, France
| | - Aurélia Gay
- CHU Saint-Etienne, Service d'Addictologie, Saint-Etienne 42000, France
| | | | - Alice Deschenau
- Hôpital Paul Guiraud, CSAPA Clinique Liberté, Ivry-sur-Seine 94200, France
| | - Philippe Lack
- Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, CSAPA, Lyon 69004, France
| | - Delphine Moisan
- APHP, GHU Nord-Université de Paris, Hôpital Beaujon, UTAMA, Clichy 92110, France
| | - Anne-Laure Pelissier-Alicot
- APHM, CHU La Timone, Service de Médecine légale, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille 13385, France
| | - Arnaud Plat
- APHP, GHU Nord-Université de Paris, Hôpital Beaujon, UTAMA, Clichy 92110, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Trabut
- APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DMU IMPACT, Hôpital Emile ROUX, Service d'addictologie, Limeil Brévannes 94450, France
| | - Isabelle Kousignian
- EA 7537 BioSTM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, USPC, Paris 75006, France
| | - Luana Boumendil
- EA 7537 BioSTM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, USPC, Paris 75006, France
| | - Eric Vicaut
- APHP, GHU Nord-Université de Paris, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Paris 75010, France
| | - Nathalie Prince
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Jean-Louis Laplanche
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris F-75006, France; APHP, GHU Nord-Université de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière, DMU BioGeM, Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Paris 75010, France
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris F-75006, France; APHP, GHU Nord-Université de Paris, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologigue, Paris 75010, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lépine
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Cynthia Marie-Claire
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Georges Brousse
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Hôpital Gabriel Montpied, Service d'Addictologie et Université d'Auvergne EA 7280, UFR de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Florence Vorspan
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris F-75006, France; APHP, GHU Nord-Université de Paris, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologigue, Paris 75010, France
| | - Vanessa Bloch
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris F-75006, France; APHP, GHU Nord-Université de Paris, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Pharmacie Hospitalière, Paris 75010, France
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Salvatore S, Bramness JG, Røislien J. Exploring functional data analysis and wavelet principal component analysis on ecstasy (MDMA) wastewater data. BMC Med Res Methodol 2016; 16:81. [PMID: 27406032 PMCID: PMC4942983 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-016-0179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a novel approach in drug use epidemiology which aims to monitor the extent of use of various drugs in a community. In this study, we investigate functional principal component analysis (FPCA) as a tool for analysing WBE data and compare it to traditional principal component analysis (PCA) and to wavelet principal component analysis (WPCA) which is more flexible temporally. Methods We analysed temporal wastewater data from 42 European cities collected daily over one week in March 2013. The main temporal features of ecstasy (MDMA) were extracted using FPCA using both Fourier and B-spline basis functions with three different smoothing parameters, along with PCA and WPCA with different mother wavelets and shrinkage rules. The stability of FPCA was explored through bootstrapping and analysis of sensitivity to missing data. Results The first three principal components (PCs), functional principal components (FPCs) and wavelet principal components (WPCs) explained 87.5-99.6 % of the temporal variation between cities, depending on the choice of basis and smoothing. The extracted temporal features from PCA, FPCA and WPCA were consistent. FPCA using Fourier basis and common-optimal smoothing was the most stable and least sensitive to missing data. Conclusion FPCA is a flexible and analytically tractable method for analysing temporal changes in wastewater data, and is robust to missing data. WPCA did not reveal any rapid temporal changes in the data not captured by FPCA. Overall the results suggest FPCA with Fourier basis functions and common-optimal smoothing parameter as the most accurate approach when analysing WBE data. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12874-016-0179-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Salvatore
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jørgen G Bramness
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jo Røislien
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Salvatore S, Bramness JG, Reid MJ, Thomas KV, Harman C, Røislien J. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology of Stimulant Drugs: Functional Data Analysis Compared to Traditional Statistical Methods. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138669. [PMID: 26394227 PMCID: PMC4578919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a new methodology for estimating the drug load in a population. Simple summary statistics and specification tests have typically been used to analyze WBE data, comparing differences between weekday and weekend loads. Such standard statistical methods may, however, overlook important nuanced information in the data. In this study, we apply functional data analysis (FDA) to WBE data and compare the results to those obtained from more traditional summary measures. Methods We analysed temporal WBE data from 42 European cities, using sewage samples collected daily for one week in March 2013. For each city, the main temporal features of two selected drugs were extracted using functional principal component (FPC) analysis, along with simpler measures such as the area under the curve (AUC). The individual cities’ scores on each of the temporal FPCs were then used as outcome variables in multiple linear regression analysis with various city and country characteristics as predictors. The results were compared to those of functional analysis of variance (FANOVA). Results The three first FPCs explained more than 99% of the temporal variation. The first component (FPC1) represented the level of the drug load, while the second and third temporal components represented the level and the timing of a weekend peak. AUC was highly correlated with FPC1, but other temporal characteristic were not captured by the simple summary measures. FANOVA was less flexible than the FPCA-based regression, and even showed concordance results. Geographical location was the main predictor for the general level of the drug load. Conclusion FDA of WBE data extracts more detailed information about drug load patterns during the week which are not identified by more traditional statistical methods. Results also suggest that regression based on FPC results is a valuable addition to FANOVA for estimating associations between temporal patterns and covariate information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Salvatore
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | - Jo Røislien
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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