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van Amsterdam J, Gresnigt F, van den Brink W. Cardiovascular Risks of Simultaneous Use of Alcohol and Cocaine-A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1475. [PMID: 38592322 PMCID: PMC10935323 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The simultaneous use of cocaine and alcohol is highly prevalent and is associated with high numbers of emergency department admissions, primarily due to cardiovascular complications. Aims: To answer the question of whether the co-use of cocaine and alcohol increases the cardiovascular risk compared to the use of cocaine alone. Method: A systematic review of human studies comparing the cardiovascular risk of co-used cocaine and alcohol with the use of cocaine alone. Results: Despite a higher myocardial workload induced by the co-use of cocaine and alcohol and the potentiation of cocaine's cardiovascular effects by alcohol, the findings on the risk and severity of cardiovascular symptoms due to combined use are inconsistent. However, the co-use of cocaine and alcohol clearly leads to higher mortality. Interestingly, the presence of cocaethylene, a unique metabolite generated only via a pharmacokinetic interaction between alcohol and cocaine, carries an 18- to 25-fold increase over the absence of cocaethylene (cocaine-alone users) in the risk of sudden death and is associated with myocardial injury and cardiac arrest, probably due to the inhibition of cardiac ion channels by cocaethylene. Conclusion: Despite the inconsistency in some of the results, it is concluded that the co-use of cocaine and alcohol poses an additional risk of cardiovascular fatalities compared to the use of cocaine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan van Amsterdam
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Research Program Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Gresnigt
- Emergency Department, OLVG Hospital, Oosterpark 9, 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Dutch Poison Information Center, UMC Utrecht, University Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Research Program Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Helander A, Villén T, Signell P. Urine Drug Tests Indicate Higher Prevalence of Combined Alcohol and Cocaine Use Compared to Alcohol Together with Cannabis or Amphetamine-A Possible Link to Cocaethylene. Alcohol Alcohol 2023; 58:274-279. [PMID: 36796800 PMCID: PMC10168706 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This retrospective study examined the prevalence of combined ethanol and cocaine use, which produces an enhanced psychoactive effect through formation of the active metabolite cocaethylene, compared to combined use of ethanol and two other common recreational drugs, cannabis and amphetamine, based on urine drug test results. METHODS The study was based on >30,000 consecutive samples from routine urine drug testing in 2020, and 2627 samples from acute poisonings in the STRIDA project (2010-2016), in Sweden. Drug testing for ethanol (i.e. ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate), cocaine (benzoylecgonine), cannabis (Δ9-THC-COOH) and amphetamine was done by routine immunoassay screening and LC-MS/MS confirmatory methods. Seven samples testing positive for cocaine and ethyl glucuronide were also analyzed for cocaethylene by LC-HRMS/MS. RESULTS Among routine samples for which testing of ethanol and cocaine had been requested, 43% tested positive for both substances, compared with 24% for ethanol and cannabis and 19% for ethanol and amphetamine (P < 0.0001). Among the drug-related intoxications, 60% of cocaine-positive samples were also positive for ethanol, compared to 40% for cannabis and ethanol and 37% for amphetamine and ethanol. Cocaethylene was detected (range 1.3-150 μg/L) in all randomly selected samples testing positive for ethanol and cocaine use. CONCLUSIONS These results, which were based on objective laboratory measures, indicated that combined ethanol and cocaine exposure was more prevalent than expected from drug use statistics. This may relate both to the common use of these substances in party and nightlife settings, and the amplified and prolonged pharmacological effect by the active metabolite cocaethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Helander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Villén
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Signell
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Shastry S, Manoochehri O, Richardson LD, Manini AF. Cocaethylene cardiotoxicity in emergency department patients with acute drug overdose. Acad Emerg Med 2023; 30:82-88. [PMID: 36000306 PMCID: PMC9918638 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cocaine use results in over 500,000 emergency department (ED) visits annually across the United States and ethanol co-ingestion is reported in 34% of these. Commingling cocaine with ethanol results in the metabolite cocaethylene (CE), which is metabolically active for longer than cocaine alone. Current literature on the cardiotoxicity of CE compared to cocaine alone is limited and lacks consensus. This study aims to fill this gap in the literature and examine cardiovascular events in cocaine use as confirmed by urine toxicology versus CE exposure. METHODS This was a secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort study of adult patients with acute drug overdose at two urban tertiary care hospital EDs over 4 years. Patients with positive urinary cocaine metabolites were analyzed, and outcomes were compared between patients with overdose and confirmed presence of cocaine on urine toxicology (cocaine group) and patients with cocaine and ethanol use (CE group). The primary outcome was cardiac arrest. Secondary outcomes included myocardial injury and hyperlactatemia. Data were analyzed using multivariable regression models. RESULTS We enrolled a total of 199 patients (150 cocaine, 49 CE). Rates of cardiac arrest were significantly higher in the CE group compared to cocaine (6.1% vs. 0.67%, p = 0.048). Cocaine was significantly associated with myocardial injury compared to CE exposure (mean initial troponin 0.01 ng/ml vs. 0.16 ng/ml, p = 0.021), while hyperlactatemia was associated with CE exposure (mean initial lactate 4.1 mmol/L vs. 2.9 mmol/L, p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS When compared to cocaine exposure alone, CE exposure in ED patients with acute drug overdose was significantly associated with higher occurrence of cardiac arrest, higher mean lactate concentrations, and lower occurrence of myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Shastry
