1
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Eiken AP, Smith AL, Skupa SA, Schmitz E, Rana S, Singh S, Kumar S, Mallareddy JR, de Cubas AA, Krishna A, Kalluchi A, Rowley MJ, D'Angelo CR, Lunning MA, Bociek RG, Vose JM, Natarajan A, El-Gamal D. Novel Spirocyclic Dimer, SpiD3, Targets Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Survival Pathways with Potent Preclinical Effects. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:1328-1343. [PMID: 38687198 PMCID: PMC11110724 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-24-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cell survival and growth is fueled by the induction of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling within the tumor microenvironment (TME) driving activation of NFκB signaling and the unfolded protein response (UPR). Malignant cells have higher basal levels of UPR posing a unique therapeutic window to combat CLL cell growth using pharmacologic agents that induce accumulation of misfolded proteins. Frontline CLL therapeutics that directly target BCR signaling such as Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors (e.g., ibrutinib) have enhanced patient survival. However, resistance mechanisms wherein tumor cells bypass BTK inhibition through acquired BTK mutations, and/or activation of alternative survival mechanisms have rendered ibrutinib ineffective, imposing the need for novel therapeutics. We evaluated SpiD3, a novel spirocyclic dimer, in CLL cell lines, patient-derived CLL samples, ibrutinib-resistant CLL cells, and in the Eµ-TCL1 mouse model. Our integrated multi-omics and functional analyses revealed BCR signaling, NFκB signaling, and endoplasmic reticulum stress among the top pathways modulated by SpiD3. This was accompanied by marked upregulation of the UPR and inhibition of global protein synthesis in CLL cell lines and patient-derived CLL cells. In ibrutinib-resistant CLL cells, SpiD3 retained its antileukemic effects, mirrored in reduced activation of key proliferative pathways (e.g., PRAS, ERK, MYC). Translationally, we observed reduced tumor burden in SpiD3-treated Eµ-TCL1 mice. Our findings reveal that SpiD3 exploits critical vulnerabilities in CLL cells including NFκB signaling and the UPR, culminating in profound antitumor properties independent of TME stimuli. SIGNIFICANCE SpiD3 demonstrates cytotoxicity in CLL partially through inhibition of NFκB signaling independent of tumor-supportive stimuli. By inducing the accumulation of unfolded proteins, SpiD3 activates the UPR and hinders protein synthesis in CLL cells. Overall, SpiD3 exploits critical CLL vulnerabilities (i.e., the NFκB pathway and UPR) highlighting its use in drug-resistant CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Humans
- Animals
- Mice
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Piperidines/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Unfolded Protein Response/drug effects
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenine/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Spiro Compounds/pharmacology
- Spiro Compounds/therapeutic use
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria P. Eiken
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Audrey L. Smith
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sydney A. Skupa
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Elizabeth Schmitz
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sandeep Rana
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sarbjit Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Siddhartha Kumar
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jayapal Reddy Mallareddy
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Aguirre A de Cubas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Akshay Krishna
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Achyuth Kalluchi
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - M. Jordan Rowley
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Christopher R. D'Angelo
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Matthew A. Lunning
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - R. Gregory Bociek
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Julie M. Vose
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Dalia El-Gamal
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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2
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Smith AL, Pal D, Martinez-Rico R, Eiken AP, Durden DL, Kutateladze TG, El-Gamal D. Preclinical activity of a novel multi-axis inhibitor in aggressive and indolent B-cell malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2023; 64:2333-2337. [PMID: 37706519 PMCID: PMC11078108 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2023.2256914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L Smith
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Equal first-author contribution
| | - Dhananjaya Pal
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Equal first-author contribution
| | - Rolando Martinez-Rico
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Alexandria P Eiken
