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Spanakis EK, Cook CB, Kulasa K, Aloi JA, Bally L, Davis G, Dungan KM, Galindo RJ, Mendez CE, Pasquel FJ, Shah VN, Umpierrez GE, Aaron RE, Tian T, Yeung AM, Huang J, Klonoff DC. A Consensus Statement for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics for Inpatient Clinical Trials. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023; 17:1527-1552. [PMID: 37592726 PMCID: PMC10658683 DOI: 10.1177/19322968231191104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes Technology Society organized an expert consensus panel to develop metrics for research in the use of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) in a hospital setting. The experts met virtually in small groups both before and after an April 13, 2023 virtual meeting of the entire panel. The goal of the panel was to develop consensus definitions in anticipation of greater use of CGMs in hospital settings in the future. Establishment of consensus definitions of inpatient analytical metrics will be easier to compare outcomes between studies. Panelists defined terms related to 10 dimensions of measurements related to the use of CGMs including (1) hospital hypoglycemia, (2) hospital hyperglycemia, (3) hospital time in range, (4) hospital glycemic variability, (5) hospital glycemia risk index, (6) accuracy of CGM devices and reference methods for CGMs in the hospital, (7) meaningful time blocks for hospital glycemic goals, (8) hospital CGM data sufficiency, (9) using CGM data for insulin dosing, and (10) miscellaneous factors. The panelists voted on 51 proposed recommendations. Based on the panel vote, 51 recommendations were classified as either strong (43) or mild (8). Additional research is needed on CGM performance in the hospital. This consensus report is intended to support that type of research intended to improve outcomes for hospitalized people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias K. Spanakis
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Curtiss B. Cook
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Kristen Kulasa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph A. Aloi
- Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lia Bally
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Davis
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Dungan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Viral N. Shah
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Tiffany Tian
- Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David C. Klonoff
- Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA
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Gothong C, Singh LG, Satyarengga M, Spanakis EK. Continuous glucose monitoring in the hospital: an update in the era of COVID-19. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2022; 29:1-9. [PMID: 34845159 PMCID: PMC8711300 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are Food and Drug Administration approved devices for the ambulatory setting; however, they remain investigational systems for inpatient use. This review summarizes the most recent and relevant literature on the use of continuous glucose monitoring in the hospital setting. RECENT FINDINGS CGM provides real-time glucose data that enable healthcare professionals to make proactive and timelier clinical decisions with regards to diabetes management. CGM devices appear to be safe and accurate systems for glucose monitoring in the hospital setting. Real-time CGM systems and glucose telemetry can decrease hypoglycemia and reduce hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients with diabetes. Remote glucose monitoring decreases the need of frequent Point-of-care checks and personal protective equipment use while also mitigating staff exposure risk which is timely in the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although most nursing staff have limited exposure and training on CGM technology, early studies show that CGM use in the hospital is well received by nurses. SUMMARY Given the evidence in the current literature regarding CGM use in the hospital, CGM devices may be incorporated in the inpatient setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Gothong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Lakshmi G. Singh
- Division of Endocrinology, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore
| | - Medha Satyarengga
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Maryland Shore Regional Health, Easton, Maryland, USA
| | - Elias K. Spanakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine
- Division of Endocrinology, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore
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Singh LG, Satyarengga M, Marcano I, Scott WH, Pinault LF, Feng Z, Sorkin JD, Umpierrez GE, Spanakis EK. Reducing Inpatient Hypoglycemia in the General Wards Using Real-time Continuous Glucose Monitoring: The Glucose Telemetry System, a Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:2736-2743. [PMID: 32759361 PMCID: PMC7576426 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-0840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) systems in the inpatient setting is considered investigational. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether RT-CGM, using the glucose telemetry system (GTS), can prevent hypoglycemia in the general wards. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a randomized clinical trial, insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk for hypoglycemia were recruited. Participants were randomized to RT-CGM/GTS or point-of-care (POC) blood glucose testing. The primary outcome was difference in inpatient hypoglycemia. RESULTS Seventy-two participants were included in this interim analysis, 36 in the RT-CGM/GTS group and 36 in the POC group. The RT-CGM/GTS group experienced fewer hypoglycemic events (<70 mg/dL) per patient (0.67 [95% CI 0.34-1.30] vs. 1.69 [1.11-2.58], P = 0.024), fewer clinically significant hypoglycemic events (<54 mg/dL) per patient (0.08 [0.03-0.26] vs. 0.75 [0.51-1.09], P = 0.003), and a lower percentage of time spent below range <70 mg/dL (0.40% [0.18-0.92%] vs. 1.88% [1.26-2.81%], P = 0.002) and <54 mg/dL (0.05% [0.01-0.43%] vs. 0.82% [0.47-1.43%], P = 0.017) compared with the POC group. No differences in nocturnal hypoglycemia, time in range 70-180 mg/dL, and time above range >180-250 mg/dL and >250 mg/dL were found between the groups. The RT-CGM/GTS group had no prolonged hypoglycemia compared with 0.20 episodes <54 mg/dL and 0.40 episodes <70 mg/dL per patient in the POC group. CONCLUSIONS RT-CGM/GTS can decrease hypoglycemia among hospitalized high-risk insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi G Singh
- Division of Endocrinology, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Medha Satyarengga
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Maryland Shore Regional Health, Easton, MD
| | - Isabel Marcano
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - William H Scott
- Division of Endocrinology, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lillian F Pinault
- Division of Endocrinology, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zhaoyong Feng
- Pharmaceutical Research Computing, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD
| | - John D Sorkin
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Guillermo E Umpierrez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Elias K Spanakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD .,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Singh LG, Levitt DL, Satyarengga M, Pinault L, Zhan M, Sorkin JD, Fink JC, Umpierrez GE, Spanakis EK. Continuous Glucose Monitoring in General Wards for Prevention of Hypoglycemia: Results From the Glucose Telemetry System Pilot Study. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2020; 14:783-790. [PMID: 31777280 PMCID: PMC7673149 DOI: 10.1177/1932296819889640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi G. Singh
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology,
Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, MD, USA
| | | | - Medha Satyarengga
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and
Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lillian Pinault
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology,
Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, MD, USA
| | - Min Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public
Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John D. Sorkin
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical
Center GRECC (Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center), MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Fink
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical
Center and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, MD, USA
| | - Guillermo E. Umpierrez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism
and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta,
GA, USA
| | - Elias K. Spanakis
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology,
Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, MD, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and
Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Elias K. Spanakis, MD, Baltimore Veterans
Affairs Medical Center and Division of Endocrinology, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, 10 N. Greene Street, 5D134, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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