The Effects of Iodinated Radiographic Contrast Media on Multidrug-resistant K562/Dox Cells: Mitochondria Impairment and P-glycoprotein Inhibition

Effect of iodinated contrast media on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in terms of cell viability, cell cycle and oxidative stress in an in vitro system

Iodine contrast agents are essential for diagnostic purposes in radiology and have significant medical benefits. However, they pose a risk of causing allergic reactions or adverse cellular effects. In this study, we examine the in vitro effects of iodine contrast agents (Iopamiro 370, Ultravist 370, Visipaque 320, and Optiray 350) on cellular functions of human peripheral blood mononuclear. The findings reveal that a concentration of 50 mgI/ml of iodine contrast agents causes a 50% reduction in cell viability, but lower concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mgI/ml do not affect the cell cycle. Furthermore, the contrast agents decrease oxidative stress levels in cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that iodine contrast agents can be used safely in appropriate concentrations for diagnostic purposes without affecting the cell cycle and preventing oxidative stress on normal cells. The insights gained from this study could aid in the development of diagnostic contrast agents in the future of medicine.

Deconvolution Analysis of the Non-Ionic Iomeprol, Iobitridol and Iodixanol Contrast Media-Treated Human Whole Blood Thermograms: A Comparative Study

To study the effect of non-ionic contrast media on anticoagulated and non-anticoagulated human whole blood samples, calorimetric measurements were performed. The anticoagulated plasma showed the greatest fall in the total ΔH after Iodixanol treatment. The plasma-free erythrocytes revealed a pronounced shift in the Tmax and a decrease in the ΔH of hemoglobin and transferrin. The total ΔH of Iodixanol treatment showed the highest decline, while Iomeprol and Iobitridol had fewer adverse effects. Similarly, the non-anticoagulated samples revealed a decrease both in the Tmax and the ΔH of albumin and immunoglobulin-specific transitions. The total ΔH showed that Iodixanol had more influence on the serum. The serum-free erythrocyte samples resulted in a significant drop in the Tmax of erythrocyte and transferrin (~5-6 °C). The ΔH of deconvolved hemoglobin and transferrin decreased considerably; however, the ΔH of albumin increased. Surprisingly, compared to Iomeprol and Iobitridol treatments, the total ΔH of Iodixanol was less pronounced in the non-anticoagulated erythrocyte samples. In sum, each non-ionic contrast medium affected the thermal stability of anticoagulated and non-anticoagulated erythrocyte proteins. Interestingly, Iodixanol treatment caused more significant effects. These findings suggest that conformational changes in blood components can occur, which can potentially lead to the increased prevalence of cardiovascular dysfunctions and blood clotting.

Effect of pre-low-dose irradiation on anticancer activities of gallic acid in leukemic K562 and K562/Dox cells: cell viability and cellular energetic state studies

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pre-low-dose irradiation followed by gallic acid (GA) on cell viability and cellular energetic state of leukemic K562 and K562/Dox cells. The cells were irradiated with 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1 Gy of X-rays. For determining cell viability, pre-low-dose irradiation was followed by 10 or 100 µM GA at 24 h post-irradiation, and the cell viability was then determined at 48 h post-irradiation. For cellular energetic state, pre-low-dose irradiation was followed by 10 or 100 µM GA at 1.5 h post-irradiation and the mitochondrial activity, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and ATP level were determined at 3 h post-irradiation. The % cell viability was significantly decreased in both cells that were irradiated with X-rays followed by treatment with 10 or 100 µM GA at 24 h post-irradiation, when compared with control group. However, this did not happen when compared with GA alone without any pre-low-dose irradiation. The mitochondrial activity had significantly decreased in 10 µM GA-treated K562 cells and the mitochondrial activity, ΔΨm, and ATP levels had significantly decreased in 10 µM GA-treated K562/Dox cells after irradiation to X-rays when compared with GA alone group. In addition, the ΔΨm and ATP levels was significantly decreased in only 100 µM GA-treated K562/Dox cells, but was not decreased in 100 µM GA-treated K562 cells after exposure to X-rays. These findings suggest that pre-low-dose irradiation followed by GA could not kill K562 and K562/Dox cells, but could improve cellular energetic damage of GA effects possibly through mitochondrial impairment.

