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Hansen PL, Leth PM, Nielsen PA, Bech DM, Nielsen JB, Mørup SD, Holst AK, Bak L, Poulsen MR, Greisen PW, Hansen DL, Precht H. Optimization of Postprocessing parameters for abdominal Forensic CT scans. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2024; 8:100478. [PMID: 38779309 PMCID: PMC11109732 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Aim Postmortem Computed Tomography (PMCT) is gradually introduced at forensic institutes. Image reconstruction software can increase diagnostic potential in CT by increasing distinction between structures and reduction of artifacts. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate novel image reconstruction parameters for postmortem conditions, to increase image quality and diagnostic potential of CT scans. Method Twenty PMCT scans of deceased hereof two in severe decay were subjected to four reconstruction techniques: a standard reconstruction algorithm, the detail reconstruction algorithm and two novel algorithms based on the standard algorithm, but with different Hounsfield settings. Image quality was evaluated by visual grading analysis (VGA) by four forensic radiologist observers. Results The VGA did not prove that any of the reconstruction techniques were superior to the others. For standard and detail, the two pre-defined reconstruction algorithms, VGA scores were indiscernible and were superior to the equally indiscernible Hounsfield reconstructions on parameters translated into Sharpness and Low Contrast Resolution. The two alternative Hounsfield settings were superior with respect to Noise and Artifacts/Beam Hardening. Conclusion The study elucidates the possiblity for multiple reconstructions specialized for PMCT conditions, to accommodate the special conditions when working with the deceased. Despite the lack of clear improvements in the tested reconstructions, this study provides an insight into some of the possibilities of improving PMCT quality using reconstruction techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Mygind Leth
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Dina Maria Bech
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University College Lillebaelt, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Svea Deppe Mørup
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University College Lillebaelt, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anette Koch Holst
- Department of Radiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lene Bak
- Department of Radiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette R. Poulsen
- Department of Radiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Dennis Lund Hansen
- Department of Hematology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle Precht
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University College Lillebaelt, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Radiology, Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark
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2
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Kovalev AV, Molin YA, Gribunov YP, Kriuchkova OV, Putintsev VA. [Features of detection and interpretation of intravital and postmortem changes according to the results of traditional X-ray and X-ray computed tomography of objects from historical graves and artefacts]. Sud Med Ekspert 2024; 67:20-27. [PMID: 38587154 DOI: 10.17116/sudmed20246702120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study emergence mechanism, physical nature, pattern of intravital and postmortem changes of biological and non-biological objects originated in the period from 1550 to 1918 yr. using traditional X-ray and X-ray computed tomography. MATERIAL AND METHODS The relics of Saint Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, the remains of the First Reverend of the Resurrection Novodevichy Convent in Saint Petersburg Mother Superior Theophania, damages on the chair leg on which Tsesarevich Alexey sat during the shooting of Russian Emperor Nicholas II, his family and entourage in 1918 in Yekaterinburg were stidued. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The application of highly informative methods of traditional X-ray and X-ray computed tomography of biological and non-biological objects showed their high informativity and allowed to correctly interpret the emergence mechanism, physical nature, pattern of intravital and postmortem changes of skeleton bones and historical artefact (chair legs) originated long ago. The necessity of special professional training and advanced training of experts in forensic radiology to prevent possible diagnostic and expert errors has been substantiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kovalev
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu A Molin
- Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu P Gribunov
- Central Clinical Hospital with a Polyclinic of the Administrative Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - O V Kriuchkova
- Central Clinical Hospital with a Polyclinic of the Administrative Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Putintsev
- Military University named after Prince Alexander Nevsky, Moscow, Russia
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3
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van der Merwe FA, Loggenberg E. Dual-energy index variation when evaluating the potential ferromagnetism of ex vivo bullets. SA J Radiol 2023; 27:2701. [PMID: 38059118 PMCID: PMC10696535 DOI: 10.4102/sajr.v27i1.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An MRI is potentially hazardous for patients with retained ferromagnetic bullets. Recent studies have aimed to develop dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) as a screening tool for recognising highly ferromagnetic bullets. Inconsistent findings have been ascribed to inherent CT technology differences. Previous research demonstrated significant Hounsfield unit (HU) measurement variation among single-source CT machines. Objectives This study investigated the theoretical dual-energy index (DEI) variation between DECT machines when evaluating the potential ferromagnetic properties within the same sample of ex vivo bullets and metal phantoms. Method An experimental ex vivo study was conducted on eight metal phantoms and 10 unused bullets individually positioned in the same Perspex head phantom and scanned on two DECT machines. Two senior radiology registrars independently recorded the HU readings, and DEI values were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric methods for paired data, namely the Signed Rank Test. The DEI values based on mean HU readings between the DECT machines were compared. Results Inter- and intra-reader agreement was not statistically significant. The metal phantoms had poor interscanner agreement, with an overlap of the ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic ranges. The bullets had good interscanner agreement, with a similar ferromagnetic to non-ferromagnetic relationship. Conclusion The use of DEI values negates the previous assumption that significant interscanner variability exists among different DECT technologies while assessing highly attenuative ex vivo bullets. Contribution This investigation demonstrated that even though HU readings may be variable, the implementation of the DEI equation translates this into comparable values with good interscanner agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois A van der Merwe
