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Piñel-Neparidze C, Bickerstaffe H, Shah S, Versnel J. The importance of a go-to-market strategy in the commercialisation of cellular immunotherapies. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104028. [PMID: 38759949 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Cellular immunotherapy (CIT) has both demonstrated outstanding levels of efficacy in cancer and presented unique commercialisation challenges. A historical analysis of go-to-market (G2M) strategies used to develop the first chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-Ts) can offer insight into how companies leverage partnership or independence to ensure commercial success. Collaboration-based strategies, such as partnerships, acquisitions, and licensing deals, have predominated in the industry to maximise revenue and patient access. Manufacturing, logistical, and regulatory challenges have hindered independent commercialisation. Nonetheless, the industry is adapting to these challenges: novel technologies show superior affordability and implementability, and commercial solutions organisations (CSOs) increasingly help CIT companies navigate through commercialisation issues independently. G2M strategies in this industry are therefore likely to evolve, with independence becoming a feasible strategy for commercial success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Piñel-Neparidze
- Cambridge Academy of Therapeutic Sciences (CATS), University of Cambridge, 17 Mill Lane, Cambridge CB2 1RX, UK.
| | | | - Samvar Shah
- Syneos Health, 10 Bloomsbury Way, 4th Floor, London WC1A 2SL, UK
| | - Jennifer Versnel
- Cambridge Academy of Therapeutic Sciences (CATS), University of Cambridge, 17 Mill Lane, Cambridge CB2 1RX, UK
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Cheng S, Wang H, Kang X, Zhang H. Immunotherapy Innovations in the Fight against Osteosarcoma: Emerging Strategies and Promising Progress. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:251. [PMID: 38399305 PMCID: PMC10892906 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive elements within the tumor microenvironment are the primary drivers of tumorigenesis and malignant advancement. The presence, as well as the crosstalk between myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), osteosarcoma-associated macrophages (OS-Ms), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and endothelial cells (ECs) with osteosarcoma cells cause the poor prognosis of OS. In addition, the consequent immunosuppressive factors favor the loss of treatment potential. Nanoparticles offer a means to dynamically and locally manipulate immuno-nanoparticles, which present a promising strategy for transforming OS-TME. Additionally, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology is effective in combating OS. This review summarizes the essential mechanisms of immunosuppressive cells in the OS-TME and the current immune-associated strategies. The last part highlights the limitations of existing therapies and offers insights into future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigao Cheng
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Loudi Central Hospital, Loudi 417000, China
| | - Huiyuan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xuejia Kang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Nolta JA. The age of immunotherapy-Celebrating STEM CELLS' contribution to understanding mechanisms of immune system development and modulation. Stem Cells 2020; 38:4-5. [PMID: 31851396 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Nolta
- Stem Cell Program, Sacramento, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, 95820
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Zhao X, Chen J, Qiu M, Li Y, Glass Z, Xu Q. Imidazole‐Based Synthetic Lipidoids for In Vivo mRNA Delivery into Primary T Lymphocytes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Yamin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Zachary Glass
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155 USA
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Ortiz de Landazuri I, Egri N, Muñoz-Sánchez G, Ortiz-Maldonado V, Bolaño V, Guijarro C, Pascal M, Juan M. Manufacturing and Management of CAR T-Cell Therapy in "COVID-19's Time": Central Versus Point of Care Proposals. Front Immunol 2020; 11:573179. [PMID: 33178200 PMCID: PMC7593817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has generated a significant repercussion on the administration of adoptive cell therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells. The closing of borders, the reduction of people transit and the confinement of the population has affected the supply chains of these life-saving medical products. The aim of this mini-review is to focus on how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected CAR T-cell therapy and taking into consideration the differences between the large-scale centralized productions for the pharmaceutical industry versus product manufacturing in the academic/hospital environment. We also review different aspects of CAR T-cell therapy and our managerial experience of patient selection, resource prioritization and some practical aspects to consider for safe administration. Although hospitals have been forced to change their usual workflows to cope with the saturation of health services by hospitalized patients, we recommend centers to continue offering this potentially curative treatment for patients with relapsed/refractory hematologic malignancies. Consequently, we propose appropriate selection criteria, early intervention to attenuate neurotoxicity or cytokine release syndrome with tocilizumab and prophylactic/preventive strategies to prevent infection. These considerations may apply to other emerging adoptive cell treatments and the corresponding manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Ortiz de Landazuri
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Egri
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Muñoz-Sánchez
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valentín Ortiz-Maldonado
- Department of Hematology, Institut Clínic de Malalties Hematològiques i Oncològiques, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Bolaño
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Guijarro
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Pascal
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Banc de Sang i Teixits – Hospital Clínic de Barcelona Immunotherapy Platform, Barcelona, Spain
- Allergy Network ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manel Juan
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Banc de Sang i Teixits – Hospital Clínic de Barcelona Immunotherapy Platform, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Zhao X, Chen J, Qiu M, Li Y, Glass Z, Xu Q. Imidazole‐Based Synthetic Lipidoids for In Vivo mRNA Delivery into Primary T Lymphocytes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20083-20089. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Yamin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Zachary Glass
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155 USA
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Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS), or ‘cytokine storm’, is the leading side effect during chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T therapy that is potentially life-threatening. It also plays a critical role in viral infections such as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, efficient removal of excessive cytokines is essential for treatment. We previously reported a novel protein modification tool called the QTY code, through which hydrophobic amino acids Leu, Ile, Val and Phe are replaced by Gln (Q), Thr (T) and Tyr (Y). Thus, the functional detergent-free equivalents of membrane proteins can be designed. Here, we report the application of the QTY code on six variants of cytokine receptors, including interleukin receptors IL4Rα and IL10Rα, chemokine receptors CCR9 and CXCR2, as well as interferon receptors IFNγR1 and IFNλR1. QTY-variant cytokine receptors exhibit physiological properties similar to those of native receptors without the presence of hydrophobic segments. The receptors were fused to the Fc region of immunoglobulin G (IgG) protein to form an antibody-like structure. These QTY code-designed Fc-fusion receptors were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The resulting water-soluble fusion receptors bind to their respective ligands with Kd values affinity similar to isolated native receptors. Our cytokine receptor–Fc-fusion proteins potentially serve as an antibody-like decoy to dampen the excessive cytokine levels associated with CRS and COVID-19 infection.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immunotherapy for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) broadens therapeutic options beyond chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Here, we review the use of monoclonal antibody-based drugs and cellular therapies to treat ALL. We discuss the challenges facing the field regarding the optimal timing and sequencing of these therapies in relation to other treatment options as well as considerations of cost effectiveness. RECENT FINDINGS By early identification of patients at risk for leukemic relapse, monoclonal antibody and cellular immunotherapies can be brought to the forefront of treatment options. Novel CAR design and manufacturing approaches may enhance durable patient response. Multiple clinical trials are now underway to evaluate the sequence and timing of monoclonal antibody, cellular therapy, and/or stem cell transplantation. The biologic and clinical contexts in which immunotherapies have advanced the treatment of ALL confer optimism that more patients will achieve durable remissions. Immunotherapy treatments in ALL will expand through rationally targeted approaches alongside advances in CAR T cell therapy design and clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Barsan
- Bass Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, G2065, Stanford, CA, 94305-5435, USA.
| | - Sneha Ramakrishna
- Bass Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, G2065, Stanford, CA, 94305-5435, USA.
| | - Kara L Davis
- Bass Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, G2065, Stanford, CA, 94305-5435, USA.
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