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Allam M, Hu T, Cai S, Laxminarayanan K, Hughley RB, Coskun AF. Spatially visualized single-cell pathology of highly multiplexed protein profiles in health and disease. Commun Biol 2021; 4:632. [PMID: 34045665 PMCID: PMC8160218 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep molecular profiling of biological tissues is an indicator of health and disease. We used imaging mass cytometry (IMC) to acquire spatially resolved 20-plex protein data in tissue sections from normal and chronic tonsillitis cases. We present SpatialViz, a suite of algorithms to explore spatial relationships in multiplexed tissue images by visualizing and quantifying single-cell granularity and anatomical complexity in diverse multiplexed tissue imaging data. Single-cell and spatial maps confirmed that CD68+ cells were correlated with the enhanced Granzyme B expression and CD3+ cells exhibited enrichment of CD4+ phenotype in chronic tonsillitis. SpatialViz revealed morphological distributions of cellular organizations in distinct anatomical areas, spatially resolved single-cell associations across anatomical categories, and distance maps between the markers. Spatial topographic maps showed the unique organization of different tissue layers. The spatial reference framework generated network-based comparisons of multiplex data from healthy and diseased tonsils. SpatialViz is broadly applicable to multiplexed tissue biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayar Allam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas Hu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuangyi Cai
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Krishnan Laxminarayanan
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert B Hughley
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ahmet F Coskun
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Delayed gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue reconstitution in duodenum compared with rectum in HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2019; 33:2289-2298. [PMID: 31764094 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to characterize the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation on gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue at various sites along the gastrointestinal site. METHODOLOGY Peripheral blood and duodenal and rectal biopsies were obtained from 12 HIV to 33 treatment-naive HIV participants at baseline and after 9 months ART. Tissue was digested for immunophenotyping. Inflammatory, bacterial translocation and intestinal damage markers were measured in plasma. RESULTS Twenty-six HIV patients completed follow-up. The lowest reconstitution of CD4 T cells and the lowest CD4/CD8 ratio during ART compared with blood were observed in the duodenum with the rectum being either intermediate or approaching blood levels. Regulatory T cells were in higher proportions in the duodenum than the rectum and neither declined significantly during ART. Several correlations with biomarkers of microbial translocation were observed including increases in lipoteichoic acid levels, which reflects Gram-positive bacterial translocation, correlated with increases in %CD4 T cells in the duodenum (Rho 0.773, P = 0.033), and with decreases in duodenal regulatory T-cell populations (Rho -0.40, P = 0.045). CONCLUSION HIV-mediated immunological disruption is greater in the duodenum than rectum and blood before and during ART. Small intestine damage may represent a unique environment for T-cell depletion, which might be attenuated by interaction with Gram-positive bacteria.
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Zheng Y, Zhou H, He Y, Chen Z, He B, He M. The immune pathogenesis of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in AIDS. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:1197-202. [PMID: 25131160 PMCID: PMC4250954 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the immunological pathogenesis of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). A total of 238 patients with AIDS who received initial HAART were included in this prospective cohort study. Blood samples were collected immediately, at baseline, at week 12, and at week 24 after initial HAART and at the onset of IRIS. Lymphocyte subsets, Th1 and Th2 cytokines, and interleukin (IL)-7 levels were measured by flow cytometry or ELISA. Among the 238 patients with AIDS who received HAART, 47 patients developed IRIS. The percentages of CD4(+) and CD8(+) naive, memory, and activated cells exhibited no significant differences between AIDS patients with and without IRIS 24 weeks after initial HAART. The percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells was lower in IRIS patients than in non-IRIS patients before HAART, 12 weeks after HAART, 24 weeks after HAART, and at the onset of IRIS. IL-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ levels were significantly higher at week 4 and at the onset of IRIS in IRIS patients than in non-IRIS patients. In contrast, IL-4 and IL-10 levels were significantly lower at week 4 and at the onset of IRIS in IRIS patients than in non-IRIS patients. Plasma IL-7 decreased gradually with the progression of HAART. The level of IL-7 was higher in IRIS patients than in non-IRIS patients at all follow-up time points. An imbalance of Th1/Th2 cytokines, a consistently low CD(+)CD25(+)Fox3(+) percentage, and a high IL-7 level may be crucial in the pathogenesis of IRIS in AIDS patients who had received HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuang Zheng
