Sinapic Acid Attenuated Cisplatin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and İnflammation with GPX4-Mediated NF-kB Modulation

Sinapic acid alleviates glutamate-induced excitotoxicity by inhibiting neuroinflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in C6 glioma cells

Sinapic acid (SA) is a polyphenol compound derived from hydroxycinnamic acid found in various foods such as cereals and vegetables and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. However, its effects on glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, which is important in neurodegenerative diseases, have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of SA on glutamate excitotoxicity and the possible role of proinflammatory cytokines and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. In the study, C6 rat glioma cell line was used and the cells were divided into 4 groups: control, glutamate, SA and glutamate+SA. Cells were treated with 10 mM glutamate for 24 h to induce excitotoxicity. Additionally, SA was applied to cells at concentrations of 12.5 to 100 μM to examine its effects on glutamate excitotoxicity. XTT test was used for cell viability, and apoptotic cells were determined by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry methods. Proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α and interleukin-beta, IL-1β), ER stress markers (glucose regulatory protein 78, GRP78; C/EBP homologous protein, CHOP and activating transcription factor-4, ATF-4) and caspase-3 was used to measure ELISA method. Findings indicated that SA (50 μM) significantly increased cell viability against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity (p < 0.05). Also, SA caused a significant decrease in TNF-α, IL-1β, GRP78, CHOP, ATF-4 and caspase-3 levels in glutamate-treated cells (p < 0.05). Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining results showed that SA reduced apoptosis in C6 glioma cells. In conclusion, our findings suggested that SA attenuated glutamate-induced excitotoxicity by preventing apoptosis through reducing proinflammatory cytokines and ER stress protein levels.

Molecular mechanisms involved in therapeutic effects of natural compounds against cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity: a review

Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of various cancers. However, the clinical use of cisplatin is limited by its cardiotoxic side effects. The primary mechanisms implicated in this cardiotoxicity include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic. Numerous natural compounds (NCs) have been introduced as promising protective factors against cisplatin-mediated cardiac damage. The current review summarized the potential of various NCs as cardioprotective agents at the molecular levels. These compounds exhibited potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by interaction with the PI3K/AKT, AMPK, Nrf2, NF-κB, and NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathways. Generally, the modulation of these signaling pathways by NCs represents a promising strategy for improving the therapeutic index of cisplatin by reducing its cardiac side effects.

Unrevealing the mechanisms behind the cardioprotective effect of wheat polyphenolics

Cardiovascular diseases pose a major threat to both life expectancy and quality of life worldwide, and a concerning level of disease burden has been attained, particularly in middle- and low-income nations. Several drugs presently in use lead to multiple adverse events. Thus, it is urgently needed to develop safe, affordable, and effective management of cardiovascular diseases. Emerging evidence reveals a positive association between polyphenol consumption and cardioprotection. Whole wheat grain and allied products are good sources of polyphenolic compounds bearing enormous cardioprotective potential. Polyphenolic extract of the entire wheat grain contains different phenolic compounds viz. ferulic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, apigenin, quercetin, luteolin, etc. which exert cardioprotection by reducing oxidative stress and interfering with different toxicological processes. The antioxidant capacity has been thought to exert the cardioprotective mechanism of wheat grain polyphenolics, which predominantly suppresses oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis by downregulating several pathogenic signaling events. However, the combined effect of polyphenolics appears to be more prominent than that of a single molecule, which might be attained due to the synergy resulting in multimodal cardioprotective benefits from multiple phenolics. The current article covers the bioaccessibility and possible effects of wheat-derived polyphenolics in protecting against several cardiovascular disorders. This review discusses the mechanistic pharmacology of individual wheat polyphenols on the cardiovascular system. It also highlights the comparative superiority of polyphenolic extracts over a single phenolic.

Cardiovascular toxicity in antitumor therapy: biological and therapeutic insights

The evolution of antitumor therapies has significantly improved cancer prognosis but has concurrently resulted in cardiovascular toxicities. Understanding the biological mechanisms behind these toxicities is crucial for effective management. Immunotherapy-related cardiovascular toxicities are primarily mediated by immune cells and secreted cytokines. Chemotherapy may cause cardiovascular damage through autophagy disruption and mitochondrial dysfunction. Targeted therapies can induce toxicity through endothelin-1 (ET-1) production and cardiac signaling disruption. Radiotherapy may lead to cardiomyopathy and myocardial fibrosis by affecting endothelial cells, triggering inflammatory responses and accelerating atherosclerosis. This review provides insights into these mechanisms and strategies, aiming to enhance the clinical prevention and treatment of cardiovascular toxicities.

Sinapic acid-pullulan based inflammation responsive nanomicelles for the local treatment of experimental inflammatory arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of joints. It is one of the major causes of disability and morbidity worldwide. Administration of conventional drugs through the systemic route restricts the bioavailability of drugs, systemic toxicity, and reduced efficacy. We have introduced Rebamipide (Reb)-loaded Sinapic acid (SA)-Pullulan (PL) nanomicelles (Reb@SA-PL NMs), a nanotechnology based drug delivery system for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. PL is a polysaccharide obtained from the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans, and SA is a bioactive polyphenol found in various plants. Both are classified by US-FDA Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) materials. Reb@SA-PL NMs found to be cytocompatible. Subsequently, intra-articular administration of Reb@SA-PL NMs enhances the anti-arthritic potential compared to free Reb drug in collagen-induced experimental inflammatory arthritis rat model. Reb@SA-PL NMs reduced the expression of RANKL receptor and Nf-κB. Reb@SA-PL NMs reverses the breakdown of type II collagen, MMP-13, and inhibits the pro-inflammatory markers. Reb@SA-PL NMs prevented bone erosion, cartilage degradation, joint oedema, and synovial inflammation. The results of the study demonstrated that Reb@SA-PL NMs, an enzyme-responsive drug delivery system, has excellent potential for alleviating inflammatory arthritis by blocking MMP-13 and RANKL.

