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Almas T, Haider R, Malik J, Mehmood A, Alvi A, Naz H, Satti DI, Zaidi SMJ, AlSubai AK, AlNajdi S, Alsufyani R, Ramtohul RK, Almesri A, Alsufyani M, H. Al-Bunnia A, Alghamdi HAS, Sattar Y, Alraies MC, Raina S. Nanotechnology in interventional cardiology: A state-of-the-art review. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2022; 43:101149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2022.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Farache Trajano L, Smart N. Immunomodulation for optimal cardiac regeneration: insights from comparative analyses. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:8. [PMID: 33589632 PMCID: PMC7884783 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, regeneration of the infarcted human heart remains an unmet ambition. A significant obstacle facing experimental regenerative therapies is the hostile immune response which arises following a myocardial infarction (MI). Upon cardiac damage, sterile inflammation commences via the release of pro-inflammatory meditators, leading to the migration of neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes, as well as the activation of local vascular cells and fibroblasts. This response is amplified by components of the adaptive immune system. Moreover, the physical trauma of the infarction and immune-mediated tissue injury provides a supply of autoantigens, perpetuating a cycle of autoreactivity, which further contributes to adverse remodelling. A gradual shift towards an immune-resolving environment follows, culminating in the formation of a collagenous scar, which compromises cardiac function, ultimately driving the development of heart failure. Comparing the human heart with those of animal models that are capable of cardiac regeneration reveals key differences in the innate and adaptive immune responses to MI. By modulating key immune components to better resemble those of regenerative species, a cardiac environment may be established which would, either independently or via the synergistic application of emerging regenerative therapies, improve functional recovery post-MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Farache Trajano
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Smart
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Nejadnik H, Tseng J, Daldrup-Link H. Magnetic resonance imaging of stem cell-macrophage interactions with ferumoxytol and ferumoxytol-derived nanoparticles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 11:e1552. [PMID: 30734542 PMCID: PMC6579657 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
"Off the shelf" allogeneic stem cell transplants and stem cell nano-composites are being used for the treatment of degenerative bone diseases. However, major and minor histocompatibility antigens of therapeutic cell transplants can be recognized as foreign and lead to their rejection by the host immune system. If a host immune response is identified within the first week post-transplant, immune modulating therapies could be applied to prevent graft failure and support engraftment. Ferumoxytol (Feraheme™) is an FDA approved iron oxide nanoparticle preparation for the treatment of anemia in patients. Ferumoxytol can be used "off label" as an magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent, as these nanoparticles provide measurable signal changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this focused review article, we will discuss three methods to localize and identify innate immune responses to stem cell transplants using ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI, which are based on tracking stem cells, tracking macrophages or detecting mediators of cell death: (a) monitor MRI signal changes of ferumoxytol-labeled stem cells in the presence or absence of innate immune responses, (b) monitor influx of ferumoxytol-labeled macrophages into stem cell implants, and (c) monitor apoptosis of stem cell implants with caspase-3 activatable nanoparticles. These techniques can detect transplant failure at an early stage, when immune-modulating interventions can potentially preserve the viability of the cell transplants and thereby improve bone and cartilage repair outcomes. Approaches 1 and 2 are immediately translatable to clinical practice. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Nejadnik
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jessica Tseng
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Heike Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Masoudpour H, Laflamme MA. Cardiac repair with pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: Proof of concept but new challenges. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 154:945-948. [PMID: 28688708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Masoudpour
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A Laflamme