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Donald L Durden
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Senior authors contributed equally
| | - Tatiana G Kutateladze
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Senior authors contributed equally
| | - Dalia El-Gamal
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Senior authors contributed equally
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3
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Singh AP, Courville EL. Advances in Monitoring and Prognostication for Lymphoma by Flow Cytometry. Clin Lab Med 2023; 43:351-361. [PMID: 37481316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FC) is a well-established method important in the diagnosis and subclassification of lymphoma. In this article, the role of FC in lymphoma prognostication will be explored, and the clinical role for FC minimal/measurable residual disease testing as a monitoring tool for mature lymphoma will be introduced. Potential pitfalls of monitoring for residual/recurrent disease following immunotherapy will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit P Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health, PO Box 800214, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Courville
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health, PO Box 800214, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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4
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NGS Analysis of Clonality and Minimal Residual Disease in a Patient with Concurrent Richter's Transformation and CLL/SLL. Case Rep Hematol 2022; 2021:9740281. [PMID: 34992887 PMCID: PMC8727142 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9740281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell lymphomas are neoplastic proliferations of clonal B lymphocytes. Clonality is generally determined by PCR amplification of VDJ rearrangements in the IgH heavy chain or VJ rearrangements in Igκ/Igλ light chain genes followed by capillary electrophoresis. More recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been used to detect clonality in B-cell lymphomas because of the exponential amount of information that is obtained beyond just detecting a clonal population. The additional information obtained is useful for diagnostic confirmation, prognosis assessment, and response to therapy. In this study, we utilized NGS analysis to characterize two histologically distinct lymphomas (DLBCL and CLL/SLL) that were detected contemporaneously in an asymptomatic patient. NGS analysis showed that the same VDJ rearrangement was present in nodal (DLBCL) and marrow (CLL/SLL) biopsies confirming that the DLBCL resulted from Richter's transformation of a subclinical CLL/SLL. The V region of the rearrangement remained unmutated without somatic hypermutation. In silico analysis showed that the HCDR3 sequence was heterogeneous and not stereotypic. Minimal residual disease analysis by NGS showed that the tumor clone decreased by 2.84 logs in the bone marrow after R-CHOP therapy. However, a small number of tumor cells were still detected in the peripheral blood after R-CHOP therapy. Subsequent allogeneic transplantation was successful in eradicating the tumor clone and achieving deep molecular remission. We show that NGS analysis facilitated clinical management in our patient by helping to characterize the VDJ rearrangement in detail and by tracking minimal residual disease with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Deciphering the complex circulating immune cell microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia using patient similarity networks. Sci Rep 2021; 11:322. [PMID: 33431934 PMCID: PMC7801466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of CLL, but the complex blood microenvironment in CLL has not yet been fully characterised. Therefore, immunophenotyping of circulating immune cells in 244 CLL patients and 52 healthy controls was performed using flow cytometry and analysed by multivariate Patient Similarity Networks (PSNs). Our study revealed high inter-individual heterogeneity in the distribution and activation of bystander immune cells in CLL, depending on the bulk of the CLL cells. High CLL counts were associated with low activation on circulating monocytes and T cells and vice versa. The highest activation of immune cells, particularly of intermediate and non-classical monocytes, was evident in patients treated with novel agents. PSNs revealed a low activation of immune cells in CLL progression, irrespective of IgHV status, Binet stage and TP53 disruption. Patients with high intermediate monocytes (> 5.4%) with low activation were 2.5 times more likely (95% confidence interval 1.421–4.403, P = 0.002) to had shorter time-to-treatment than those with low monocyte counts. Our study demonstrated the association between the activation of circulating immune cells and the bulk of CLL cells. The highest activation of bystander immune cells was detected in patients with slow disease course and in those treated with novel agents. The subset of intermediate monocytes showed predictive value for time-to-treatment in CLL.