- AIDS Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University , Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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Seddiki N, Cook L, Hsu DC, Phetsouphanh C, Brown K, Xu Y, Kerr SJ, Cooper DA, Munier CML, Pett S, Ananworanich J, Zaunders J, Kelleher AD. Human antigen-specific CD4+CD25+CD134+CD39+T cells are enriched for regulatory T cells and comprise a substantial proportion of recall responses. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1644-61. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Seddiki
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Laura Cook
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Denise C. Hsu
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration; Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Kai Brown
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Yin Xu
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kerr
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration; Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre; Bangkok Thailand
| | - David A. Cooper
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
- HIV; Immunology and Infectious Diseases Clinical Services Unit; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - C. Mee Ling Munier
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Sarah Pett
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
- HIV; Immunology and Infectious Diseases Clinical Services Unit; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration; Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre; Bangkok Thailand
| | - John Zaunders
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Anthony D. Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney NSW Australia
- HIV; Immunology and Infectious Diseases Clinical Services Unit; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
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Munier CML, Kelleher AD, Kent SJ, De Rose R. The role of T cell immunity in HIV-1 infection. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:438-46. [PMID: 23747036 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between the T cell immune response and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 largely determines the outcome of infection. Typically, the virus overcomes the immune defences leading to a gradual decline in function that permits the development of disease. In recent years, a concerted effort in comparing T cell responses between 'controllers' and 'progressors' is beginning to identify the T cell subsets and factors that affect disease progression related to the effector functions of both CD4 and CD8 T cells. These efforts are providing opportunities for development of novel therapies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mee Ling Munier
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Zhou H, Zhao H, Hao Y, Song C, Han J, Zhang J, Gao G, Han N, Yang D, Li Y, Zhang F, Zeng H. Excessive conversion and impaired thymic output contribute to disturbed regulatory T-cell homeostasis in AIDS patients with low CD4 cell counts. AIDS 2013; 27:1059-69. [PMID: 23299175 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835e2b99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T regulatory (Treg) cells are a heterogeneous population that consists of CD4(+)CD25(low)CD45RA(+) [naive Treg (nTreg) cells] and CD4(+)CD25(high)CD45RA(-) [activated Treg (aTreg) cells] subsets. We investigated the effects of HIV infection and HAART on distinct Treg subsets. METHODS HIV-infected adult patients naive to HAART (n=57), patients with acute HIV infection (n=13), and healthy controls (n=92) were recruited for a cross-sectional study. Patients receiving HAART were followed up in a longitudinal study. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, we observed a reduced proportion of nTreg cells and an elevated frequency of aTreg cells in peripheral blood from HAART-naïve patients. Moreover, nTreg cells showed a decreased CD31(+) frequency, whereas aTreg cells showed an increased CD31(+) frequency, indicating impaired thymic output and excessive conversion from nTreg to aTreg cells. nTreg and aTreg cells both displayed higher levels of Ki67(+), reflecting hyperproliferation. The longitudinal study showed that HAART successfully recovered nTreg but not aTreg cell frequency. Higher baseline naïve CD4 T-cell percentages were associated with faster reconstitution of nTreg cell frequency as well as CD4(+) T-cell count. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the disturbed homeostasis of Treg cells in HIV-infected patients is probably caused by excessive conversion from nTreg to aTreg cells, and impaired thymic output of nTreg cells. nTreg cells can be recovered by HAART, which was associated with baseline naive CD4(+) T-cell percentages, indicating that reconstitution of nTreg cells may benefit from earlier antiretroviral treatment.
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Abstract
In recent years, the technology of constructing chimeric mice with humanized immune systems has markedly improved. Multiple lineages of human immune cells develop in immunodeficient mice that have been transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells. More importantly, these mice mount functional humoral and cellular immune responses upon immunization or microbial infection. Human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) can establish an infection in humanized mice, resulting in CD4(+) T-cell depletion and an accompanying nonspecific immune activation, which mimics the immunopathology in HIV-1-infected human patients. This makes humanized mice an optimal model for studying the mechanisms of HIV-1 immunopathogenesis and for developing novel immune-based therapies.
