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Tomacinschii V, Mosquera Orgueira A, Santos CA, Robu M, Buruiana S, Fraga Rodriguez MF. The implication of next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis and clinical management of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1275327. [PMID: 38023160 PMCID: PMC10663367 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1275327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) is a technology that broadens the horizon of knowledge of several somatic pathologies, especially in oncological and oncohematological pathology. In the case of NHL, the understanding of the mechanisms of tumorigenesis, tumor proliferation and the identification of genetic markers specific to different lymphoma subtypes led to more accurate classification and diagnosis. Similarly, the data obtained through NGS allowed the identification of recurrent somatic mutations that can serve as therapeutic targets that can be inhibited and thus reducing the rate of resistant cases. The article's purpose is to offer a comprehensive overview of the best ways of integrating of next-generation sequencing technologies for diagnosis, prognosis, classification, and selection of optimal therapy from the perspective of tailor-made medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tomacinschii
- Department of Hematology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
- Department of Hematology, Public Medical Sanitary Institution (PMSI) Institute of Oncology, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Adrian Mosquera Orgueira
- University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Aliste Santos
- University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Robu
- Department of Hematology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Sanda Buruiana
- Department of Hematology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Maximo Francisco Fraga Rodriguez
- University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Pathology, Ginecology and Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Zanelli M, Sanguedolce F, Zizzo M, Fragliasso V, Broggi G, Palicelli A, Loscocco GG, Cresta C, Caprera C, Corsi M, Martino G, Bisagni A, Marchetti M, Koufopoulos N, Parente P, Caltabiano R, Ascani S. Skin Involvement by Hematological Neoplasms with Blastic Morphology: Lymphoblastic Lymphoma, Blastoid Variant of Mantle Cell Lymphoma and Differential Diagnoses. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3928. [PMID: 37568745 PMCID: PMC10416851 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematological neoplasms sharing a blastic morphology may involve the skin. The skin may be either the primary site of occurrence of hematological malignancies with blastic features or cutaneous lesions are the first manifestation of an underlying systemic malignancy. The assessment of skin biopsies of hematological neoplasms with blastic features poses diagnostic problems and requires expert hematopathologists considering a wide range of differential diagnoses. The precise diagnosis of diseases sharing blastic features but with different outcomes and requiring distinct therapies is essential for patient management. The present paper mainly focuses on cutaneous involvement of the blastoid variant of mantle cell lymphoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma of B-cell or T-cell origin. The relevant literature has been reviewed and the clinical aspects, pathological features, prognosis, and therapy of both blastoid mantle cell lymphoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma involving the skin are discussed. A focus on other hematological entities with blastic features, which may involve the skin, to be taken into consideration in differential diagnosis is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Zanelli
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.P.); (A.B.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Maurizio Zizzo
- Surgical Oncology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Valentina Fragliasso
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Broggi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia” Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Andrea Palicelli
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.P.); (A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Gaetano Loscocco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, CRIMM, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
- Doctorate School GenOMec, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Camilla Cresta
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (C.C.); (C.C.); (M.C.); (G.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Cecilia Caprera
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (C.C.); (C.C.); (M.C.); (G.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Matteo Corsi
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (C.C.); (C.C.); (M.C.); (G.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Giovanni Martino
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (C.C.); (C.C.); (M.C.); (G.M.); (S.A.)
- Hematology, Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica—C.R.E.O., University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bisagni
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.P.); (A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Marialisa Marchetti
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.P.); (A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Nektarios Koufopoulos
- Second Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece;
| | - Paola Parente
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy;
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia” Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Stefano Ascani
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (C.C.); (C.C.); (M.C.); (G.M.); (S.A.)
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Treatment of Mantle Cell Lymphoma in the Frontline Setting: Are We Ready for a Risk-Adapted Approach? J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071134. [PMID: 35887631 PMCID: PMC9324979 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), a type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by the t(11;14)(q13q32) translocation, is a clinically heterogenous disease which can range from indolent to highly aggressive. Numerous prognostic factors have been identified, including blastoid histology, the Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (MIPI) score, high proliferation index, p53 deletions and/or mutations, complex karyotype, minimal residual disease, and several others. However, using these prognostic factors to guide treatment selection has largely remained elusive. Given the heterogeneous behavior of this disease and varying patient characteristics, we suggest that the time has come for a more risk-adapted approach to this disease. In this article, we review the numerous prognostic factors that have been described for MCL, both at the time of diagnosis and following first-line treatment. We then propose a risk-adapted approach to first-line therapy for MCL, which would reserve intensive therapy for the highest risk patients and spare others excessive toxicity.