Pharmacological Activities and Molecular Mechanisms of Sinapic Acid in Neurological Disorders

Sinapic acid (SA) is a phenylpropanoid derivative found in various natural sources that exhibits remarkable versatile properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metal-chelating capabilities, establishing itself as a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of conditions affecting the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), ischemic stroke, and other neurological disorders. These effects also include neuroprotection in epilepsy models, as evidenced by a reduction in seizure-like behavior, cell death in specific hippocampal regions, and lowered neuroinflammatory markers. In AD, SA treatment enhances memory, reverses cognitive deficits, and attenuates astrocyte activation. SA also has positive effects on cognition by improving memory and lowering oxidative stress. This is shown by lower levels of oxidative stress markers, higher levels of antioxidant enzyme activity, and better memory retention. Additionally, in ischemic stroke and PD models, SA provides microglial protection and exerts anti-inflammatory effects. This review emphasizes SA's multifaceted neuroprotective properties and its potential role in the prevention and treatment of various brain disorders. Despite the need for further research to fully understand its mechanisms of action and clinical applicability, SA stands out as a valuable bioactive compound in the ongoing quest to combat neurodegenerative diseases and enhance the quality of life for affected individuals.

Leflunomide-induced cardiac injury in adult male mice and bioinformatic approach identifying Nrf2/NF-κb signaling interplay

Leflunomide (LFND) is an immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) that was approved for treating rheumatoid arthritis. LFND-induced cardiotoxicity was not fully investigated since its approval. We investigated the cardiac injury in male mice and identified the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/nuclear factor-κ B (Nrf2/NF-κB) signaling. Male albino mice were assigned into five groups as control, vehicle, and LFND (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg). We investigated cardiac enzymes, histopathology, and the mRNA expression of Nrf2, NF-κB, BAX, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The bioinformatic study identified the interaction between LFND and Nrf2/NF-κB signaling; this was confirmed by amelioration in mRNA expression (0.5- to 0.34-fold decrease in Nrf2 and 2.6- to 4.61-fold increases in NF-κB genes) and increased (1.76- and 2.625-fold) serum creatine kinase (CK) and 1.38- and 2.33-fold increases in creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). Histopathological results confirmed the dose-dependent effects of LFND on cardiac muscle structure in the form of cytoplasmic, nuclear, and vascular changes in addition to increased collagen deposits and apoptosis which were increased compared to controls especially with LFND 10 mg/kg. The current study elicits the dose-dependent cardiac injury induced by LFND administration and highlights, for the first time, dysregulation in Nrf2/NF-κB signaling.

Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin against multidrug-resistant breast cancer with reduced cardiotoxicity

Doxorubicin (DOX), a commonly used anti-cancer drug, is limited by its cardiotoxicity and multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a natural antioxidant component, can effectively reduce the cardiotoxicity of DOX. Meanwhile, EGCG can inhibit the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and reverse the MDR of tumor cells. In this study, DOX is connected with low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI) via hydrazone bond to get the pH-sensitive PEI-DOX, which is then combined with EGCG to prevent the cardiotoxicity of DOX and reverse the MDR of cancer cells. In addition, folic acid (FA) modified polyethylene glycol (PEG) (PEG-FA) is added to get the targeted system PEI-DOX/EGCG/FA. The MDR reversal and targeting ability of PEI-DOX/EGCG/FA is performed by cytotoxicity and in vivo anti-tumor activity on multidrug resistant MCF-7 cells (MCF-7/ADR). Additionally, we investigate the anti-drug resistant mechanism by Western Blot. The ability of EGCG to reduce DOX cardiotoxicity is confirmed by cardiotoxicity assay. In conclusion, PEI-DOX/EGCG/FA can inhibit the expression of P-gp and reverse the MDR in tumor cells. It also shows the ability of remove oxygen free radicals effectively to prevent the cardiotoxicity of DOX.

Oxidative Damage as a Fundament of Systemic Toxicities Induced by Cisplatin-The Crucial Limitation or Potential Therapeutic Target?

Cisplatin, an inorganic complex of platinum, is a chemotherapeutic drug that has been used for 45 years. Despite the progress of pharmaceutical sciences and medicine and the successful application of other platinum complexes for the same purpose, cisplatin is still the therapy of choice in many cancers. Treatment for testicular, ovarian, head and neck, urothelial, cervical, esophageal, breast, and pulmonary malignancies is still unthinkable without the use of this drug. However, cisplatin is also known for many side effects, of which the most pronounced are nephrotoxicity leading to acute renal failure, neurotoxicity, and ototoxicity. Mechanistic studies have proven that one of the conditions that plays a major role in the development of cisplatin-induced toxicities is oxidative stress. Knowing the fact that numerous antioxidants can be used to reduce oxidative stress, thereby reducing tissue lesions, organ failure, and apoptosis at the cellular level, many studies have defined antioxidants as a priority for investigation as a cotreatment. To investigate the mechanism of antioxidant action in vivo, many animal models have been employed. In the last few years, studies have mostly used rodents and zebrafish models. In this article, some of the most recent investigations that used animal models are listed, and the advantages and disadvantages of such experimental studies are pointed out.