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Imamichi H, Lane HC. Regulatory T cells in HIV-1 infection: the good, the bad, and the ugly. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1479-82. [PMID: 22457283 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Méndez-Lagares G, Pozo-Balado MM, del Mar del Pozo Balado M, Genebat M, Genebat González M, García Pergañeda A, García Pergañeda Sánchez A, Leal M, Leal Noval M, Pacheco YM, Pacheco López YM. Severe immune dysregulation affects CD4⁺CD25(hi)FoxP3⁺ regulatory T cells in HIV-infected patients with low-level CD4 T-cell repopulation despite suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1501-9. [PMID: 22457273 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that CD4(+)CD25(hi)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) could be involved in the high immune activation existing in patients with low-level CD4 T-cell repopulation under suppressive high active antiretroviral therapy (hereafter, "LLR patients"). Sixteen LLR patients, 18 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected controls (hereafter, "HIV controls"), and 16 healthy subjects were included. The frequency of CD4(+)CD25(hi)FoxP3(+) and HIV-specific Treg suppressive function were assessed. Relationships between Treg and CD4/CD8 activation (HLA-DR/CD38) and the frequency of naive CD4 T-cells were assessed. Low-level patients showed a higher Treg frequency but reduced HIV-specific immunosuppressive functions than HIV controls. Whereas in healthy subjects a strong negative correlation between Tregs and activated CD8 T cells emerged (r = -0.75, P < .001), it appeared disrupted in both HIV-infected groups (r = -0.06 and P = .83 for LLR patients; r = -0.11 and P = .68 for and HIV controls). Nevertheless, in LLR patients, Tregs negatively correlated with naive CD4 T cells (r = -0.60, P = .01), whereas there was no such correlation in HIV controls (r = -0.19, P = .46) or healthy subjects (r = -0.10, P = .73). Remarkably, a higher ratio of Tregs to naive CD4 T cells was observed in LLR patients than in HIV controls (P = .001) and healthy subjects (P < .001). We conclude that LLR patients have important alterations in immunoregulation involving CD4(+)CD25(hi)FoxP3(+) Tregs. In this scenario, the role of Tregs seems to be more related to the control of the naive CD4 T-cell homeostatic proliferation, rather than to the immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Méndez-Lagares
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Infectious Diseases Service and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, IBIS/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
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10
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Increased frequency of regulatory T cells accompanies increased immune activation in rectal mucosae of HIV-positive noncontrollers. J Virol 2011; 85:11422-34. [PMID: 21880771 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05608-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is a major site of HIV replication and CD4(+) T cell depletion. Furthermore, microbial translocation facilitated by mucosal damage likely contributes to the generalized immune activation observed in HIV infection. Regulatory T cells (Treg) help maintain homeostasis and suppress harmful immune activation during infection; however, in the case of persistent viral infections such as HIV, their role is less clear. Although a number of studies have examined Treg in blood during chronic infection, few have explored Treg in the gastrointestinal mucosa. For this study, paired blood and rectal biopsy samples were obtained from 12 HIV noncontrollers (viral load of >10,000 copies/ml plasma), 10 HIV controllers (viral load of <500 copies/ml plasma for more than 5 years), and 12 HIV seronegative control subjects. Noncontrollers had significantly higher percentages of Treg in rectal mononuclear cells (RMNC), but not in blood, compared to seronegative subjects (P = 0.001) or HIV controllers (P = 0.002). Mucosal Treg positively correlated with viral load (P = 0.01) and expression of immune activation markers by CD4(+) (P = 0.01) and CD8(+) (P = 0.07) T cells. Suppression assays indicated that mucosal and peripheral Treg of noncontrollers and controllers maintained their capacity to suppress non-Treg proliferation to a similar extent as Treg from seronegative subjects. Together, these findings reveal that rather than experiencing depletion, mucosal Treg frequency is enhanced during chronic HIV infection and is positively correlated with viral load and immune activation. Moreover, mucosal Treg maintain their suppressive ability during chronic HIV infection, potentially contributing to diminished HIV-specific T cell responses and viral persistence.