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Daldrup-Link HE, Chan C, Lenkov O, Taghavigarmestani S, Nazekati T, Nejadnik H, Chapelin F, Khurana A, Tong X, Yang F, Pisani L, Longaker M, Gambhir SS. Detection of Stem Cell Transplant Rejection with Ferumoxytol MR Imaging: Correlation of MR Imaging Findings with Those at Intravital Microscopy. Radiology 2017; 284:495-507. [PMID: 28128708 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017161139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether endogenous labeling of macrophages with clinically applicable nanoparticles enables noninvasive detection of innate immune responses to stem cell transplants with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Materials and Methods Work with human stem cells was approved by the institutional review board and the stem cell research oversight committee, and animal experiments were approved by the administrative panel on laboratory animal care. Nine immunocompetent Sprague-Dawley rats received intravenous injection of ferumoxytol, and 18 Jax C57BL/6-Tg (Csf1r-EGFP-NGFR/FKBP1A/TNFRSF6) 2Bck/J mice received rhodamine-conjugated ferumoxytol. Then, 48 hours later, immune-matched or mismatched stem cells were implanted into osteochondral defects of the knee joints of experimental rats and calvarial defects of Jax mice. All animals underwent serial MR imaging and intravital microscopy (IVM) up to 4 weeks after surgery. Macrophages of Jax C57BL/6-Tg (Csf1r-EGFP-NGFR/FKBP1A/TNFRSF6) 2Bck/J mice express enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP), which enables in vivo correlation of ferumoxytol enhancement at MR imaging with macrophage quantities at IVM. All quantitative data were compared between experimental groups by using a mixed linear model and t tests. Results Immune-mismatched stem cell implants demonstrated stronger ferumoxytol enhancement than did matched stem cell implants. At 4 weeks, T2 values of mismatched implants were significantly lower than those of matched implants in osteochondral defects of female rats (mean, 10.72 msec for human stem cells and 11.55 msec for male rat stem cells vs 15.45 msec for sex-matched rat stem cells; P = .02 and P = .04, respectively) and calvarial defects of recipient mice (mean, 21.7 msec vs 27.1 msec, respectively; P = .0444). This corresponded to increased recruitment of enhanced GFP- and rhodamine-ferumoxytol-positive macrophages into stem cell transplants, as visualized with IVM and histopathologic examination. Conclusion Endogenous labeling of macrophages with ferumoxytol enables noninvasive detection of innate immune responses to stem cell transplants with MR imaging. © RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike E Daldrup-Link
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Carmel Chan
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Olga Lenkov
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Seyedmeghdad Taghavigarmestani
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Toktam Nazekati
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Hossein Nejadnik
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Fanny Chapelin
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Aman Khurana
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Xinming Tong
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Fan Yang
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Laura Pisani
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Michael Longaker
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (H.E.D.L., C.C., O.L., S.T., T.N., H.N., F.C., A.K., F.Y., L.P., M.L., S.S.G.), Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (H.E.D.L.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (X.T., F.Y.), Department of Bioengineering (F.Y., S.S.G.), Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (M.L.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (M.L., S.S.G.), Stanford University, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5614
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Intawicha P, Siriboon C, Chen CH, Chiu YT, Lin TA, Kere M, Lo NW, Lee KH, Chang LY, Chiang HI, Ju JC. Derivation and characterization of putative embryonic stem cells from cloned rabbit embryos. Theriogenology 2016; 86:1799-810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kawamura A, Miyagawa S, Fukushima S, Kawamura T, Kashiyama N, Ito E, Watabe T, Masuda S, Toda K, Hatazawa J, Morii E, Sawa Y. Teratocarcinomas Arising from Allogeneic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Tissue Constructs Provoked Host Immune Rejection in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19464. [PMID: 26763872 PMCID: PMC4725880 DOI: 10.1038/srep19464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac tissue constructs is a promising regenerative treatment for cardiac failure: however, its tumourigenic potential is concerning. We hypothesised that the tumourigenic potential may be eliminated by the host immune response after allogeneic cell transplantation. Scaffold-free iPSC-derived cardaic tissue sheets of C57BL/6 mouse origin were transplanted into the cardiac surface of syngeneic C57BL/6 mice and allogeneic BALB/c mice with or without tacrolimus injection. Syngeneic mice and tacrolimus-injected immunosuppressed allogeneic mice formed teratocarcinomas with identical phenotypes, characteristic, and time courses, as assessed by imaging tools including 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography. In contrast, temporarily immunosuppressed allogeneic mice, following cessation of tacrolimus injection displayed diminished progression of the teratocarcinoma, accompanied