- Department of Clinical Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Eugene Loggenberg
- Department of Clinical Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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4
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Yamamoto Y, Fujiwara Y. Calcium storage in Malpighian tubules and the putative use for pupal chamber formation in a wood-feeding insect. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023:104534. [PMID: 37364813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Cerambycid beetles form a chamber to spend their pupal stages in various forms according to the species. The red-necked longhorn beetle Aromia bungii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), which is an invasive pest that severely damages Rosaceae trees, makes a pupal chamber at the end of a tunnel deep in the xylem. Beetle larvae and the closely related species form a calcareous lid at the entrance of a pupal chamber. Previous studies on the closely related species conducted more than century ago suggested that Malpighian tubules (MTs) play a vital role in calcium carbonate accumulation. However, the association between this Ca2+ accumulation and pupal chamber lid formation utilizing the possible calcium compounds stored in MTs have not yet been demonstrated. First, we artificially reared A. bungii larvae from eggs in host branches for 100 days and identified the larval developmental status and pupal chamber formation, using X-ray computed tomography. Second, we collected larvae from the branches and observed the internal organs by direct dissection under a microscope. Finally, we analyzed the elemental distribution, particularly calcium, in the larval gut with MTs, using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. The results suggest that immature larvae of A. bungii could accumulate Ca2+ in the MTs through wood tunneling and feeding activities. Ca2+ was stored at the proximal regions in two of the six MTs located posteriorly in the body. Additionally, larvae that formed a calcareous lid at the entrance of pupal chambers in the branches did not store Ca2+ in the MTs, suggesting that the larvae of A. bungii used the stored Ca2+ in their MTs for lid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yamamoto
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture, 442, Shakudo, Habikino, Osaka 583-0862, Japan.
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Wood Processing Division of Forestry and Biomaterials Science Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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Imaging of Musculoskeletal Soft-Tissue Infections in Clinical Practice: A Comprehensive Updated Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122329. [PMID: 36557582 PMCID: PMC9784663 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal soft-tissue infections include a wide range of clinical conditions that are commonly encountered in both emergency departments and non-emergency clinical settings. Since clinical signs, symptoms, and even laboratory tests can be unremarkable or non-specific, imaging plays a key role in many cases. MRI is considered the most comprehensive and sensitive imaging tool available for the assessment of musculoskeletal infections. Ultrasound is a fundamental tool, especially for the evaluation of superficially located diseases and for US-guided interventional procedures, such as biopsy, needle-aspiration, and drainage. Conventional radiographs can be very helpful, especially for the detection of foreign bodies and in cases of infections with delayed diagnosis displaying bone involvement. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the radiological tools available and the imaging features of the most common musculoskeletal soft-tissue infections, including cellulitis, necrotizing and non-necrotizing fasciitis, foreign bodies, abscess, pyomyositis, infectious tenosynovitis, and bursitis.
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6
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Vermeij E, Zoon P, Gerretsen R, Otieno-Alego V. The outcome of the forensic triage preceding disaster victim identification in the downing of Malaysia Airlines flight 17. Forensic Sci Res 2022; 7:566-575. [DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2022.2043611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Vermeij
- Microtraces and Materials, Netherlands Forensic Institute, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Zoon
- Microtraces and Materials, Netherlands Forensic Institute, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Reza Gerretsen
- Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology, Netherlands Forensic Institute, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Otieno-Alego
- Operational Science and Technology, Australian Federal Police, Canberra, Australia
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7