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Omid Manoochehri
- Emergency Medicine Residency, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lynne D. Richardson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alex F. Manini
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Elmhurst Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
Many advancements have been made over the years looking at the individual and combined effects of drugs of abuse on the brain, with one key area of research focusing on the effects on neurogenesis. An integral part of fetal brain development and, later, maintenance in the adult brain, neurogenesis occurs in three main regions: subventricularzone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ), subgranularzone of the dentate gyrus (SGZ), and the tanycyte layer in the hypothalamus (TL). We will review current literature on combined drugs of abuse and their effect on adult neurogenesis. More specifically, this review will focus on the effect of combining cocaine and alcohol. Additionally, the tanycyte layer will be explored in more depth and probed to look at the neurogenic properties of tanycytes and their role in neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Schlagal
- Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ping Wu
- Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Roy S, Konala VM, Adapa S, Naramala S, Bose S. Cocaine and Alcohol Co-Ingestion-Induced Severe Rhabdomyolysis With Acute Kidney Injury Culminating in Hemodialysis-Dependent End-Stage Renal Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus 2020; 12:e8595. [PMID: 32676236 PMCID: PMC7362596 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine toxicity is associated with several organ dysfunctions, including acute kidney injury (AKI). Rhabdomyolysis is the most likely mechanism that mediates AKI, and associated alcohol co-ingestion can amplify the situation. AKI, if severe, can result in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT). All patients with cocaine intoxication should be screened for rhabdomyolysis and AKI along with testing for other drug toxicity, including alcohol. Aggressive measures should be taken to treat the underlying cause that contributes to AKI, and the patients need to be educated about this severe condition. Our patient is a unique case where cocaine and alcohol co-ingestion led to severe rhabdomyolysis, AKI, and subsequently developed ESRD requiring ongoing hemodialysis (HD). He was on daily cocaine and alcohol co-ingestion for seven days and subsequently developed AKI with oliguria from rhabdomyolysis. His creatine kinase (CK) was significantly elevated to 141974 IU/L, and his serum creatinine was 11 mg/dl. Despite aggressive intravenous hydration, his kidney function did not improve, and he ended up needing HD for more than one year despite abstaining from cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasmit Roy
- Nephrology, University of Virginia, Lynchburg, USA.,Nephrology, Liberty University Medical School, Lynchburg, USA
| | - Venu Madhav Konala
- Hematology and Oncology, Ashland Bellefonte Cancer Center, Ashland, USA.,Hematology and Oncology, King's Daughters Medical Center, Ashland, USA
| | | | | | - Subhasish Bose
- Nephrology / Internal Medicine, Lynchburg General Hospital, Lynchburg, USA.,Nephrology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, USA.,Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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Mandrioli R, Mercolini L, Protti M. Blood and Plasma Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) Coupled to LC-MS/MS for the Forensic Assessment of Cocaine Consumption. Molecules 2020; 25:E1046. [PMID: 32110941 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable, feasible analytical methods are needed for forensic and anti-doping testing of cocaine and its most important metabolites, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, and cocaethylene (the active metabolite formed in the presence of ethanol). An innovative workflow is presented here, using minute amounts of dried blood or plasma obtained by volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS), followed by miniaturized pretreatment by dispersive pipette extraction (DPX) and LC-MS/MS analysis. After sampling 20 µL of blood or plasma with a VAMS device, the sample was dried, extracted, and loaded onto a DPX tip. The DPX pretreatment lasted less than one minute and after elution with methanol the sample was directly injected into the LC-MS/MS system. The chromatographic analysis was carried out on a C8 column, using a mobile phase containing aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile. Good extraction yield (> 85%), precision (relative standard deviation, RSD < 6.0%) and matrix effect (< 12%) values were obtained. Analyte stability was outstanding (recovery > 85% after 2 months at room temperature). The method was successfully applied to real blood and plasma VAMS, with results in very good agreement with those of fluid samples. The method seems suitable for the monitoring of concomitant cocaine and ethanol use by means of plasma or blood VAMS testing.