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Chen W, Liu H, Wang P, Li G. Clinical and biological features of mantle cell lymphoma patients with co-expression of CD10 and BCL-6: a retrospective study. Transl Cancer Res 2022; 10:4786-4793. [PMID: 35116331 PMCID: PMC8798977 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-21-882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) with co-expression of CD10 and BCL-6 was scarcely reported, and its biological features were largely remained unknown. Thus, this study aimed to describe the clinical and biological features, as well as outcome of MCL patients with co-expression of CD10 and BCL-6. Methods A total of 104 cases of MCL who were admitted to our hospital between January 2011 and October 2018 were recruited. Those patients were diagnosed according to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification system for tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, in compliance with the results of cytomorphology and immunohistochemical analysis. Patients were followed up through telephone interviews, medical records. Differences in age, gender, leukocyte count, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, beta-2 microglobulin (β2-MG) level and results of immunohistochemistry were analyzed. Then the event-free survival (EFS) rate and overall survival (OS) rate were performed by the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Results The results showed that, in total, 5 patients had superficial lymph node enlargement, 2 patients suffered from abdominal discomfort, and 1 patient’s red blood cell (RBC) count was abnormal at the time of diagnosis. All patients were in stage IV, 75% had bone marrow involvement, and 75% and 100% of patients had elevated levels of LDH and β2-MG, respectively. Three classic genes and five variants were involved in the 8 patients. MCL patients with the co-expression of CD10 and BCL-6 had higher Ki-67 index, white blood cell (WBC) count, LDH level, and β2-MG level than those of without co-expression of CD10 and BCL-6 (P=0.025, 0.038, 0.015, and 0.021, respectively). Besides, MCL patients with CD10 and BCL-6 co-expression had shorter OS and EFS (χ2=6.401 and 5.975; P=0.011 and 0.015, respectively), indicating patients’ susceptibility to get complex karyotype and TP53 abnormality. Conclusions MCL patients with co-expression of CD10 and BCL-6 were more likely to have bone marrow involvement, higher Ki-67 index, increased WBC count, and elevated levels of LDH and β2-MG at the time of diagnosis, then might has complex cytogenetic and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzi Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hangmin Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Department of pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Yabe M, Ozkaya N, de Jong D, Aypar U, Ritorto MS, Barbé E, Miedema IHC, Sen F, Chapman JR, Landau HJ, Dogan A. Localized Peritumoral AL Amyloidosis Associated With Mantle Cell Lymphoma With Plasmacytic Differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 2021; 45:939-944. [PMID: 33739787 PMCID: PMC8192423 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis is characterized by the deposition of amyloid fibers derived from pathologic immunoglobulin light chains. Although systemic plasma cell neoplasms are the most common cause of AL amyloidosis, a subset of cases is caused by B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders such as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma or extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Recently, SOX11-negative IGH hypermutated mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is recognized to show frequent plasmacytic differentiation and indolent clinical course. Here, we report 3 cases of peritumoral AL amyloidosis associated with SOX11-negative MCL. All 3 cases showed cyclin D1 expression by immunohistochemistry and CCND1 translocation as detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Peritumoral AL amyloidosis was observed at the biopsy sites in the gastrointestinal tract, a supraclavicular lymph node, and a cervical lymph node, and all presented with marked plasmacytic differentiation of lymphoma cells. None of the cases showed evidence of bone marrow involvement by morphology and immunophenotyping. None of the patients had distant organ involvement with systemic amyloidosis. All 3 patients had an indolent clinical course and are alive with disease at the time of the last follow-up (range: 48 to 74 mo). Our findings show that MCL with plasmacytic differentiation can cause amyloid deposition and CCND1 abnormalities should be performed in all cases of extramedullary AL amyloidosis. Recognition of indolent MCL as a cause of peritumoral AL amyloidosis may have important clinical management implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Yabe
- Hematopathology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neval Ozkaya
- Hematopathology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daphne de Jong
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Umut Aypar
- Cytogenetic Service, Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. Stella Ritorto
- Hematopathology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellis Barbé
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris H. C. Miedema
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Filiz Sen
- Hematopathology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica R. Chapman
- Hematopathology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heather J. Landau
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmet Dogan