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The application of CT for 3D visualization of concealed bodies. Sci Justice 2022; 62:424-432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Carneiro BC, Cruz IAN, Chemin RN, Rizzetto TA, Guimarães JB, Silva FD, Junior CY, Pastore D, Ormond Filho AG, Nico MAC. Multimodality Imaging of Foreign Bodies: New Insights into Old Challenges. Radiographics 2021; 40:1965-1986. [PMID: 33136481 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2020200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic wounds and lacerations are a common reason for patients to present to emergency departments, with retained foreign bodies (FBs) accounting for 7%-15% of cases, particularly those involving the extremities. These retained materials result in a granulomatous tissue response known as an FB reaction, a pathologic attempt to isolate the FB from the host. The most common FB materials are glass, metal, and wood, but other compositions can also be found, such as plastic and animal-derived materials. Clinical history, physical examination, and wound exploration are essential in investigation of retained material but are not sufficient to exclude an FB, and additional investigation is required. Imaging evaluation is a useful tool to help depict and locate an FB, assess possible complications, and guide removal. Conventional radiography, the first-line method in this scenario, is a widely available low-cost depiction method that has good sensitivity for depicting FBs. If the retained material is not depicted at conventional radiography, US can be performed. US is highly sensitive in depicting both radiolucent and radiopaque FBs in superficial locations. For deeper objects, CT may be necessary. MRI is the best imaging modality to delineate local soft-tissue and osseous complications. Retained FBs can result in early and delayed complications, with infection being the most frequent complication. To avoid preventable morbidities related to FBs, radiologists should be familiar with imaging findings and provide essential information to help the attending physician treat each patient. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Carneiro
- From the Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Fleury Medicina e Saúde Higienópolis, Rua Mato Grosso 306, 1st Floor, Higienópolis, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 01239-040
| | - Isabela A N Cruz
- From the Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Fleury Medicina e Saúde Higienópolis, Rua Mato Grosso 306, 1st Floor, Higienópolis, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 01239-040
| | - Renan N Chemin
- From the Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Fleury Medicina e Saúde Higienópolis, Rua Mato Grosso 306, 1st Floor, Higienópolis, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 01239-040
| | - Thiago A Rizzetto
- From the Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Fleury Medicina e Saúde Higienópolis, Rua Mato Grosso 306, 1st Floor, Higienópolis, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 01239-040
| | - Júlio B Guimarães
- From the Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Fleury Medicina e Saúde Higienópolis, Rua Mato Grosso 306, 1st Floor, Higienópolis, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 01239-040
| | - Flávio D Silva
- From the Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Fleury Medicina e Saúde Higienópolis, Rua Mato Grosso 306, 1st Floor, Higienópolis, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 01239-040
| | - Ciro Yoshida Junior
- From the Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Fleury Medicina e Saúde Higienópolis, Rua Mato Grosso 306, 1st Floor, Higienópolis, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 01239-040
| | - Daniel Pastore
- From the Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Fleury Medicina e Saúde Higienópolis, Rua Mato Grosso 306, 1st Floor, Higienópolis, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 01239-040
| | - Alípio G Ormond Filho
- From the Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Fleury Medicina e Saúde Higienópolis, Rua Mato Grosso 306, 1st Floor, Higienópolis, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 01239-040
| | - Marcelo A C Nico
- From the Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Fleury Medicina e Saúde Higienópolis, Rua Mato Grosso 306, 1st Floor, Higienópolis, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 01239-040
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Ogden NKE, Milner PI, Stack JD, Talbot AM. CT more accurately detects foreign bodies within the equine foot than MRI or digital radiography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 62:225-235. [PMID: 33325609 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification and characterization of foreign bodies in the distal limb of horses poses a diagnostic challenge. The aims of this prospective experimental cadaver study were to describe the appearance of five foreign body materials within the equine hoof using CT, MRI, and digital radiography (DR) and to compare interrater agreement among three reviewers. Fifty foreign bodies consisting of five materials were implanted at a solar location or a coronary location in 25 equine cadaver feet. The images were reviewed by three equine veterinarians experienced in advanced imaging interpretation, who were blinded to the material of the foreign body. Foreign bodies were graded on visibility and appearance. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for accurate identification of the different materials. Interrater agreement was assessed using Fleiss' kappa. Computed tomography had higher visibility score, sensitivity/specificity, and interrater agreement for detection of all materials; particularly slate, glass, and dry wood, compared to the other imaging modalities. Soaked wood and plastic had lower sensitivity (31-33%) on CT with a similar attenuation of the two materials. Foreign bodies were often visible on MRI, although with similar appearance and unclear details. On DR, only slate and glass were visible. The interrater agreement for identifying the correct material was almost perfect for slate, glass, and dry wood (κ = 0.92-1.00) and poor for plastic and soaked wood (κ < 0.20) on CT. Interrater agreement was poor for all materials on MRI and DR (κ < 0.20), with the except for fair (κ = 0.28) for slate on DR and moderate (κ = 0.28) for soaked wood on MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine K E Ogden
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Peter I Milner
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - John D Stack
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Alison M Talbot
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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10