by an accumulation of CD4/CD8-positive T cells, and finally achieved complete elimination of the teratocarcinoma. Our results indicated that malignant teratocarcinomas arising from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac tissue constructs provoked T cell-related host immune rejection to arrest tumour growth in murine allogeneic transplantation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Kawamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Miyagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satsuki Fukushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuji Kawamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kashiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emiko Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Watabe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeo Masuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Toda
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Hatazawa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichi Morii
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Karabekian Z, Ding H, Stybayeva G, Ivanova I, Muselimyan N, Haque A, Toma I, Posnack NG, Revzin A, Leitenberg D, Laflamme MA, Sarvazyan N. HLA Class I Depleted hESC as a Source of Hypoimmunogenic Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications. Tissue Eng Part A 2015. [PMID: 26218149 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapidly improving protocols for the derivation of autologous cells from stem cell sources is a welcome development. However, there are many circumstances when off-the-shelf universally immunocompatible cells may be needed. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) provide a unique opportunity to modify the original source of differentiated cells to minimize their rejection by nonautologous hosts. HYPOTHESIS Immune rejection of nonautologous human embryonic stem cell (hESC) derivatives can be reduced by downregulating human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules, without affecting the ability of these cells to differentiate into specific lineages. METHODS AND RESULTS Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) expression was decreased by lentiviral transduction using human anti-HLA class I light-chain B2M short hairpin RNA. mRNA levels of B2M were decreased by 90% in a RUES2-modified hESC line, as determined by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction analysis. The transduced cells were selected under puromycin pressure and maintained in an undifferentiated state. The latter was confirmed by Oct4 and Nanog expression, and by the formation of characteristic round-shaped colonies. B2M downregulation led to diminished HLA-I expression on the cell surface, as determined by flow cytometry. When used as target cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction assay, transduced hESCs and their differentiated derivatives did not stimulate allogeneic T-cell proliferation. Using a cardiac differentiation protocol, transduced hESCs formed a confluent layer of cardiac myocytes and maintained a low level of B2M expression. Transduced hESCs were also successfully differentiated into a hepatic lineage, validating their capacity to differentiate into multiple lineages. CONCLUSIONS HLA-I depletion does not preclude hESC differentiation into cardiac or hepatic lineages. This methodology can be used to engineer tissue from nonautologous hESC sources with improved immunocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaruhi Karabekian
- 1 Pharmacology and Physiology Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia.,2 L.A.Orbeli Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences , Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Hao Ding
- 1 Pharmacology and Physiology Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis , Davis, California
| | - Irina Ivanova
- 1 Pharmacology and Physiology Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Narine Muselimyan
- 1 Pharmacology and Physiology Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Amranul Haque
- 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis , Davis, California
| | - Ian Toma
- 1 Pharmacology and Physiology Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Nikki G Posnack
- 1 Pharmacology and Physiology Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Alexander Revzin
- 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis , Davis, California
| | - David Leitenberg
- 1 Pharmacology and Physiology Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Michael A Laflamme
- 4 Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Narine Sarvazyan
- 1 Pharmacology and Physiology Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
