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Fan C, Li J, Dong R, Xu Y, Liu L. Investigation of Enzyme Immobilization and Clogging Mechanisms in the Enzymatic Synthesis of Amoxicillin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8557. [PMID: 39201244 PMCID: PMC11354056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the blocking mechanism of immobilized penicillin G acylase (PGA) during the enzymatic synthesis of amoxicillin. Laboratory observations revealed that the primary cause of clogging was the crystallization of the substrate and product on the enzyme surface. Adjusting key parameters can significantly reduce clogging and improve catalytic efficiency. Methanol can decrease enzyme activity, but isopropyl alcohol cleaners can effectively remove clogs and protect enzyme activity. These findings provide an experimental foundation for optimizing the PGA immobilization process, which is crucial for achieving high efficiency and sustainability in industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liqiang Liu
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; (C.F.); (J.L.); (R.D.); (Y.X.)
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2
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Pan X, Xu L, Li Y, Wu S, Wu Y, Wei W. Strategies to Improve the Biosynthesis of β-Lactam Antibiotics by Penicillin G Acylase: Progress and Prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:936487. [PMID: 35923572 PMCID: PMC9340067 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.936487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Lactam antibiotics are widely used anti-infection drugs that are traditionally synthesized via a chemical process. In recent years, with the growing demand for green alternatives, scientists have turned to enzymatic synthesis. Penicillin G acylase (PGA) is the second most commercially used enzyme worldwide with both hydrolytic and synthetic activities toward antibiotics, which has been used to manufacture the key antibiotic nucleus on an industrial level. However, the large-scale application of PGA-catalyzed antibiotics biosynthesis is still in the experimental stage because of some key limitations, such as low substrate concentration, unsatisfactory yield, and lack of superior biocatalysts. This paper systematically reviews the strategies adopted to improve the biosynthesis of β-lactam antibiotics by adjusting the enzymatic property and manipulating the reaction system in recent 20 years, including mining of enzymes, protein engineering, solvent engineering, in situ product removal, and one-pot reaction cascade. These advances will provide important guidelines for the future use of enzymatic synthesis in the industrial production of β-lactam antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Pan, ; Yong Wu, ; Wenping Wei,
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yaru Li
- Department of Cardiology, Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sihua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Japan
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Pan, ; Yong Wu, ; Wenping Wei,
| | - Wenping Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Pan, ; Yong Wu, ; Wenping Wei,
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3
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Iacovelli R, Bovenberg RAL, Driessen AJM. Nonribosomal peptide synthetases and their biotechnological potential in Penicillium rubens. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6324005. [PMID: 34279620 PMCID: PMC8788816 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) are large multimodular enzymes that synthesize a diverse variety of peptides. Many of these are currently used as pharmaceuticals, thanks to their activity as antimicrobials (penicillin, vancomycin, daptomycin, echinocandin), immunosuppressant (cyclosporin) and anticancer compounds (bleomycin). Because of their biotechnological potential, NRPSs have been extensively studied in the past decades. In this review, we provide an overview of the main structural and functional features of these enzymes, and we consider the challenges and prospects of engineering NRPSs for the synthesis of novel compounds. Furthermore, we discuss secondary metabolism and NRP synthesis in the filamentous fungus Penicillium rubens and examine its potential for the production of novel and modified β-lactam antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Iacovelli
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A L Bovenberg
- Synthetic Biology and Cell Engineering, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,DSM Biotechnology Centre, 2613 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Research progress and the biotechnological applications of multienzyme complex. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1759-1777. [PMID: 33564922 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The multienzyme complex system has become a research focus in synthetic biology due to its highly efficient overall catalytic ability and has been applied to various fields. Multienzyme complexes are formed by cascading complexes, which are multiple functionally related enzymes that continuously and efficiently catalyze the production of substrates. Compared with current mainstream microbial cell catalytic systems, in vitro multienzyme molecular machines have many advantages, such as fewer side reactions, a high product yield, a fast reaction speed, easy product separation, a tolerable toxic environment, and robust system operability, showing increasing competitiveness in the field of biomanufacturing. In this review, the research progress of multienzyme complexes in nature and multienzyme cascades in vivo or in vitro will be introduced, and the discovered enzyme cascades concerning scaffolding proteins will also be discussed. This review is expected to provide a more theoretical basis for the modification of multienzyme complexes and broaden their application in the field of synthetic biology. KEY POINTS: • The cascade reactions of some natural multienzyme complexes are reviewed. • The main approaches of constructing artificial multienzyme complexes are summarized. • The structure and application of cellulosomes are discussed and prospected.