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Yatsishina EB, Vasilyev SV, Vasilieva OA, Galeev RM, Dyuzheva OP, Kovalchuk MV. CT-Scanning Analysis of the Inner Structure of Ancient Egyptian Mummy. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774520060401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Uthandi D, Sabarudin A, Mohd Z, Rahman MAA, Karim MKA. Effectiveness of Post-Mortem Computed Tomography (PMCT) in Comparison with Conventional Autopsy: A Systematic Review. Curr Med Imaging 2020; 16:669-676. [PMID: 32723237 DOI: 10.2174/1573405615666190821115426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the advancement of technology, Computed Tomography (CT) scan imaging can be used to gain deeper insight into the cause of death. AIMS The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the efficacy of Post- Mortem Computed Tomography (PMCT) scan compared with the conventional autopsies gleaned from literature published in English between the year 2009 and 2016. METHODOLOGY A literature search was conducted on three databases, namely PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus. A total of 387 articles were retrieved, but only 21 studies were accepted after meeting the review criteria. Data, such as the number of victims, the number of radiologists and forensic pathologists involved, causes of death, and additional and missed diagnoses in PMCT scans were tabulated and analysed by two independent reviewers. RESULTS Compared with the conventional autopsy, the accuracy of PMCT scans in detecting injuries and causes of death was observed to range between 20% and 80%. The analysis also showed that PMCT had more advantages in detecting fractures, fluid in airways, gas in internal organs, major hemorrhages, fatty liver, stones, and bullet fragments. Despite its benefits, PMCT could also miss certain important lesions in a certain region such as cardiovascular injuries and minor vascular injuries. CONCLUSION This systematic review suggests that PMCT can replace most of the conventional autopsies in specific cases and is also a good complementary tool in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deveshini Uthandi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Akmal Sabarudin
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Zanariah Mohd
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Amiruddin Abd Rahman
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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12
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Gascho D, Zoelch N, Richter H, Buehlmann A, Wyss P, Thali MJ, Schaerli S. Heavy metal in radiology: how to reliably differentiate between lodged copper and lead bullets using CT numbers. Eur Radiol Exp 2020; 4:43. [PMID: 32632537 PMCID: PMC7338321 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-020-00168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The in situ classification of bullets is of interest in forensic investigations when the bullet cannot be removed. Although computed tomography (CT) is usually performed on shooting victims, visual assessment, or caliber measurements using CT can be challenging or infeasible if the bullets are deformed or fragmented. Independent from the bullet's intactness, x-ray attenuation values (CT numbers) may provide information regarding the material of the bullet. METHODS Ethical approval was not required (animal cadavers) or waived by the ethics committee (decedents). Copper and lead bullets were fired into animal cadavers, which then underwent CT scanning at four energy levels (80, 100, 120, and 140 kVp). CT numbers were measured within regions of interest (ROIs). In addition to comparing CT numbers, the dual-energy index (DEI), representing the ratio between the CT numbers of two energy levels, was calculated. The most appropriate method was applied for decedents with fatal gunshot wounds. RESULTS CT numbers demonstrated no significant difference between copper and lead bullets, and false classifications can easily occur. DEI calculations revealed significant differences between the two groups of bullets. The 120/140 DEIs calculated from the maximum CT numbers obtained from ROIs at the edge of copper versus lead bullets presented a significant difference (p = 0.002) and a gap between the CT numbers of copper and lead bullets and was successfully applied for the decedents. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a viable method for distinguishing copper and lead bullets in situ via CT and highlights the potential pitfalls of incorrect classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Gascho
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Niklaus Zoelch
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henning Richter
- Diagnostic Imaging Research Unit (DIRU), Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Buehlmann
- Zurich Forensic Science Institute, Zurich Canton Police and Zurich City Police, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Wyss
- Zurich Forensic Science Institute, Zurich Canton Police and Zurich City Police, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Thali
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schaerli
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Forensic Medicine, Health Department Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Altmayer S, Verma N, Dicks EA, Oliveira A. Imaging musculoskeletal soft tissue infections. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2020; 41:85-98. [PMID: 31964497 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal soft tissue infections are not uncommonly encountered in both the clinic and Emergency Department setting. The clinical diagnosis is not always evident as these infections can have variable presentations depending on the duration and depth of disease extension through the soft-tissue layers. Imaging often plays an important role in diagnosing the infection, defining the extent of involvement, directing tissue sampling, and in monitoring treatment response. After initial radiographs, ultrasound (US) is often the next modality utilized to evaluate patients with suspected soft tissue infections given its low cost, availability, portability, and potential for real-time guidance of fluid aspiration. The widespread use of cross-sectional imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) has greatly increased the radiological diagnosis in conditions where US may be limited. In addition, CT and MRI allow a thorough evaluation of disease extension, including assessment of joint spaces, tendons, and osseous changes indicative of bone involvement. This review will focus on the radiological findings of soft tissue infections on US, CT, and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Altmayer
- Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Elizabeth A Dicks
- Department of Radiology, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, London, England
| | - Amy Oliveira
- University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA.