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Zhang Y, Sivakumaran P, Newcomb AE, Hernandez D, Harris N, Khanabdali R, Liu GS, Kelly DJ, Pébay A, Hewitt AW, Boyle A, Harvey R, Morrison WA, Elliott DA, Dusting GJ, Lim SY. Cardiac Repair With a Novel Population of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Resident in the Human Heart. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3100-13. [PMID: 26184084 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac resident stem cells (CRSCs) hold much promise to treat heart disease but this remains a controversial field. Here, we describe a novel population of CRSCs, which are positive for W8B2 antigen and were obtained from adult human atrial appendages. W8B2(+) CRSCs exhibit a spindle-shaped morphology, are clonogenic and capable of self-renewal. W8B2(+) CRSCs show high expression of mesenchymal but not hematopoietic nor endothelial markers. W8B2(+) CRSCs expressed GATA4, HAND2, and TBX5, but not C-KIT, SCA-1, NKX2.5, PDGFRα, ISL1, or WT1. W8B2(+) CRSCs can differentiate into cardiovascular lineages and secrete a range of cytokines implicated in angiogenesis, chemotaxis, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, cell growth, and survival. In vitro, conditioned medium collected from W8B2(+) CRSCs displayed prosurvival, proangiogenic, and promigratory effects on endothelial cells, superior to that of other adult stem cells tested, and additionally promoted survival and proliferation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Intramyocardial transplantation of human W8B2(+) CRSCs into immunocompromised rats 1 week after myocardial infarction markedly improved cardiac function (∼40% improvement in ejection fraction) and reduced fibrotic scar tissue 4 weeks after infarction. Hearts treated with W8B2(+) CRSCs showed less adverse remodeling of the left ventricle, a greater number of proliferating cardiomyocytes (Ki67(+) cTnT(+) cells) in the remote region, higher myocardial vascular density, and greater infiltration of CD163(+) cells (a marker for M2 macrophages) into the border zone and scar regions. In summary, W8B2(+) CRSCs are distinct from currently known CRSCs found in human hearts, and as such may be an ideal cell source to repair myocardial damage after infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andrew E Newcomb
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Vascular and Cardiac Surgery, The Cardiovascular Research Centre (CvRC), Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damián Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Harris
- O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ramin Khanabdali
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guei-Sheung Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia & Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darren J Kelly
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia & Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia & Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Boyle
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wayne A Morrison
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,AORTEC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Elliott
- Cardiac Development, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory J Dusting
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia & Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shiang Y Lim
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Immunologic Network and Response to Intramyocardial CD34+ Stem Cell Therapy in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy. J Card Fail 2015; 21:572-82. [PMID: 25863169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although stem cell therapy (SCT) is emerging as a potential treatment for patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), clinical response remains variable. Our objective was to determine whether baseline differences in circulating immunologic and nonimmunologic biomarkers may help to identify patients more likely to respond to intramyocardial injection of CD34(+)-based SCT. METHODS AND RESULTS We enrolled from January 3, 2011 to March 5, 2012 37 patients with longstanding DCM (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] <40%, New York Heart Association functional class III) who underwent peripheral CD34(+) stem cell mobilization with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and collection by means of apheresis. CD34(+) cells were labeled with (99m)Tc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime to allow assessment of stem cell retention at 18 hours. Response to SCT was predefined as an increase in LVEF of ≥5% at 3 months. The majority (84%) of patients were male with an overall mean LVEF of 27 ± 7% and a median N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level of 2,774 pg/mL. Nineteen patients (51%) were responders to SCT. There was no significant difference between responders and nonresponders regarding to age, sex, baseline LVEF, NT-proBNP levels, or 6-minute walking distance. With the use of a partial least squares (PLS) predictive model, we identified 9 baseline factors that were associated with both stem cell response and stem cell retention (mechanistic validation). Among the baseline factors positively associated with both clinical response and stem cell retention were G-CSF, SDF-1, LIF, MCP-1, and MCP-3. Among baseline factors negatively associated with both clinical response and retention were IL-12p70, FASL, ICAM-1, and GGT. A decrease in G-CSF at 3-month follow-up was also observed in responders compared with nonresponders (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS If further validated, baseline immunologic and nonimmunologic biomarkers may help to identify patients with DCM who are more likely to respond to CD34(+)-based SCT.