Effect of iodinated radiographic contrast media on radioimmunoassay for measuring thyroid hormones

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is one of the most routine laboratory tests for diagnosing thyroid disease. Patients might receive iodine in the form of intravenous iodinated radiographic contrast media (IRCM) before testing of serum thyroxin (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3) concentration by RIA. The objective was to determine the effect of IRCM on T4 and T3 hormone tests in normal, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid hormone conditions by RIA. IRCMs (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mgI/mL) used in this study were iopromide and iodixanol. RIA was determined by commercial T4 RIA kit and T3 RIA kits. The method suggested by the manufacturer was followed. Normal, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid hormones condition were 1.2 ng/mL, 0.2 ng/mL and 2.2 ng/mL for T3 hormone concentration and 70 ng/mL, 30 ng/mL and 140 ng/mL for T4 hormone concentration, respectively. %Bound values were compared between IRCM-incubated groups and non-incubated group. The data showed that iopromide-incubated groups did not statistically significant change %bound values of T3 and T4 hormone tests in normal, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid conditions, compared to the non-incubated group. In the same way, %bound values of T3 and T4 hormone tests in iodixanol-incubated groups did not change at all conditions when compared to the non-incubated group. This finding suggested that iodinated radiographic contrast media was unlikely to result in significant problems with radioimmunoassay for measuring T3 and T4 thyroid hormones.

Gallic acid enhances pirarubicin‑induced anticancer in living K562 and K562/Dox leukemia cancer cells through cellular energetic state impairment and P‑glycoprotein inhibition

Leukemia is a common malignancy affecting humans worldwide. Pirarubicin (Pira) is one of the anticancer agents used for the treatment of leukemia. Although Pira is effective, drug resistance may develop in cancer cells exposed to this drug, whereas the combination of natural products with Pira may help to overcome this problem. The aim of the present study was to focus on the effect of gallic acid (GA) on the anticancer activity of Pira in K562 leukemia cells and K562/doxorubicin (Dox)‑resistant leukemia cells in order to investigate the possible underlying mechanisms. The cell viability, mitochondrial activity, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and ATP levels were assessed in living K562 and K562/Dox cancer cells following treatment with GA/Pira combination, GA alone or Pira alone. P‑glycoprotein‑mediated efflux of Pira was determined in GA‑treated K562/Dox cancer cells. The results demonstrated that GA/Pira combination decreased cell viability, mitochondrial activity, ΔΨm and ATP levels in K562 and K562/Dox cancer cells in a GA concentration‑dependent manner compared with non‑treated or Pira‑treated cells. GA inhibited P‑glycoprotein‑mediated efflux of Pira in GA‑treated K562/Dox cancer cells. Therefore, GA enhanced the anticancer effect of Pira on K562 and K562/Dox cancer cells through cellular energy status impairment, and was able to reverse drug resistance in living K562/Dox cancer cells by inhibiting the function of P‑glycoprotein.

Resonance Rayleigh scattering technique-using erythrosine B, as novel spectrofluorimetric method for determination of anticancer agent nilotinib: Application for capsules and human plasma

A exceedingly touchy resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) strategy for the assurance of nilotinib (NILO) was introduced. In the pH 3.4 acetate buffer solution, NILO reacted with erythrosine B to produce an ion-association complex, which increased the RRS intensity of the studied system. The enhanced RRS intensity (ΔI) was linearly proportional to the concentration of NILO, the linear range of the method was 0.1-1.0 µg/mL and the detection limit (DL) was 0.025 µg/mL. In like manner, this test was connected to distinguish the concentration of NILO in capsules and human plasma with palatable comes about.

Protein binding of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid to human serum albumin and their anti-proliferation on doxorubicin-sensitive and doxorubicin-resistant leukemia cells