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5
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Zhaoyu Z, Chunmiao H, Chuanhu D, Ping X, Weiwei Z. Efficient synthesis of cefadroxil in [Bmim][NTf
2
]‐phosphate cosolvent by magnetic immobilized penicillin G acylase. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201900272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhaoyu
- State Key Laboratory of High‐efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringNingxia University Yinchuan China
| | - Hu Chunmiao
- State Key Laboratory of High‐efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringNingxia University Yinchuan China
| | - Du Chuanhu
- State Key Laboratory of High‐efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringNingxia University Yinchuan China
| | - Xue Ping
- State Key Laboratory of High‐efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringNingxia University Yinchuan China
| | - Zhang Weiwei
- State Key Laboratory of High‐efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringNingxia University Yinchuan China
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6
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Enhanced Enzymatic Synthesis of a Cephalosporin, Cefadroclor, in the Presence of Organic Co-solvents. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 182:29-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Deng S, Ma X, Su E, Wei D. Efficient cascade synthesis of ampicillin from penicillin G potassium salt using wild and mutant penicillin G acylase from Alcaligenes faecalis. J Biotechnol 2016; 219:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Current state and perspectives of penicillin G acylase-based biocatalyses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2867-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Biotechnological advances on penicillin G acylase: pharmaceutical implications, unique expression mechanism and production strategies. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1319-32. [PMID: 23721991 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In light of unrestricted use of first-generation penicillins, these antibiotics are now superseded by their semisynthetic counterparts for augmented antibiosis. Traditional penicillin chemistry involves the use of hazardous chemicals and harsh reaction conditions for the production of semisynthetic derivatives and, therefore, is being displaced by the biosynthetic platform using enzymatic transformations. Penicillin G acylase (PGA) is one of the most relevant and widely used biocatalysts for the industrial production of β-lactam semisynthetic antibiotics. Accordingly, considerable genetic and biochemical engineering strategies have been devoted towards PGA applications. This article provides a state-of-the-art review in recent biotechnological advances associated with PGA, particularly in the production technologies with an emphasis on using the Escherichia coli expression platform.
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10
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Ricca E, Brucher B, Schrittwieser JH. Multi-Enzymatic Cascade Reactions: Overview and Perspectives. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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11
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Blum JK, Deaguero AL, Perez CV, Bommarius AS. Ampicillin Synthesis Using a Two-Enzyme Cascade with Both α-Amino Ester Hydrolase and Penicillin G Acylase. ChemCatChem 2010; 2:987-991. [PMID: 22039394 PMCID: PMC3203633 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The current enzymatic production of semisynthetic β-lactam antibiotics requires isolation and purification of the intermediate 6-aminopenicillanic acid which adds cost and complexity to the manufacturing process. In this work, we took advantage of the unique substrate specificity of a-amino ester hydrolases to perform a purely aqueous one-pot production of ampicillin from penicillin G and D-phenylglycine methyl ester, catalyzed by α-amino ester hydrolase and penicillin G acylase. The synthesis was performed in both a one-pot, one-step synthesis resulting in a maximum conversion of 39%, and a one-pot, two-step process resulting in a maximum conversion of 47%. The two-enzyme cascade reported in this paper is a promising alternative to the current enzymatic two-step, two-pot manufacturing process for semisynthetic β-lactam antibiotics which requires intermittent isolation of 6-aminopenicillanic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna K. Blum
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363 (USA)
| | - Andria L. Deaguero
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363 (USA)
| | - Carolina V. Perez
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363 (USA)
| | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363 (USA)
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta,GA 30332-0400 (USA)
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12
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One-pot, two-step enzymatic synthesis of amoxicillin by complexing with Zn2+. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 88:49-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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