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11
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Karabekian Z, Idrees S, Ding H, Jamshidi A, Posnack NG, Sarvazyan N. Downregulation of beta-microglobulin to diminish T-lymphocyte lysis of non-syngeneic cell sources of engineered heart tissue constructs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:034101. [PMID: 25775354 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/3/034101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of non-autologous major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules on the surface of the grafted cells is one of the main reasons for their rejection in non-syngeneic hosts. We present a straightforward strategy to decrease the presence of MHC-I by shRNA inhibition of beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), a conservative light chain of MHC-I, on the surface of two main cell types that are used to engineer heart tissue constructs. Engineered heart tissue constructs can be generated by combining mouse WT19 fibroblasts and mouse embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes (mESC-CM). WT19 fibroblasts were stably transduced with an anti-B2M shRNA, which yielded a cell line with dramatically reduced B2M expression levels (16 ± 11% of mock treated control cell line). Interferon gamma treatment increased the levels of B2M expression by >3-fold in both control and transduced fibroblasts; yet, B2M expression levels still remained very low in the transduced cells. When compared with their unmodified counterparts, transduced fibroblasts caused 5.7-fold lesser activation of cognate T-cells. B2M depletion in mESC-CM was achieved by 72 h transduction with anti-B2M shRNA lentiviral particles. Transduced mESC-CM exhibited regular beating and expressed classical cardiac markers. When compared with their unmodified counterparts, transduced mESC-CM caused 2.5-fold lesser activation of cognate T-cells. In vivo assessment of B2M downregulation was performed by analyzing the preferential survival of B2M-downregulated cells in the intraperitoneal cavity of allogeneic mice. Both B2M-downregulated fibroblasts and B2M-downregulated myocytes survived significantly better when compared to their unmodified counterparts (2.01 ± 0.4 and 5.07 ± 1.6 fold increase in survival, respectively). In contrast, when modified WT19 fibroblasts were injected into the intraperitoneal cavity of syngeneic C57Bl/6 mice, no significant survival advantage was observed. Notably, the preferential survival of B2M-downregulated cells persisted in allogeneic hosts with normal levels of natural killer cells, although the effect was lesser in magnitude. Use of shRNA against beta-2-microglobulin offers a simple and effective approach to minimize immunogenicity of the main cellular components of cardiac tissue constructs in non-syngeneic recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaruhi Karabekian
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye Street, Washington DC 20037, USA
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12
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Konstantinou D, Lei M, Xia Z, Kanamarlapudi V. Growth factors mediated differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to cardiac polymicrotissue using hanging drop and bioreactor. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:502-7. [PMID: 25492631 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Heart disease is the major leading cause of death worldwide and the use of stem cells promises new ways for its treatment. The relatively easy and quick acquisition of human umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) and their properties make them useful for the treatment of cardiac diseases. Therefore, the main aim of this investigation was to create cardiac polymicrotissue from HUMSCs using a combination of growth factors [sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and suramin] and techniques (hanging drop and bioreactor). Using designated culture conditions of the growth factors (100 nM S1P and 500 µM suramin), cardiomyocyte differentiation medium (CDM), hanging drop, bioreactor and differentiation for 7 days, a potential specific cardiac polymicrotissue was derived from HUMSCs. The effectiveness of growth factors alone or in combination in differentiation of HUMSCs to cardiac polymicrotissue was analysed by assessing the presence of cardiac markers by immunocytochemistry. This analysis demonstrated the importance of those growth factors for the differentiation. This study for the first time demonstrated the formation of a cardiac polymicrotissue under specific culture conditions. The polymicrotissue thus obtained may be used in future as a 'patch' to cover the injured cardiac region and would thereby be useful for the treatment of heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Konstantinou
- School of Biomedicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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13
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Krikun G, Taylor HS. Endometrial Stem Cells as Potential Cures for Human Diseases. Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6542-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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14
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Sarvazyan N. Thinking Outside the Heart: Use of Engineered Cardiac Tissue for the Treatment of Chronic Deep Venous Insufficiency. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2014; 19:394-401. [PMID: 24500906 DOI: 10.1177/1074248413520343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article considers the use of autologous stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes as a novel means to aid venous return. The approach consists of creating external cuffs of engineered heart tissue around vein segments with incompetent or poorly competent valves. The engineered heart tissue cuff prevents distention of the impaired vein segments and aids unidirectional flow by its rhythmic contractions. There appear to be no fundamental limitations to this approach as feasibility of all of the individual components has already been shown. Here, we underline the clinical need for novel ways to treat chronic deep venous insufficiency, review previous research that enabled this approach, consider potential designs of engineered heart tissue cuffs, and outline its advantages and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narine Sarvazyan