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Abstract
Significant research has been conducted on the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in HIV infection. To date, however, it is not clear whether Tregs play a detrimental role or a beneficial role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. In fact, a number of immunotherapeutic strategies to control HIV infection have revealed a possible antagonistic role for Tregs. This necessitates investigating ways to counteract the suppressive function, such as through Treg depletion or blockade of specific Treg immunosuppressive mechanisms, without further increasing the cellular immune activation associated with chronic HIV infection. Simply applying Treg immunotherapeutic strategies used in diseases other than HIV may pose problems due to the complexity of HIV immunopathogenesis. Studies are therefore necessary to elucidate the different immunoregulatory networks in HIV infection in order to determine the specific cellular or molecular pathways that can be altered to boost the body's immune control of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard JC Macatangay
- HIV/AIDS Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- HIV/AIDS Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Suchard MS, Mayne E, Green VA, Shalekoff S, Donninger SL, Stevens WS, Gray CM, Tiemessen CT. FOXP3 expression is upregulated in CD4T cells in progressive HIV-1 infection and is a marker of disease severity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11762. [PMID: 20668701 PMCID: PMC2909259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the role of different classes of T cells during HIV infection is critical to determining which responses correlate with protective immunity. To date, it is unclear whether alterations in regulatory T cell (Treg) function are contributory to progression of HIV infection. Methodology FOXP3 expression was measured by both qRT-PCR and by flow cytometry in HIV-infected individuals and uninfected controls together with expression of CD25, GITR and CTLA-4. Cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 and cell proliferation was assessed by CFSE dilution. Principal Findings HIV infected individuals had significantly higher frequencies of CD4+FOXP3+ T cells (median of 8.11%; range 1.33%–26.27%) than healthy controls (median 3.72%; range 1.3–7.5%; P = 0.002), despite having lower absolute counts of CD4+FOXP3+ T cells. There was a significant positive correlation between the frequency of CD4+FOXP3+ T cells and viral load (rho = 0.593 P = 0.003) and a significant negative correlation with CD4 count (rho = −0.423 P = 0.044). 48% of our patients had CD4 counts below 200 cells/µl and these patients showed a marked elevation of FOXP3 percentage (median 10% range 4.07%–26.27%). Assessing the mechanism of increased FOXP3 frequency, we found that the high FOXP3 levels noted in HIV infected individuals dropped rapidly in unstimulated culture conditions but could be restimulated by T cell receptor stimulation. This suggests that the high FOXP3 expression in HIV infected patients is likely due to FOXP3 upregulation by individual CD4+ T cells following antigenic or other stimulation. Conclusions/Significance FOXP3 expression in the CD4+ T cell population is a marker of severity of HIV infection and a potential prognostic marker of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda S Suchard
- Haematology and Molecular Medicine, National Health Laboratory Service and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Fort MM, Narayanan PK. Manipulation of Regulatory T-Cell Function by Immunomodulators: A Boon or a Curse? Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:253-62. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Macatangay BJC, Szajnik ME, Whiteside TL, Riddler SA, Rinaldo CR. Regulatory T cell suppression of Gag-specific CD8 T cell polyfunctional response after therapeutic vaccination of HIV-1-infected patients on ART. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9852. [PMID: 20352042 PMCID: PMC2844424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that therapeutic vaccination against HIV-1 can increase the frequency and suppressive function of regulatory, CD4+ T cells (Treg), thereby masking enhancement of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell response. HIV-1-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy (N = 17) enrolled in a phase I therapeutic vaccine trial received 2 doses of autologous dendritic cells (DC) loaded with HIV-1 peptides. The frequency of CD4+CD25hiFOXP3+ Treg in blood was determined prior to and after vaccination in subjects and normal controls. Polyfunctional CD8+ T cell responses were determined pre- and post-vaccine (N = 7) for 5 immune mediators after in vitro stimulation with Gag peptide, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), or medium alone. Total vaccine response (post-vaccine–pre-vaccine) was compared in the Treg(+) and Treg-depleted (Treg-) sets. After vaccination, 12/17 subjects showed a trend of increased Treg frequency (P = 0.06) from 0.74% to 1.2%. The increased frequency did not correlate with CD8+ T cell vaccine response by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for interferon γ production. Although there was no significant change in CD8+ T cell polyfunctional response after vaccination, Treg depletion increased the polyfunctionality of the total vaccine response (P = 0.029), with a >2-fold increase in the percentage of CD8+ T cells producing multiple immune mediators. In contrast, depletion of Treg did not enhance polyfunctional T cell response to SEB, implying specificity of suppression to HIV-1 Gag. Therapeutic immunization with a DC-based vaccine against HIV-1 caused a modest increase in Treg frequency and a significant increase in HIV-1-specific, Treg suppressive function. The Treg suppressive effect masked an increase in the vaccine-induced anti-HIV-1-specific polyfunctional response. The role of Treg should be considered in immunotherapeutic trials of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J C Macatangay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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O'Connell KA, Bailey JR, Blankson JN. Elucidating the elite: mechanisms of control in HIV-1 infection. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 30:631-7. [PMID: 19837464 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In patients with progressive disease, untreated HIV-1 infection is characterized by high viral loads and decreasing CD4(+)T cell counts which lead to opportunistic infection and other AIDS-defining illness. A rare subset of patients termed 'elite controllers' (ECs) maintain control over viremia and often retain normal CD4(+)T cell levels without treatment with antiretroviral drugs. For the most part these patients are infected with replication-competent, fit virus. Factors such as strong, polyfunctional cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and retention of T cell proliferative ability appear to be important in control of HIV-1. Defining what enables ECs to control viral replication will aid in the development of effective vaccine and treatment regimens. This review will discuss differences between ECs and progressors while emphasizing recent findings on the immunological response of ECs to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A O'Connell