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Paulis LE, Kroll J, Heijnens L, Huijnen M, Gerretsen R, Backes WH, Hofman PAM. Is CT bulletproof? On the use of CT for characterization of bullets in forensic radiology. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:1869-1877. [PMID: 30911839 PMCID: PMC6811383 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Forensic investigations could benefit from non-invasive in situ characterization of bullets. Therefore, the use of CT imaging was explored for the analysis of bullet geometry and composition. Bullet visualization with CT is challenging as the metal constituents suffer from excessive X-ray attenuation due to their high atomic number, density, and geometry. Methods A metal reference phantom was developed containing small discs of various common metals (aluminum, iron, stainless steel, copper, brass, tungsten, and lead). CT images were acquired with 70–150 kVp and 200–400 mAs and were reconstructed using an extended Hounsfield unit (HU) scale (− 10,240 to + 30,710). For each material, the mean CT number (HU) was measured to construct a metal database. Different bullets (n = 11) were scanned in a soft tissue-mimicking phantom. Bullet size and shape were measured, and composition was evaluated by comparison with the metal database. Also, the effect of bullet orientation within the CT scanner was evaluated. Results In the reference phantom, metals were classified into three groups according to their atomic number (Z): low (Z ≤ 13; HU < 3000), medium (Z = 25–30; HU = 13,000–20,000), and high (Z ≥ 74; HU > 30,000). External bullet contours could be accurately delineated. Internal interfaces between jacket and core could not be identified. Cross-sectional spatial profile plots of the CT number along bullets’ short axis revealed beam hardening and photon starvation effects that depended on bullet size, shape, and orientation within the CT scanner. Therefore, the CT numbers of bullets were unreliable and could not be used for material characterization by comparison with the reference phantom. Conclusion CT-based characterization of bullets was feasible in terms of size and shape but not composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Paulis
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - J Kroll
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L Heijnens
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Huijnen
- Dutch Police, Region Limburg, PO Box 1230, 6201BE,, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R Gerretsen
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, PO Box 24044, 2490AA, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - W H Backes
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P A M Hofman
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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15
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Forensic personal identification utilizing part-to-part comparison of CT-derived 3D lumbar models. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 294:21-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Eppenberger PE, Cavka M, Habicht ME, Galassi FM, Rühli F. Radiological findings in ancient Egyptian canopic jars: comparing three standard clinical imaging modalities (x-rays, CT and MRI). Eur Radiol Exp 2018; 2:12. [PMID: 29951641 PMCID: PMC6008346 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-018-0048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of our study was to evaluate the potential and the limitations of standard clinical imaging modalities for the examination of ancient Egyptian canopic jars and the mummified visceral organs (putatively) contained within them. Methods A series of four ancient Egyptian canopic jars was imaged comparing the three standard clinical imaging modalities: x-rays, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Additionally, imaging-data-based volumetric calculations were performed for quantitative assessment of the jar contents. Results The image contrast of the x-ray images was limited by the thickness and high density of the calcite mineral constituting the examined jars. CT scans showed few artefacts and revealed hyperdense structures of organ-specific morphology, surrounded by a hypodense homogeneous material. The image quality of MRI scans was limited by the low amount of water present in the desiccated jar contents. Nevertheless, areas of pronounced signal intensity coincided well with hyperdense structures previously identified on CT scans. CT-based volumetric calculations revealed holding capacities of the jars of 626–1319 cm3 and content volumes of 206–1035 cm3. Conclusions CT is the modality of choice for non-invasive examination of ancient Egyptian canopic jars. However, despite its limitations, x-ray imaging will often remain the only practicable method for on-site investigations. Overall, the presented radiological findings are more compatible with contained small organ fragments rather than entire mummified organs, as originally expected, with consequent implications for envisioned future sampling for chemical and genetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Eppenberger
- 1Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mislav Cavka
- 2School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michael E Habicht
- 1Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,3School of Humanities and Creative Art (Department of Archaeology), Flinders University, Sturt Rd, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Francesco M Galassi
- 1Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Rühli
- 1Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Abdelbaki A, Assani S, Bhatt N, Karol I, Feldman A. Retained Wooden Foreign Body in the Second Metatarsal. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2018; 108:168-171. [PMID: 29634308 DOI: 10.7547/16-095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The foot is considered the second most common location for foreign bodies. The most common foreign bodies include needles, metal, glass, wood, and plastic. Although metallic foreign bodies are readily seen on plain film radiographs, radiolucent bodies such as wood are visualized poorly, if at all. Although plain radiography is known to be ineffective for demonstrating radiolucent foreign bodies, it is often the first imaging modality used. In such cases, complete surgical extraction cannot be guaranteed, and other imaging modalities should be considered. We present a case of a retained toothpick of the second metatarsal in a young male patient who presented with pain in the right foot of a few weeks' duration. Plain radiography showed an oval cyst at the base of the second metatarsal of the right foot. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a toothpick penetrating the second metatarsal. The patient recalled stepping on a toothpick 8 years previously. Surgical exploration revealed a 2-cm toothpick embedded inside the second metatarsal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelbaki