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
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15
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Enhancing stem cell survival in vivo for tissue repair. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:736-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Bashur CA, Rao RR, Ramamurthi A. Perspectives on stem cell-based elastic matrix regenerative therapies for abdominal aortic aneurysms. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:401-8. [PMID: 23677642 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are potentially fatal conditions that are characterized by decreased flexibility of the aortic wall due to proteolytic loss of the structural matrix. This leads to their gradual weakening and ultimate rupture. Drug-based inhibition of proteolytic enzymes may provide a nonsurgical treatment alternative for growing AAAs, although it might at best be sufficient to slow their growth. Regenerative repair of disrupted elastic matrix is required if regression of AAAs to a healthy state is to be achieved. Terminally differentiated adult and diseased vascular cells are poorly capable of affecting such regenerative repair. In this context, stem cells and their smooth muscle cell-like derivatives may represent alternate cell sources for regenerative AAA cell therapies. This article examines the pros and cons of using different autologous stem cell sources for AAA therapy, the requirements they must fulfill to provide therapeutic benefit, and the current progress toward characterizing the cells' ability to synthesize elastin, assemble elastic matrix structures, and influence the regenerative potential of diseased vascular cell types. The article also provides a detailed perspective on the limitations, uncertainties, and challenges that will need to be overcome or circumvented to translate current strategies for stem cell use into clinically viable AAA therapies. These therapies will provide a much needed nonsurgical treatment option for the rapidly growing, high-risk, and vulnerable elderly demographic.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/drug effects
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/rehabilitation
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/therapy
- Becaplermin
- Elasticity/drug effects
- Elasticity/physiology
- Elastin/biosynthesis
- Extracellular Matrix/drug effects
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Humans
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis/pharmacology
- Regeneration/drug effects
- Regeneration/physiology
- Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
- Stem Cell Transplantation/trends
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Transplantation, Autologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris A Bashur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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17
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Loewendorf A, Csete M. Concise review: immunologic lessons from solid organ transplantation for stem cell-based therapies. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:136-42. [PMID: 23349327 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical organ transplantation became possible only after powerful immunosuppressive drugs became available to suppress the alloimmune response. After decades of solid organ transplantation, organ rejection is still a major challenge. However, significant insight into allorecognition has emerged from this vast experience and should be used to inform future stem cell-based therapies. For this reason, we review the current understanding of selected topics in transplant immunology that have not been prominent in the stem cell literature, including immune responses to ischemia/reperfusion injuries, natural killer cells, the adaptive immune response, some unresolved issues in T-cell allorecognition, costimulatory molecules, and the anticipated role of regulatory T cells in graft tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Loewendorf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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18
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Anzalone R, Corrao S, Lo Iacono M, Loria T, Corsello T, Cappello F, Di Stefano A, Giannuzzi P, Zummo G, Farina F, La Rocca G. Isolation and characterization of CD276+/HLA-E+ human subendocardial mesenchymal stem cells from chronic heart failure patients: analysis of differentiative potential and immunomodulatory markers expression. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1-17. [PMID: 23013234 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are virtually present in all postnatal organs as well as in perinatal tissues. MSCs can be differentiated toward several mature cytotypes and interestingly hold potentially relevant immunomodulatory features. Myocardial infarction results in severe tissue damage, cardiomyocyte loss, and eventually heart failure. Cellular cardiomyoplasty represents a promising approach for myocardial repair. Clinical trials using MSCs are underway for a number of heart diseases, even if their outcomes are hampered by low long-term improvements and the possible presence of complications related to cellular therapy administration. Therefore, elucidating the presence and role of MSCs that reside in the post-infarct human heart should provide essential alternatives for therapy. In the current article we show a novel method to reproducibly isolate and culture MSCs from the subendocardial zone of human left ventricle from patients undergoing heart transplant for post-infarct chronic heart failure (HSE-MSCs, human