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6
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Kater AP, Wu JQ, Kipps T, Eichhorst B, Hillmen P, D’Rozario J, Assouline S, Owen C, Robak T, de la Serna J, Jaeger U, Cartron G, Montillo M, Dubois J, Eldering E, Mellink C, Van Der Kevie-Kersemaekers AM, Kim SY, Chyla B, Punnoose E, Bolen CR, Assaf ZJ, Jiang Y, Wang J, Lefebure M, Boyer M, Humphrey K, Seymour JF. Venetoclax Plus Rituximab in Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: 4-Year Results and Evaluation of Impact of Genomic Complexity and Gene Mutations From the MURANO Phase III Study. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38:4042-4054. [PMID: 32986498 PMCID: PMC7768340 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In previous analyses of the MURANO study, fixed-duration venetoclax plus rituximab (VenR) resulted in improved progression-free survival (PFS) compared with bendamustine plus rituximab (BR) in patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). At the 4-year follow-up, we report long-term outcomes, response to subsequent therapies, and the predictive value of molecular and genetic characteristics. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with CLL were randomly assigned to 2 years of venetoclax (VenR for the first six cycles) or six cycles of BR. PFS, overall survival (OS), peripheral-blood minimal residual disease (MRD) status, genomic complexity (GC), and gene mutations were assessed. RESULTS Of 389 patients, 194 were assigned to VenR and 195 to BR. Four-year PFS and OS rates were higher with VenR than BR, at 57.3% and 4.6% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.19; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.25), and 85.3% and 66.8% (HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.65), respectively. Undetectable MRD (uMRD) at end of combination therapy (EOCT) was associated with superior PFS compared with low MRD positivity (HR, 0.50) and high MRD positivity (HR, 0.15). Patients in the VenR arm who received ibrutinib as their first therapy after progression (n = 12) had a reported response rate of 100% (10 of 10 evaluable patients); patients subsequently treated with a venetoclax-based regimen (n = 14) had a reported response rate of 55% (six of 11 evaluable patients). With VenR, the uMRD rate at end of treatment (EOT) was lower in patients with GC than in those without GC (P = .042); higher GC was associated with shorter PFS. Higher MRD positivity rates were seen with BIRC3 and BRAF mutations at EOCT and with TP53, NOTCH1, XPO1, and BRAF mutations at EOT. CONCLUSION Efficacy benefits with fixed-duration VenR are sustained and particularly durable in patients who achieve uMRD. Salvage therapy with ibrutinib after VenR achieved high response rates. Genetic mutations and GC affected MRD rates and PFS.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/administration & dosage
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/adverse effects
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Karyopherins/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Mutation
- Progression-Free Survival
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics
- Receptor, Notch1/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Rituximab/administration & dosage
- Rituximab/adverse effects
- Sulfonamides/administration & dosage
- Sulfonamides/adverse effects
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon P. Kater
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, on behalf of Hovon Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Working Group, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Kipps
- University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Peter Hillmen
- St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - James D’Rozario
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sarit Assouline
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Tadeusz Robak
- Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Ulrich Jaeger
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guillaume Cartron
- Department of Clinical Hematology, University Hospital Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marco Montillo
- Department of Hematology, Niguarda Cancer Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Julie Dubois
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, on behalf of Hovon Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Working Group, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, on behalf of Hovon Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Working Group, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Clemens Mellink
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, on behalf of Hovon Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Working Group, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Van Der Kevie-Kersemaekers
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, on behalf of Hovon Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Working Group, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jue Wang
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Michelle Boyer
- Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom
| | | | - John F. Seymour
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Identification of a novel, internal tRNA-derived RNA fragment as a new prognostic and screening biomarker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, using an innovative quantitative real-time PCR assay. Leuk Res 2019; 87:106234. [PMID: 31669784 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2019.106234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is one of the most common types of leukemia in adults. Several studies have identified various prognostic biomarkers in CLL. In this study, we investigated the potential value of an internal fragment of the tRNAs bearing the Glycine anticodon CCC (i-tRF-GlyCCC), which is a small non-coding RNA, as a prognostic and screening biomarker in CLL. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 90 CLL patients and 43 non-leukemic blood donors. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated, total RNA was extracted and in-vitro polyadenylated, and first-strand cDNA was synthesized using an oligo-dT-adaptor primer. A real-time quantitative PCR assay was developed and applied for the quantification of i-tRF-GlyCCC in our samples. The biostatistical analysis revealed that i-tRF-GlyCCC levels are significantly lower in PBMCs of CLL patients, compared to PBMCs of non-leukemic controls, and that i-tRF-GlyCCC could be considered as a screening biomarker. Kaplan-Meier overall survival (OS) analysis revealed reduced OS for CLL patients with positive i-tRF-GlyCCC expression (P = 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression confirmed its independent unfavorable prognostic power with regard to OS. In conclusion, i-tRF-GlyCCC may constitute a promising molecular biomarker in CLL, for screening and prognostic purposes.