- Bridgeport Hospital, Yale New Haven Health System, Bridgeport, CT
| | - Sadaf Assani
- Bridgeport Hospital, Yale New Haven Health System, Bridgeport, CT
| | - Neeraj Bhatt
- Bridgeport Hospital, Yale New Haven Health System, Bridgeport, CT
| | - Ian Karol
- Bridgeport Hospital, Yale New Haven Health System, Bridgeport, CT
| | - Alan Feldman
- Bridgeport Hospital, Yale New Haven Health System, Bridgeport, CT
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18
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Gascho D, Thali MJ, Niemann T. Post-mortem computed tomography: Technical principles and recommended parameter settings for high-resolution imaging. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2018; 58:70-82. [PMID: 29310502 DOI: 10.1177/0025802417747167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) has become a standard procedure in many forensic institutes worldwide. However, the standard scan protocols offered by vendors are optimised for clinical radiology and its main considerations regarding computed tomography (CT), namely, radiation exposure and motion artefacts. Thus, these protocols aim at low-dose imaging and fast imaging techniques. However, these considerations are negligible in post-mortem imaging, which allows for significantly increased image quality. Therefore, the parameters have to be adjusted to achieve the best image quality. Several parameters affect the image quality differently and have to be weighed against each other to achieve the best image quality for different diagnostic interests. There are two main groups of parameters that are adjustable by the user: acquisition parameters and reconstruction parameters. Acquisition parameters have to be selected prior to scanning and affect the raw data composition. In contrast, reconstruction parameters affect the calculation of the slice stacks from the raw data. This article describes the CT principles from acquiring image data to post-processing and provides an overview of the significant parameters for increasing the image quality in PMCT. Based on the CT principles, the effects of these parameters on the contrast, noise, resolution and frequently occurring artefacts are described. This article provides a guide for the performance of PMCT in morgues, clinical facilities or private practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Gascho
- 1 Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Thali
- 1 Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tilo Niemann
- 2 Department of Radiology, Cantonal Hospital Baden, Switzerland
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19
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van Kan R, Haest I, Lahaye M, Hofman P. The diagnostic value of forensic imaging in fatal gunshot incidents: A review of literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jofri.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Norman N, Dimmock M, Lee K, Graham J, Bassed R. The applicability of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography (DECT) in forensic odontology – A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jofri.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Grabherr S, Egger C, Vilarino R, Campana L, Jotterand M, Dedouit F. Modern post-mortem imaging: an update on recent developments. Forensic Sci Res 2017; 2:52-64. [PMID: 30483621 PMCID: PMC6197109 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2017.1330738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern post-mortem investigations use an increasing number of digital imaging methods, which can be collected under the term "post-mortem imaging". Most methods of forensic imaging are from the radiology field and are therefore techniques that show the interior of the body with technologies such as X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging. To digitally image the surface of the body, other techniques are regularly applied, e.g. three-dimensional (3D) surface scanning (3DSS) or photogrammetry. Today's most frequently used techniques include post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT), post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (PMMR), post-mortem computed tomographic angiography (PMCTA) and 3DSS or photogrammetry. Each of these methods has specific advantages and limitations. Therefore, the indications for using each method are different. While PMCT gives a rapid overview of the interior of the body and depicts the skeletal system and radiopaque foreign bodies, PMMR allows investigation of soft tissues and parenchymal organs. PMCTA is the method of choice for viewing the vascular system and detecting sources of bleeding. However, none of those radiological methods allow a detailed digital view of the body's surface, which makes 3DSS the best choice for such a purpose. If 3D surface scanners are not available, photogrammetry is an alternative. This review article gives an overview of different imaging techniques and explains their applications, advantages and limitations. We hope it will improve understanding of the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Grabherr
- University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Coraline Egger
- University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raquel Vilarino
- University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Legal Medicine, Central Institute of Hospitals, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Campana
- University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Jotterand
- University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Dedouit
- University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Single source dual-energy computed tomography in the diagnosis of gout: Diagnostic reliability in comparison to digital radiography and conventional computed tomography of the feet. Eur J Radiol 2016; 85:1829-1834. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Gao SY, Zhang XY, Wei W, Li XT, Li YL, Xu M, Sun YS, Zhang XP. Identification of benign and malignant thyroid nodules by in vivo iodine concentration measurement using single-source dual energy CT: A retrospective diagnostic accuracy study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4816. [PMID: 27684811 PMCID: PMC5265904 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study proposed to determine whether in vivo iodine concentration measurement by single-source dual energy (SSDE) CT can improve differentiation between benign and malignant thyroid nodules. In total, 53 patients presenting with thyroid nodules underwent SSDE CT scanning. Iodine concentrations were measured for each nodule and normal thyroid tissue using the GSI-viewer image analysis software. A total of 26 thyroid nodules were malignant in 26 patients and confirmed by surgery; 33 nodules from 27 patients were benign, with 10 confirmed by surgery and others after follow-up. Iodine concentrations with plain CT were significantly lower in malignant than benign nodules (0.47 ± 0.20 vs 1.17 ± 0.38 mg/mL, P = 0.00). