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Guo J, Zhang SS, Gao J, Guo Y, Ho CT, Bai N. The genus Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae): A review of botany, traditional and modern applications, phytochemistry, and bioactivity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2025; 232:114371. [PMID: 39710351 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 12/17/2024] [Accepted: 12/17/2024] [Indexed: 12/24/2024]
Abstract
Fraxinus L., a member of the Oleaceae family with approximately 60 species worldwide, is widely distributed in the warm temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. It is not only used as a folk medicine for treating various illnesses but is also documented in medical books. The traditional Chinese medicine "Qin Pi" originated from this genus and is known for its efficacy in treating conditions such as intestinal inflammation, redness and pain in the eyes, abomination of redness and leucorrhoea, and bacterial infections. This paper aims to fill the gap in the existing literature by providing a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the Fraxinus genus plant. The discussion in this paper covers various aspects of the plant, including its botany, traditional and modern applications, phytochemistry, bioactivity, role in ecosystems, phytogenetic evolution, economic benefits, and future challenges. By synthesizing this information, the review aims to offer valuable insights for the advancement, utilization, and further research of the Fraxinus spp.. Phytochemical studies have identified a total of 281 chemical constituents in Fraxinus spp., including secoiridoids, coumarins, and flavonoids. These Fraxinus spp. plants exhibit a wide range of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Furthermore, this paper delves into potential research directions within the genus and addresses the challenges associated with achieving a comprehensive understanding of Fraxinus spp. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of Fraxinus spp., highlighting their bioactivity mechanism and the opportunity to facilitate the advancement of new pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjin Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
| | - Shan-Shan Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Jing Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Naisheng Bai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
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Lv W, Yang Y, Lv Y, Pan Y, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Tao Y. Plasma metabolic profiling reveals that crude and processed Polygonatum cyrtonema hua extract ameliorates myocardial ischemia-induced damage by regulating branched-chain amino acid and energy metabolism. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1247:124301. [PMID: 39265488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and its processed products have demonstrated cardio-protective effects, though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, plasma metabolic profiling and pattern recognition were employed to explore the cardio-protective mechanisms of both crude and processed P. cyrtonema in a myocardial ischemia model induced by ligation, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Post-modeling, plasma levels of creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase, troponin T, and malondialdehyde were significantly elevated but were notably reduced after treatment. Conversely, plasma levels of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, which were significantly decreased post-modeling, were restored following treatment. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson staining revealed that both crude and processed P. cyrtonema effectively reduced inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis in cardiac tissue. Metabolic profiling identified 34 differential endogenous metabolites in the treatment groups, with 19 confirmed using standard compounds. The linear correlation coefficients (R2) for these standards ranged from 0.9960 to 0.9996, indicating high accuracy. The method exhibited excellent precision and repeatability, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values below 8.57%. Recovery rates were between 95.02% and 105.15%, and the stability of the standard compounds was confirmed after three freeze-thaw cycles, with RSD values under 4.42%. Both crude and processed P. cyrtonema were found to alleviate myocardial ischemia symptoms by regulating branched-chain amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism. These findings provide a solid foundation for the potential clinical use of this herb and its processed products in treating heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Lv
- Vasculocardiology Department, Yongkang First People's Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Yongkang 321300, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Yanxia Lv
- Vasculocardiology Department, Yongkang First People's Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Yongkang 321300, China
| | - Yifan Pan
- Vasculocardiology Department, Yongkang First People's Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Yongkang 321300, China
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- Vasculocardiology Department, Yongkang First People's Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Yongkang 321300, China
| | - Zhengzhong Zhu
- Vasculocardiology Department, Yongkang First People's Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Yongkang 321300, China.