subendocardial mesenchymal stem cells). By using both immunocytochemistry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we demonstrated that these cells do express key MSCs markers and do express heart-specific transcription factors in their undifferentiated state, while lacking strictly cardiomyocyte-specific proteins. Moreover, these cells do express immunomodulatory molecules that should disclose their further potential in immune modulation processes in the post-infarct microenvironment. Another novel datum of potentially relevant interest is the expression of cardiac myosin heavy chain at nucclear level in HSE-MSCs. Standard MSCs trilineage differentiation experiments were also performed. The present paper adds new data on the basic biological features of heart-resident MSCs that populate the organ following myocardial infarction. The use of heart-derived MSCs to promote in-organ repair or as a cellular source for cardiomyoplasty is a fascinating and challenging task, which deserves further research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Anzalone
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BIONEC), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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19
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Khurana A, Nejadnik H, Gawande R, Lin G, Lee S, Messing S, Castaneda R, Derugin N, Pisani L, Lue TF, Daldrup-Link HE. Intravenous ferumoxytol allows noninvasive MR imaging monitoring of macrophage migration into stem cell transplants. Radiology 2012; 264:803-11. [PMID: 22820731 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12112393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a clinically applicable imaging technique for monitoring differential migration of macrophages into viable and apoptotic matrix-associated stem cell implants (MASIs) in arthritic knee joints. MATERIALS AND METHODS With institutional animal care and use committee approval, six athymic rats were injected with intravenous ferumoxytol (0.5 mmol iron per kilogram of body weight) to preload macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system with iron oxide nanoparticles. Forty-eight hours later, all animals received MASIs of viable adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in an osteochondral defect of the right femur and mitomycin-pretreated apoptotic ADSCs in an osteochondral defect of the left femur. One additional control animal each received intravenous ferumoxytol and bilateral scaffold-only implants (without cells) or bilateral MASIs without prior ferumoxytol injection. All knees were imaged with a 7.0-T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging unit with T2-weighted fast spin-echo sequences immediately after, as well as 2 and 4 weeks after, matrix-associated stem cell implantation. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of viable and apoptotic MASIs were compared by using a linear mixed-effects model. MR imaging data were correlated with histopathologic findings. RESULTS All ADSC implants showed a slowly decreasing T2 signal over 4 weeks after matrix-associated stem cell implantation. SNRs decreased significantly over time for the apoptotic implants (SNRs on the day of matrix-associated stem cell implantation, 2 weeks after the procedure, and 4 weeks after the procedure were 16.9, 10.9, and 6.7, respectively; P = .0004) but not for the viable implants (SNRs on the day of matrix-associated stem cell implantation, 2 weeks after the procedure, and 4 weeks after the procedure were 17.7, 16.2, and 15.7, respectively; P = .2218). At 4 weeks after matrix-associated stem cell implantation, SNRs of apoptotic ADSCs were significantly lower than those of viable ADSCs (mean, 6.7 vs 15.7; P = .0013). This corresponded to differential migration of iron-loaded macrophages into MASIs. CONCLUSION Iron oxide loading of macrophages in the reticuloendothelial system by means of intravenous ferumoxytol injection can be utilized to monitor differential migration of bone marrow macrophages into viable and apoptotic MASIs in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Khurana
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654, USA
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20
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Haag M, Stolk M, Ringe J, Linthout SV, Tschöpe C, Sittinger M, Seifert M. Immune attributes of cardiac-derived adherent proliferating (CAP) cells in cardiac therapy. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:362-70. [DOI: 10.1002/term.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Meaghan Stolk
- Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
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21
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Zhou Y, Kim J, Yuan X, Braun T. Epigenetic modifications of stem cells: a paradigm for the control of cardiac progenitor cells. Circ Res 2011; 109:1067-81. [PMID: 21998298 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.243709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells of all types are characterized by the ability to self-renew and to differentiate. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that both maintenance of stemness and lineage commitment, including determination of the cardiomyogenic lineage, are tightly controlled by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling. Epigenetic mechanisms are intrinsically reversible, interdependent, and highly dynamic in regulation of chromatin structure and specific gene transcription programs, thereby contributing to stem cell homeostasis. Here, we review the current understanding of epigenetic mechanisms involved in regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation and in the control of cardiac progenitor cell commitment during heart development. Further progress in this area will help to decipher the epigenetic landscape in stem and progenitor cells and facilitate manipulation of stem cells for regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim Germany.
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