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.93; with a cutoff of 0.67, iodine concentration showed 92.3% sensitivity and 88.5% specificity in diagnosing malignancy. Iodine concentration obtained by enhanced and plain CT were significantly higher in malignant than benign nodules (9.05 ± 3.35 vs 3.46 ± 2.24 mg/mL, P = 0.00). ROC curve analysis showed an AUC of 0.93; with a cutoff value of 3.37, iodine concentration displayed 78% sensitivity, 95% specificity in diagnosing malignancy. Combining unenhanced with enhanced iodine concentrations, the diagnostic equation was: Y = -8.641 × unenhanced iodine concentration + 0.663 × iodine concentration. ROC curve showed an AUC of 0.98 (95% CI, 0.94, 1.00). With Y ≥ -2 considered malignancy, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 96%, 96.3%, respectively. This study concluded that SSDE CT can detect the differences in iodine uptake and blood supply between benign and malignant thyroid lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Yu Gao
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiology
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiology
| | - Wei Wei
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute
| | - Xiao-Ting Li
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiology
| | - Yan-Ling Li
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiology
| | - Min Xu
- KLMI, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Shi Sun
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiology
- Correspondence: Ying-Shi Sun, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China (e-mail: )
| | - Xiao-Peng Zhang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiology
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Fetisov VA, Kuprina TA, Sinitsyn VE, Dubrova SE, Filimonov BA. [The foreign experience with the application of the modern radiodiagnostic methods for the estimation of prescription of death coming and time of infliction of injury]. Sud Med Ekspert 2016; 59:47-54. [PMID: 27358930 DOI: 10.17116/sudmed201659247-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We undertook the analysis of the foreign publications concerning the application of the modern radiodiagnostic methods (including MSCT- and MRI-visualization) with reference to the solution of the traditional problems facing forensic medical expertise, such as the estimation of prescription of death coming and time of infliction of injury in the dead bodies. Both advantages and disadvantages of postmortem visualization of the corpses of adult subjects are discussed taking into consideration the period of time that elapsed between the death and the onset of the study as well as the character of the injuries. It was shown that the examination of the corpses using the up-to-date methods of radiodiagnostics prior to autopsy makes it possible for morphologists, jointly with radiologists, to identify, to see in the new light, and to evaluate the number of charges in the dead body, such as the alteration of the blood cell sedimentation rate, the formation of postmortem hypostases in the internal organs, the hardening of the walls of aorta and major blood vessels, right heart dilatation, gradual smoothing of the borderline between grey and white matter of the brain. Virtual autopsy can be useful , even for the study of such long-term processes in the corpses as putrefaction, saponification, mummification, and peat tanning. Moreover, this technique may be instrumental in the elucidation of the specific features of topographic-anatomical relationships between individual 'tissues and organs, detection of the concealed lesions, and a variety of pathological changes. Postmortem visualization allows for the quantitative evaluation of the severity of these transformations and the preliminary estimation of prescription of death coming. Also, radiodiagnostic methods can be employed to reliably visualize and measure various hemorrhagic events (from the density of such ones as liquid and clotted blood) in the tissues surrounding the fractures, in body cavities, and internal organs as well as to establish the facts of inter-vital aspiration of blood, alimentary masses, liquid and solid foreign bodies penetrating into the upper sections of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts as the consequence f an injury. It is concluded that the postmortem visualization techniques employed to estimate prescription of death coming and time of infliction of injury as well as other complicated problems facing forensic medical expertize need the further scientifically based development.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Fetisov
- Federal state budgetary institution 'Russian Centre of Forensic Medical Expertise', Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia, 125284
| | - T A Kuprina
- Federal state budgetary institution 'Russian Centre of Forensic Medical Expertise', Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia, 125284
| | - V E Sinitsyn
- Therapeutic and Rehabilitative Centre of the Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia, 125367
| | - S E Dubrova
- M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia, 129110
| | - B A Filimonov
- I.M. Sechenov Moscow First State Medical University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
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25
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Bolliger SA, Thali MJ. Imaging and virtual autopsy: looking back and forward. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0253. [PMID: 26101279 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to create a three-dimensional (3D) documentation of findings which can be reassessed if necessary by other experts, the research project 'Virtopsy®' was launched in the late 1990s. This project combined autopsy results with forensic imaging in the form of computed tomography, magnetic resonance tomography and 3D surface scanning. The success of this project eventually succeeded in convincing the courts in Switzerland to accept these novel methods as evidence. As opposition towards autopsies has grown over the last decades, Virtopsy also strives to find and elaborate additional methods which can answer the main forensic questions without autopsy. These methods comprise post-mortem angiography for illustration of the vascular bed and image-guided tissue and fluid sampling for histological, toxicological and microbiological examinations. Based on the promising results, post-mortem imaging, especially with 3D surface scanning, has meanwhile also been applied to living victims of assault, who have suffered patterned injuries due to bites, blows with objects, etc. In our opinion, forensic imaging is an objective method which offers the possibility for a reassessment of the findings by other experts, even after burial or cremation of the corpse, or healing of the injuries in living victims, thus leading to a greater security in court.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Bolliger