| | - Yi Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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Dada A, da Silva RDCV, Zanovello M, Moser JC, Orengo SLD, Cavichiolo MO, Bidinha ER, Boeing T, Cechinel-Filho V, de Souza P. Comparative Analysis of the Protective Effect of Naringenin on Cardiovascular Parameters of Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats Subjected to the Myocardial Infarction Model. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1324. [PMID: 39458965 PMCID: PMC11510612 DOI: 10.3390/ph17101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2024] [Revised: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular diseases rank as the top global cause of mortality, particularly acute myocardial infarction (MI). MI arises from the blockage of a coronary artery, which disrupts blood flow and results in tissue death. Among therapeutic approaches, bioactives from medicinal plants emerge as promising for the development of new medicines. Objectives: This study explored the effects of naringenin (NAR 100 mg/kg), a flavonoid found in citrus fruits, in normotensive (NTR) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats, both subjected to isoproterenol (ISO 85 mg/kg)-induced MI. Results: Post-treatment assessments indicated that NAR reduced blood pressure and minimized clot formation, particularly notable in the SHR group, which helps mitigate damage related to hypertension and ISO exposure. Additionally, NAR effectively restored KCl-induced contractility in the aortas of both NTR and SHR groups. NAR treatment reduced reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) values and recovered the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) in NTR groups. Moreover, myocardial damage assessed through histological analyses was reduced in groups treated with NAR. Conclusions: The results highlight significant pathophysiological differences between the groups, suggesting that NAR has protective potential against ISO-induced cardiac damage, warranting further investigation into its protective effects and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Priscila de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (Univali), Itajai 88302-901, SC, Brazil
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Ha NM, Son NT. Health benefits of fraxetin: From chemistry to medicine. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400092. [PMID: 38501886 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Fraxetin is a bioactive molecule present in various natural plants, especially Cortex Fraxini. Evidenced outcomes in phytochemical and biological analyses for this agent are now available in the literature, but an insightful review is yet unknown. The goal of the current research is to offer a panoramic illustration of natural observation, biosynthesis, synthesis, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics for fraxetin. Esculetin and ferulic acid acted as precursors in the enzymatic biosynthetic route, whereas fraxetin could be easily synthesized from simple phenols. A great deal of interest was obtained in using this molecule for pharmacological targets. Herein, its pharmacological value included anticancer, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiobesity, and antimicrobial activities, as well as the protection of the liver, neurons, heart, bone, lung, kidney, and others. Anticancer activity may involve the inhibition of proliferation, invasion, and migration, together with apoptotic induction. Health benefits from this molecule were deduced from its ability to suppress cytokines and protect the immune syndrome. Various signaling pathways, such as Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/NLRP3, Akt/AMPK, have been proposed for in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of action. Fraxetin is highly distributed to rat plasma and several organs. However, more pharmacokinetic studies to improve its bioavailability are needed since its solubility in water is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Manh Ha
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Hanoi University of Industry, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ninh The Son
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Leite Lopes D, Villarreal CF, França Opretzka LC, Soares MBP, Silva MSD, Filho JMB, Juiz PJL. The effects of fraxetin and monnieriside A on Cultured L929 fibroblasts. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-5. [PMID: 38885341 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2368268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Skin lesions are considered a public health problem, compromising patients' quality of life. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of fraxetin and monnieriside A on Cultured L929 Fibroblasts through the scratch assay. Supernatants and cells from the fibroblast culture treated with the compounds were used to evaluate essential markers of the tissue repair process (IGF-1, VEGF, IL-8, IL-10, FGF-2, COL1A2, COL4A, PDGF) using ELISA and qRT-PCR. The results showed that fraxetin and MOA were non-cytotoxic and could stimulate cellular migration. Fraxetin induced IGF-1, VEGF, IL-8, and IL-10 expression, while MOA induced FGF2, COL1A2, and IL-10 expression. Altogether, these results set provides evidence that fraxetin and MOA have healing potential for tissue repair, paving the way for in vivo studies and clinical trials to validate the in vitro results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhara Leite Lopes
- Department of Biology, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcelo Sobral da Silva
- Department of Research on Drug and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - José Maria Barbosa Filho