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Maia AFDS, Martins FT, Silva Neto LD, Alves RB, De Fátima Â. Cocaethylene, the in vivo product of cocaine and ethanol, is a narcotic more potent than its precursors. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2017; 73:780-783. [PMID: 28978783 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229617012852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The molecular conformation and supramolecular architecture of cocaethylene [systematic name: ethyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3-benzoyloxy-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate], C18H23NO4, have been determined for the first time. Cocaethylene is a narcotic produced in vivo when cocaine and ethanol are administered concomitantly. The intra- and intermolecular features of cocaethylene and its less potent narcotic precursor cocaine are very similar. The only molecular difference is in the conformation of the methyl group of the ethoxycarbonyl group. Similar to cocaine, the carboxylate atoms and the α-C atom are coplanar in cocaethylene, but the methyl C atom of the ethyl group is bent by ca 90° away from this plane in the narcotic reported here. The main supramolecular motif is a one-dimensional chain stabilized by weak C-H...O contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Faleiros da Silva Maia
- Grupo de Estudos em Química Orgânica e Biológica (GEQOB), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Felipe T Martins
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Leonardo da Silva Neto
- Grupo de Estudos em Química Orgânica e Biológica (GEQOB), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rosemeire Brondi Alves
- Grupo de Estudos em Química Orgânica e Biológica (GEQOB), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ângelo De Fátima
- Grupo de Estudos em Química Orgânica e Biológica (GEQOB), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
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8
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Gambelunghe C, Rossi R, Aroni K, Gili A, Bacci M, Pascali V, Fucci N. Norcocaine and cocaethylene distribution patterns in hair samples from light, moderate, and heavy cocaine users. Drug Test Anal 2015; 9:161-167. [PMID: 26621770 PMCID: PMC5297877 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Even though hair analysis often seems to be the best choice for retrospective monitoring of cocaine intake, differentiating between incorporated cocaine and external contamination is widely debated. In this study we report results obtained in 90 hair samples from addicts. All samples were analyzed for cocaine, benzoylecgonine, norcocaine, cocaethylene, and tropococaine by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) techniques coupled with direct immersion solid‐phase micro‐extraction. Cocaine concentrations were stratified into three classes of usage: light (0.5–3 ng/mg), moderate (3.1–10 ng/mg) and heavy (10.1–40 ng/mg). The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration cut‐off criteria for establishing active cocaine use were applied to the results. For all samples criteria were cocaine levels above 0.5 ng/mg (ranging from 1.63 to 39.29 ng/mg, mean 9.49 ng/mg), benzoylecgonine concentrations ≥ 0.05 ng/mg (ranging from 0.19 to 5.77 ng/mg, mean 1.40), and benzoylecgonine to cocaine % ratio ≥5% (from 6.43 to 26.09%). Norcocaine was present in 58.9% of samples (concentration range: 0.22–3.14 ng/mg) and was strongly predictive only of heavy cocaine use (sensitivity 100% for cocaine concentrations above 9.58 ng/mg). Twenty hair samples from moderate and heavy users tested positive for cocaethylene (concentration range: 0.22–1.98 ng/mg, mean 0.73 ng/mg). This study on hair samples with no chance of false positive cases highlights the very limited applications of testing minor cocaine metabolites for definitive proof of active cocaine consumption. © 2015 The Authors. Drug Testing and Analysis Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Gambelunghe
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Science, Forensic Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine Section, University of Perugia, Via Gambuli-, 06132, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte-Perugia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rossi
- Public Health Institute, Forensic Medicine Section, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito, 1-, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Kyriaki Aroni
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Science, Forensic Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine Section, University of Perugia, Via Gambuli-, 06132, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte-Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessio Gili
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Hygiene and Public Health Section, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Bacci
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Science, Forensic Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine Section, University of Perugia, Via Gambuli-, 06132, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte-Perugia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pascali
- Public Health Institute, Forensic Medicine Section, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito, 1-, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Fucci
- Public Health Institute, Forensic Medicine Section, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito, 1-, 00168, Rome, Italy