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190/52, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Thali
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190/52, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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26
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Detection and Characterization of Crystal Suspensions Using Single-Source Dual-Energy Computed Tomography. Invest Radiol 2015; 50:255-60. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Morgan B, Adlam D, Robinson C, Pakkal M, Rutty GN. Adult post-mortem imaging in traumatic and cardiorespiratory death and its relation to clinical radiological imaging. Br J Radiol 2014; 87:20130662. [PMID: 24338941 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20130662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of post-mortem imaging is expanding throughout the world with increasing use of advanced imaging techniques, such as contrast-enhanced CT and MRI. The questions asked of post-mortem imaging are complex and can be very different, for example for natural sudden death investigation will focus on the cause, whereas for trauma the cause of death is often clear, but injury patterns may be very revealing in investigating the background to the incident. Post-mortem imaging is different to clinical imaging regarding both the appearance of pathology and the information required, but there is much to learn from many years of clinical research in the use of these techniques. Furthermore, it is possible that post-mortem imaging research could be used not only for investigating the cause of death but also as a model to conduct clinically relevant research. This article reviews challenges to the development of post-mortem imaging for trauma, identification and cardiorespiratory death, and how they may be influenced by current clinical thinking and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Morgan
- Imaging Department, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
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28
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Analysis of laryngeal fractures in decomposed bodies using microfocus computed tomography (mfCT). Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2014; 10:607-12. [PMID: 25119240 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-014-9584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem computed tomography (CT) is now routinely performed in forensic autopsies. Microfocus computed tomography (mfCT) has attracted recent attention because it can provide more detailed information than routine postmortem CT can. This feasibility study evaluated the usefulness of mfCT for examination of the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage in cases of suspected strangulation, where advanced decomposition precludes detection of petechial hemorrhages and hemorrhages adjacent to fractures. The results show that mfCT was useful for identification of thin fracture lines in the fragile laryngeal structures. We suggest that mfCT should be considered for forensic autopsies in cases of suspected strangulation with advanced decomposition.
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The applicability of using different energy levels in CT imaging for differentiation or identification of dental restorative materials. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2014; 10:543-9. [PMID: 25115671 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-014-9595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to investigate whether different computed tomography (CT) energy levels could supply additional information for the differentiation of dental materials for forensic investigations. METHODS Nine different commonly used restorative dental materials were investigated in this study. A total of 75 human third molars were filled with the restorative dental materials and then scanned using the forensic reference phantom in singlesource mode. The mean Hounsfield unit values and standard deviations (SDs) of each material were calculated at 120, 80 and 140 kVp. RESULTS Most of the dental materials could be differentiated at 120 kVp. We found that greater X-ray density of a material resulted in higher SDs and that the material volume could influence the measurements. CONCLUSION Differentiation of dental materials in CT was possible in many cases using single-energy CT scans at 120 kVp. Because of the number of dental restorative materials available and scanner and scan parameter dependence, as well as the CT imaging artifacts, the identification (in contrast to differentiation) was problematic.
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30
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Multimodality Imaging of Foreign Bodies of the Musculoskeletal System. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2014; 203:W92-102. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.13.11743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Grimm J, Wudy R, Ziegeler E, Wirth S, Uhl M, Reiser MF, Scherr M. Differentiation of heroin and cocaine using dual-energy CT—an experimental study. Int J Legal Med 2014; 128:475-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-014-0980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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32
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Forensic age estimation based on the trabecular bone changes of the pelvic bone using post-mortem CT. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 233:393-402. [PMID: 24314546 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the trabecular bone changes in the pubic bone (PB) and in the auricular surface (AS) of the ilium using 319 CT scans of cadavers to estimate the age. Although the sharpness of the trabecular structure decreases in CT images when soft tissues are present, we identified four phases for the changes in PB and five in AS; a juvenile trait in PB and a senile trait in AS helped narrow the age range. High correlation with age was identified for both sexes in PB (F 0.89; M 0.75) and in AS (F 0.85; M 0.71) used independently or combined (F 0.91; M 0.78). The old adults (>60 years) could be evaluated with better accuracy and discriminated in several phases. We found low inter-observer error and low inaccuracy (about 6 years, mean for all age ranges). The method is robust with respect to slice thickness, display window and kernel within the tested ranges.
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