- Department of Research on Drug and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Sun X, Jin X, Wang L, Lin Z, Feng H, Zhan C, Liu X, Cheng G. Fraxetin ameliorates symptoms of dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23295. [PMID: 38163213 PMCID: PMC10755303 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the primary inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and causes a serious threat to human public health around the world. Currently, there are no proven safe and effective treatment options to treat UC. Fraxetin (Fxt) is a widely recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory legume derived from ash bark. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect and mechanism of Fxt on UC. Our results showed that Fxt significantly attenuated the body weight, colon length reduction, tissue damage, and disease activity index induced by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). Moreover, the DSS-induced activation of the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasomes was inhibited, and the inflammatory response was reduced. Fxt restored gut barrier function by increasing the number of goblet cells and the levels of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin). In addition, Fxt can alter the intestinal microbiota by enhancing the diversity of the microbiota, increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria and inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria. These results revealed that Fxt alleviates DSS-induced colitis by modulating the inflammatory response, enhancing epithelial barrier integrity and regulating the gut microbiota. This study may provide a scientific basis for the potential therapeutic effect of Fxt in the prevention of colitis and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Sun
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinxin Jin
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lumeng Wang
- Shengming Biological Technology (Zhengzhou) Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Zhengdan Lin
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Helong Feng
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Cunlin Zhan
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guofu Cheng
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Zhai X, Zhu J, Li J, Wang Z, Zhang G, Nie Y. Fraxetin alleviates BLM-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting NCOA4-mediated epithelial cell ferroptosis. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:1999-2012. [PMID: 37798541 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a debilitating lung condition with few available treatments. The early driver of wound repair that contributes to IPF has been extensively identified as repetitive alveolar epithelial damage. According to recent reports, IPF is linked to ferroptosis, a unique type of cell death characterized by a fatal buildup of iron and lipid peroxidation. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD There is little information on epithelial cells that induce pulmonary fibrosis by going through ferroptosis. In this study, we used bleomycin (BLM) to examine the impact of ferroptosis on IPF in mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE-12). RESULTS We discovered that BLM increases ferroptosis in MLE-12. Additionally, we found that NCOA4 is overexpressed and plays a key role in the ferroptosis of epithelial cells throughout the IPF process. Using Molecular docking, we found that Fraxetin, a natural component extracted from Fraxinus rhynchophylla, formed a stable binding to NCOA4. In vitro investigations showed that Fraxetin administration greatly decreased ferroptosis and NCOA4 expression, which in turn lowered the release of inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Fraxetin treatment significantly alleviated BLM-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. Our findings imply that fraxetin possesses inhibitory roles in ferroptosis and can be a potential drug against IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorun Zhai
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyu Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhixu Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gufang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunjuan Nie
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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Inhibition of the Type III Secretion System of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium via Treatment with Fraxetin. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0294922. [PMID: 36377917 PMCID: PMC9769827 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02949-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasingly serious problem of bacterial drug resistance has led to the development of antivirulence agents. The Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS) and its effector proteins are important virulence factors for S. Typhimurium invasion and replication in host cells and for antivirulence drug screening. Fraxetin is isolated from Fraxinus spp. Extensive studies have reported its multiple pharmacological activities. However, it remains to be elucidated whether fraxetin affects the function of the S. Typhimurium T3SS. In this study, the anti-infection mechanism of fraxetin on S. Typhimurium and its T3SS was investigated. Fraxetin inhibited the S. Typhimurium invasion of HeLa cells without affecting the growth of bacteria in vitro. Further findings on the mechanism showed that fraxetin had an inhibitory effect on the S. Typhimurium T3SS by inhibiting the transcription of the pathogenesis-related SPI-1 transcriptional activator genes hilD, hilC, and rtsA. Animal experiments showed that fraxetin treatment protected mice against S. Typhimurium infection. Collectively, we provide the first demonstration that fraxetin may serve as an effective T3SS inhibitor for the development of treatments for Salmonella infection. IMPORTANCE The increasingly serious problem of bacterial antibiotic resistance limits the clinical application of antibiotics, which increases the need for the development of antivirulence agents. The type III secretion system (T3SS) plays a critical role in host cell invasion and pathogenesis of Salmonella and becomes a popular target for antivirulence agents screening. Our study found, for the first time, that fraxetin inhibited S. Typhimurium invasion by inhibiting the transcription of genes in a feed-forward regulatory loop. Further in vivo testing showed that fraxetin decreased bacterial burdens in the spleen and liver of S. Typhimurium-infected mice and improved survival outcomes in an in vivo mouse model of S. Typhimurium infection. Collectively, these results demonstrate that fraxetin inhibits S. Typhimurium infection by targeting the T3SS and may serve as a potential agent for the treatment of S. Typhimurium infection.
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