- Hematopathology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Jung D, Jain P, Yao Y, Wang M. Advances in the assessment of minimal residual disease in mantle cell lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:127. [PMID: 32972438 PMCID: PMC7513535 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical impact of minimal residual disease detection at early time points or during follow-ups has been shown to accurately predict relapses among patients with lymphomas, mainly in follicular and diffuse large B cell lymphoma. The field of minimal residual disease testing in mantle cell lymphoma is still evolving but has great impact in determining the prognosis. Flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction-based testing are most commonly used methods in practice; however, these methods are not sensitive enough to detect the dynamic changes that underline lymphoma progression. Newer methods using next-generation sequencing, such as ClonoSeq, are being incorporated in clinical trials. Other techniques under evolution include CAPP-seq and anchored multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based methods. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive update on the status of minimal residual disease detection and its prognostic effect in mantle cell patients. The role of circulating tumor DNA-based minimal residual disease detection in lymphomas is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayoung Jung
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Preetesh Jain
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Hemapathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yixin Yao
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael Wang
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) encompasses nearly 6% of all the non-Hodgkin lymphomas. It is considered an incurable neoplastic process arising from B cells. The cytogenetic abnormality t(11;14) (q13; q32) leading to cyclin D1 overexpression is the sentinel genetic event and provides an exceptional marker for diagnosis. MCL is generally considered to have an aggressive course as compared with other indolent lymphomas with traditionally reported median survival of 3-5 years. According to the 2016 WHO classification, there are two major known variants of MCL: classical which affects the lymph nodes and extra nodal sites and leukemic non-nodal MCL (L-NN-MCL) which characteristically involves the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and the spleen. It is important to distinguish between classical and leukemic non-nodal MCL since the latter variant of MCL follows a rather indolent course with a wait and watch approach in order to avoid overtreatment. However, a subset of patients with L-NN-MCL can transform into a more aggressive course requiring treatment. Current evidence suggests those patients with alteration in TP53 gene do not respond to standard chemotherapy agents and may need targeted therapy. In this review, we describe the characteristics of L-NN-MCL, its diagnosis, and management.
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Dolcino M, Tinazzi E, Vitali C, Del Papa N, Puccetti A, Lunardi C. Long Non-Coding RNAs Modulate Sjögren's Syndrome Associated Gene Expression and Are Involved in the Pathogenesis of the Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091349. [PMID: 31480511 PMCID: PMC6780488 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSjS) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder, primarily affecting exocrine glands; its pathogenesis is still unclear. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and a comprehensive analysis of lncRNAs expression in pSjS is still lacking. To this aim, the expression of more than 540,000 human transcripts, including those ascribed to more than 50,000 lncRNAs is profiled at the same time, in a cohort of 16 peripheral blood mononuclear cells PBMCs samples (eight pSjS and eight healthy subjects). A complex network analysis is carried out on the global set of molecular interactions among modulated genes and lncRNAs, leading to the identification of reliable lncRNA-miRNA-gene functional interactions. Taking this approach, a few lncRNAs are identified as targeting highly connected genes in the pSjS transcriptome, since they have a major impact on gene modulation in the disease. Such genes are involved in biological processes and molecular pathways crucial in the pathogenesis of pSjS, including immune response, B cell development and function, inflammation, apoptosis, type I and gamma interferon, epithelial cell adhesion and polarization. The identification of deregulated lncRNAs that modulate genes involved in the typical features of the disease provides insight in disease pathogenesis and opens avenues for the design of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Dolcino
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Tinazzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Vitali
- Sections of Rheumatology, Villa S. Giuseppe, Como and Casa di Cura di Lecco, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Histology, University of Genova, Via G.B. Marsano 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Claudio Lunardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Tong L, Wang Y, Ao Y, Sun X. CREB1 induced lncRNA HAS2-AS1 promotes epithelial ovarian cancer proliferation and invasion via the miR-466/RUNX2 axis. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108891. [PMID: 31082772 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated the vital roles of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in the epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, the function of lncRNA HAS2-AS1 in EOC is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the expression and role of HAS2-AS1 in EOC. In the cells and tissue of EOC, HAS2-AS1 expression was markedly up-regulated. Besides, the overexpression of HAS2-AS1 indicated the poor clinical outcome of EOC patients. Transcription factor CREB1 could bind with the promoter of HAS2-AS1 and activate its transcriptional expression. Functionally, HAS2-AS1 knockdown suppressed the proliferation, invasion and tumor growth of EOC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanical investigation found that HAS2-AS1 could relive the RUNX2 protein expression via sponging the miR-466, acting as miRNA sponge. In conclusion, this finding suggests the CREB1/HAS2-AS1/miR-466/RUNX2 axis in the in the EOC tumorigenesis, providing the novel insight for the molecular mechanism of EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yu Ao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaochun Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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