4-Hydroxybenzoic acids (4-HBA) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (Vanillic acid, VA) have exhibited several pharmacological activities. Generally, the biological activities of compounds are highly involved in the interaction between protein and compounds in blood plasma. The objective was to investigate the interaction of 4-HBA or VA with human serum albumin (HSA) and their anti-proliferation properties on doxorubicin-sensitive K562 and doxorubicin-resistant K562/Dox leukemia cells. The protein binding of 4-HBA or VA to HSA was investigated using fluorescence quenching at temperatures of 298 and 310 Kelvin (K) under the pH of 6.0, 7.4, and 8.0 conditions. The effect of 4-HBA and VA on anti-proliferation was also studied on doxorubicin-sensitive K562 and doxorubicin-resistant K562/Dox leukemia cells using resazurin assay. The results showed that 4-HBA and VA could interact with HSA. The fluorescence quenching process in HSA-4-HBA system might be attributed to static quenching mechanism. In contrast, a dynamic quenching mechanism might be mainly involved in the fluorescence quenching process in the HSA-VA system. Thermodynamic data suggested that the spontaneous interaction between HSA and 4-HBA or VA had occurred in the system and it also indicated that hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces contributed to the binding of HSA to 4-HBA or VA. In addition, 4-HBA and VA decreased K562 and K562/Dox cells viability in a dose- and time-dependence manner. In conclusions, the 4-HBA and VA could interact with HSA. In addition, the 4-HBA and VA decreased in cell viability for both doxorubicin-sensitive K562 and doxorubicin-resistant K562/Dox leukemia cells in a dose- and time-dependence manner. Therefore, these current studies could provide useful information about the nature of 4-HBA or VA binding to protein HSA and their anticancer activities in both of these types of leukemia cells. The cell death mechanisms should be investigated through future study.

Effects of gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast media on red blood cells and K562 cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Gadolinium-based contrast media (GBCM) are commonly used in diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in clinical applications. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant properties and effects on red blood cells (RBCs) and K562 cancer cells of three GBCMs (i.e.; gadoterate meglumine, gadopentetate dimeglumine, and gadobenate dimeglumine) inin vitro levels.

METHODS

For determiningin vitro antioxidant properties, the di (phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) iminoazanium (DPPH) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay were used. For determining effect on red blood cells, hemolysis, morphology and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were used. For determining effect on K562 cancer cells, cytotoxicity and ROS were used. The GBCM -exposed cells were compared to corresponding non-exposed control groups at various harvest times.

RESULTS

The results show no changes occurring in the DPPH data. However, there were significant increases based on FRAP data in three GBCMs compared to the corresponding control at all concentrations. The ROS, morphology, and percentage of hemolysis in red blood cells indicated that no change had occurred in three GBCMs-exposed red blood cells compared to the corresponding non-exposed control groups at all harvest times. The percentage of cell viability in K562 cancer cells showed decreases in gadoterate meglumine- and gadobenate dimeglumine- in a concentration dependent manner, but did not show same in gadopentetate dimeglumine-exposed K562 cancer cells. The percentage of ROS in K562 cancer cells indicated that no change in three GBCMs-exposed cells had occurred when compared to the corresponding non-exposed control groups at all harvest times.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggests thatin vitro antioxidant properties exhibited by those three GBCMs depends on their concentration and species of radical in testing assay. There were no toxic effects from those GBCMs when red blood cells were exposed in an in vitro condition. In addition, some of those GBCMs could induce cell death in cancer cells.

Reversal Effect of Dihydromyricetin on Multiple Drug Resistance in SGC7901/5-FU Cells

Background:

One of the most common treatment for gastric cancer is chemotherapy, however, multiple drug resistance (MDR) induce the therapeutic effect which result in the failure of anticancer therapy. Dihydromyricetin (DMY) was reported to have antitumor activities on various human cancer cells in vitro, our previous studies demonstrated that DMY combined with mitomycin has inhibitory effect on proliferation of gastric carcinoma cells. However, the underlying role of DMY reversing the MDR of gastric carcinoma is poor understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reversal effect of DMY on MDR and investigate the molecular mechanisms in vitro.

Methods:

Using MTT assay, we identified the toxicity of DMY on SGC7901 and SGC7901/5-FU cells. The effect of DMY on 5-FU induced apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry analysis. Using RT-PCR and Western blot, we determined the MDR1 mRNA and protein expression.

Results:

DMY induced growth inhibition in both SGC7901 and SGC7901/5-FU cells, the IC50 value was 13.64±1.15 µg/mL, 20.69±1.82 µg/mL respectively. DMY treatment sensitized SGC7901/5-FU cells to cytotoxicity of 5-FU. The combination of DMY with 5-FU increased the apoptosis rate (9.91%, 16.67%) comparing with 5-FU alone (5.25%). Comparing with the control group, the MDR1 mRNA and protein expression in SGC7901/5-FU cells after treatment of DMY decreased significantly (P< 0.05).

Conclusion:

In brief, our study demonstrated that DMY effectively reversed multi-drug resistance occurring in SGC7901/5-FU cells cultured in vitro, and the potential mechanism was involved in the downregulation of the MDR1 expression.