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Zhang L, Meissner E, Chen J, Su L. Current humanized mouse models for studying human immunology and HIV-1 immuno-pathogenesis. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:195-203. [PMID: 20596827 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-0059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A robust animal model for "hypothesis-testing/mechanistic" research in human immunology and immuno-pathology should meet the following criteria. First, it has well-studied hemato-lymphoid organs and target cells similar to those of humans. Second, the human pathogens establish infection and lead to relevant diseases. Third, it is genetically inbred and can be manipulated via genetic, immunological and pharmacological means. Many human-tropic pathogens such as HIV-1 fail to infect murine cells due to the blocks at multiple steps of their life cycle. The mouse with a reconstituted human immune system and other human target organs is a good candidate. A number of human-mouse chimeric models with human immune cells have been developed in the past 20 years, but most with only limited success due to the selective engraftment of xeno-reactive human T cells in hu-PBL-SCID mice or the lack of significant human immune responses in the SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse. This review summarizes the current understanding of HIV-1 immuno-pathogenesis in human patients and in SIV-infected primate models. It also reviews the recent progress in the development of humanized mouse models with a functional human immune system, especially the recent progress in the immunodeficient mice that carry a defective gammaC gene. NOD/SCID/gammaC(-/-) (NOG or NSG) or the Rag2(-/-)gammaC(-/-) double knockout (DKO) mice, which lack NK as well as T and B cells (NTB-null mice), have been used to reconstitute a functional human immune system in central and peripheral lymphoid organs with human CD34(+) HSC. These NTB-hu HSC humanized models have been used to investigate HIV-1 infection, immuno-pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. Such models, with further improvements, will contribute to study human immunology, human-tropic pathogens as well as human stem cell biology in the tissue development and function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiGuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Blankson JN. Effector mechanisms in HIV-1 infected elite controllers: highly active immune responses? Antiviral Res 2009; 85:295-302. [PMID: 19733595 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Elite controllers (EC) are HIV-1 infected patients control viral replication to a level of <50 copies/ml without antiretroviral therapy. These patients are also known as elite suppressors, or HIV controllers, and they differ from traditional long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) who maintain stable CD4 counts and are asymptomatic without antiretroviral therapy. Recent studies suggest that many EC are infected with replication-competent virus. Thus it appears that host factors such as innate immunity, the humoral immune response, and the cellular immune response are involved in the suppression of viral replication in EC. This article will review the effector mechanisms that are thought to play a role in the remarkable control of viral replication seen in these patients. This article forms part of a special issue of Antiviral Research marking the 25th anniversary of antiretroviral drug discovery and development, Vol 85, issue 1, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Blankson
- Broadway Research Bldg, Rm 880, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 722 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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18
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Abstract
The CTL response plays a central part in deciding the outcome of viral infections. Evidence from host and viral genetics, gene expression microarrays and assays of T-cell phenotype and function indicate that individual differences in the efficiency of the virus-specific CTL response strongly determine the outcome of infection with the human retroviruses HTLV-1 and HIV-1. It is now believed that differences in anti-viral CTL efficiency or "quality" at the single-cell level are critical in determining the efficacy of the host response to viruses. However, it is difficult to identify and quantify the reasons for this apparent individual variation in CTL efficiency, because of the chronic course of infection and the dynamical complexity of the equilibrium that is established between the virus and the host immune response. Specifically, it is unclear whether the observed variations among infected hosts, i.e. in the frequency, phenotype and function or quality of T cells, are the causes or effects - or both - of the variation in the efficiency of virus control.
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV and pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus infection are characterized by chronic immune activation. This review addresses the factors that influence immune activation and may thus determine the rate of disease progression during the asymptomatic period of HIV. RECENT FINDINGS Immune activation stems from foreign antigen stimulation, including HIV, microbial products and coinfections and compensatory homeostatic mechanisms. Continuous immune stimulation creates a permissive environment for further viral replication, while temporarily allowing successful replenishment of the T-cell pool. Type I interferon, microbial translocation, activated (but ineffective) effector T cells, unruly regulatory T cells and inadequate T helper 17 cells all play important roles in the cycle of activation, functional exhaustion and T-cell death that leads to immunodeficiency. SUMMARY The asymptomatic chronic phase of HIV infection is a dynamic balance between host and virus, the outcome of which determines an individual's course of disease. Evaluation of the factors that determine the immunologic threshold of disease progression could assist in designing therapeutic strategies, including individualized timing of ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Ford
- Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Camille E. Puronen
- Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Irini Sereti
- Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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20
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Acute HIV-1 infection: targeting the regulator. Blood 2008; 112:2600. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-07-165704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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