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8
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Del Papa B, Baldoni S, Dorillo E, De Falco F, Rompietti C, Cecchini D, Cantelmi MG, Sorcini D, Nogarotto M, Adamo FM, Mezzasoma F, Silva Barcelos EC, Albi E, Iacucci Ostini R, Di Tommaso A, Marra A, Montanaro G, Martelli MP, Falzetti F, Di Ianni M, Rosati E, Sportoletti P. Decreased NOTCH1 Activation Correlates with Response to Ibrutinib in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:7540-7553. [PMID: 31578228 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi), has improved the outcomes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but primary resistance or relapse are issues of increasing significance. While the predominant mechanism of action of BTKi is the B-cell receptor (BCR) blockade, many off-target effects are unknown. We investigated potential interactions between BCR pathway and NOTCH1 activity in ibrutinib-treated CLL to identify new mechanisms of therapy resistance and markers to monitor disease response. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN NOTCH activations was evaluated either in vitro and ex vivo in CLL samples after ibrutinib treatment by Western blotting. Confocal proximity ligation assay (PLA) experiments and analyses of down-targets of NOTCH1 by qRT-PCR were used to investigate the cross-talk between BTK and NOTCH1. RESULTS In vitro ibrutinib treatment of CLL significantly reduced activated NOTCH1/2 and induced dephosphorylation of eIF4E, a NOTCH target in CLL. BCR stimulation increased the expression of activated NOTCH1 that accumulated in the nucleus leading to HES1, DTX1, and c-MYC transcription. Results of in situ PLA experiments revealed the presence of NOTCH1-ICD/BTK complexes, whose number was reduced after ibrutinib treatment. In ibrutinib-treated CLL patients, leukemic cells showed NOTCH1 activity downregulation that deepened over time. The NOTCH1 signaling was restored at relapse and remained activated in ibrutinib-resistant CLL cells. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a strong clinical activity of ibrutinib in a real-life context. The ibrutinib clinical efficacy was associated with NOTCH1 activity downregulation that deepened over time. Our data point to NOTCH1 as a new molecular partner in BCR signaling with potential to further improve CLL-targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Del Papa
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Baldoni
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Hematology Section, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Erica Dorillo
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Filomena De Falco
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Rompietti
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Debora Cecchini
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cantelmi
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniele Sorcini
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Manuel Nogarotto
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Maria Adamo
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Mezzasoma
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Estevão Carlos Silva Barcelos
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Biological Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (UFES), Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória-ES, Brazil
| | - Elisa Albi
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Iacucci Ostini
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ambra Di Tommaso
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Hematology Section, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Marra
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Guido Montanaro
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Hematology, Transfusion Medicine and Biotechnologies, Ospedale Civile, Pescara, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Martelli
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Franca Falzetti
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Ianni
- Department of Hematology, Transfusion Medicine and Biotechnologies, Ospedale Civile, Pescara, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rosati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biosciences and Medical Embriology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Sportoletti
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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9
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Biological Aspects of mTOR in Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082396. [PMID: 30110936 PMCID: PMC6121663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central processor of intra- and extracellular signals, regulating many fundamental cellular processes such as metabolism, growth, proliferation, and survival. Strong evidences have indicated that mTOR dysregulation is deeply implicated in leukemogenesis. This has led to growing interest in the development of modulators of its activity for leukemia treatment. This review intends to provide an outline of the principal biological and molecular functions of mTOR. We summarize the current understanding of how mTOR interacts with microRNAs, with components of cell metabolism, and with controllers of apoptotic machinery. Lastly, from a clinical/translational perspective, we recapitulate the therapeutic results in leukemia, obtained by using mTOR inhibitors as single agents and in combination with other compounds.
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