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Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Metabolomics of cocaine: implications in toxicity. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25:494-500. [PMID: 26249365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine is the most commonly used illicit drug among those seeking care in Emergency Departments or drug detoxification centers. Cocaine, chemically known as benzoylmethylecgonine, is a naturally occurring substance found in the leaves of the Erythroxylum coca plant. The pharmacokinetics of cocaine is dependent on multiple factors, such as physical/chemical form, route of administration, genetics and concurrent consumption of alcohol. This review aims to discuss metabolomics of cocaine, namely by presenting all known metabolites of cocaine and their roles in the cocaine-mediated toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- a Department of Sciences , IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Advanced Institute of Health Sciences - North (ISCS-N) , CESPU , CRL , Gandra , Portugal
- b Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal , and
- c REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Mendoza A, López de Alda M, González-Alonso S, Mastroianni N, Barceló D, Valcárcel Y. Occurrence of drugs of abuse and benzodiazepines in river waters from the Madrid Region (Central Spain). Chemosphere 2014; 95:247-255. [PMID: 24083902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates, for the first time, the occurrence of 10 drugs of abuse, six metabolites, and three benzodiazepines in surface waters from the Jarama and Manzanares Rivers in the Madrid Region, the most densely populated area in Spain and one of the most densely populated in Europe. The results of this study have shown the presence of 14 out of the 19 compounds analyzed at concentrations ranging from 1.45 to 1020 ng L(-1). The most ubiquitous compounds, found in 100% of the samples, were the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine (BE), the amphetamine-like compound ephedrine (EPH), the opioids morphine (MOR), methadone (METH), and the METH metabolite 2-ethylene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), and the three investigated benzodiazepines alprazolam (ALP), diazepam (DIA) and lorazepam (LOR). Meanwhile, the largest concentrations observed corresponded to EPH (up to 1020 ng L(-1)), BE (823 ng L(-1)), EDDP (151 ng L(-1)), and LOR (167 ng L(-1)). The only not detected compounds were heroin (HER) and its metabolite 6-acetylmorphine (6ACM), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD (OH-LSD), and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Overall, the levels measured are comparatively higher than those previously reported in Europe. Comparison of the results obtained for samples collected on different days (Thursday and Sunday) did not show meaningful differences between weekdays and weekends. The lack of (eco)toxicological data does not permit to predict or disregard potential adverse effects on wildlife. Risk assessment in humans would require further knowledge, not currently available, on exposure to these compounds through other routes like drinking water and/or food.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mendoza
- Research Group in Public Health and Toxicology (ToxAmb), Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas, s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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Gadjou C, Danger Y, Sandouk P, Scherrmann JM, Blanchard D, Folléa G, Galons H. Design of cocaethylene and cocaine conjugates to produce highly selective polyclonal antibodies. Int J Biomed Sci 2006; 2:53-8. [PMID: 23674968 PMCID: PMC3614565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
With the aim to obtain specific anti-cocaine antibodies directed against cocaine and active metabolites for use in immunotherapy, a series of six haptens were prepared, based on the structure of cocaine. The haptens differed by 3 positions of linkers: nitrogen, carboxyl group, and aromatic nucleus. The haptens were grafted onto 3 carrier proteins: bovine serum albumin, tetanus toxoid or keyhole limpet hemocyanin according to different methods of coupling: carbodiimide or mixed anhydride techniques. The immuno-conjugates were administered to rabbits and the antisera elicited were analyzed in term of titer, affinity and specificity. Variation in antisera properties were observed and attributed to the site of coupling the hapten, to the carrier proteins, and to the method of coupling. Antisera titers were in the range of 1/1 (no significant response) to 1/12,832, with antisera affinity up to 5.9 × 10(11) M-1. This strategy allowed the selection of a new hapten, which after coupling on carrier proteins, led to the production of antisera with a high specificity toward cocaine and cocaethylene, but exclude the inactive metabolites of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gadjou
- Laboratoires de chimie organique et de Pharmacocinétique, 4, avenue de L’observatoire, Paris, France;
| | - Yannic Danger
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Laboratoire de biotechnologie, 34 Boulevard Jean Monnet, Nantes;
| | - Pierre Sandouk
- Laboratoires de chimie organique et de Pharmacocinétique, 4, avenue de L’observatoire, Paris, France;
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Laboratoires de chimie organique et de Pharmacocinétique, 4, avenue de L’observatoire, Paris, France;
| | | | - Gilles Folléa
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Laboratoire de biotechnologie, 34 Boulevard Jean Monnet, Nantes;
| | - Hervé Galons
- Laboratoires de chimie organique et de Pharmacocinétique, 4, avenue de L’observatoire, Paris, France;
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