1
|
Ghosh P, Saadat A. Neurodegeneration and epigenetics: A review. Neurologia 2023; 38:e62-e68. [PMID: 37344098 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal function and differentiation are tightly regulated by both genome and epigenome. Based on the environmental information the epigenetic changes occur. Neurodegeneration is the consequence of dysregulation of both the genome and epigenome. In this study, we saw different types of alterations of epigenome present in neuronal cells of different model organisms for neurodegenerative disorders. The epigenetic modifications including chromatin modification, DNA methylation, and changes in regulatory RNAs (miRNA) are having a great impact on neurodegenerative disorders as well as memory. The effects of these re-editing in the neuronal cells cause Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease but an unusual form of neuroepigenetics has been seen in Prion Disease. Subsequently, for the development of treatment of these diseases, epigenetic modifications should be kept in mind. Although until now many reports came on drug discovery inhibiting histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferases to reverse the epigenetic change but they lack targeted delivery and sometimes cause a cytotoxic effect on neuronal cells. In future, advancement in targeted and non-cytotoxic drugs should be the main focus for therapeutic treatment of the neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - A Saadat
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elangovan A, Venkatesan D, Selvaraj P, Pasha MY, Babu HWS, Iyer M, Narayanasamy A, Subramaniam MD, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A, Kumar NS, Vellingiri B. miRNA in Parkinson's disease: From pathogenesis to theranostic approaches. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:329-354. [PMID: 36502506 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age associated neurological disorder which is specified by cardinal motor symptoms such as tremor, stiffness, bradykinesia, postural instability, and non-motor symptoms. Dopaminergic neurons degradation in substantia nigra region and aggregation of αSyn are the classic signs of molecular defects noticed in PD pathogenesis. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNA) predicted to have a pivotal part in various processes regarding regularizing the cellular functions. Studies on dysregulation of miRNA in PD pathogenesis has recently gained the concern where our review unravels the role of miRNA expression in PD and its necessity in clinical validation for therapeutic development in PD. Here, we discussed how miRNA associated with ageing process in PD through molecular mechanistic approach of miRNAs on sirtuins, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, dopamine loss, oxidative stress and autophagic dysregulation. Further we have also conferred the expression of miRNAs affected by SNCA gene expression, neuronal differentiation and its therapeutic potential with PD. In conclusion, we suggest more rigorous studies should be conducted on understanding the mechanisms and functions of miRNA in PD which will eventually lead to discovery of novel and promising therapeutics for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Elangovan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India
| | - Dhivya Venkatesan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India
| | - Priyanka Selvaraj
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India
| | - Md Younus Pasha
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India
| | - Harysh Winster Suresh Babu
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India.,Department of Zoology, Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Livestock Farming, & Bioresources Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Department of Zoology, Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India
| | - Mohana Devi Subramaniam
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Tamil Nadu, Vellore, India
| | | | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India.,Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, Bathinda, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Interplay between circular RNA, microRNA, and human diseases. Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:277-286. [PMID: 35084582 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are endogenous RNA formed by the back splicing process. They are ubiquitous, stable, evolutionally conserved, and are tissue-specific. The biochemical and molecular features of circRNAs hold the potential to be used as biomarkers in various diseases to achieve pharmacological goals. CircRNAs have numerous latent modes of action, from acting as sponges for microRNAs and RNA binding proteins to serve as transcriptional regulators, epigenetic alterations, etc. Dysregulated functioning of several circular RNAs lead to the progression of a plethora of diseases. Due to their extremely stable nature and amazing tissue specificity, circRNAs have paved the way for advanced clinical studies as a novel method of early disease detection and treatment efficacy. Therefore, they have been recognized as a latent diagnostic biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sundaramoorthy TH, Castanho I. The Neuroepigenetic Landscape of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Epigenet Insights 2022; 15:25168657221135848. [PMID: 36353727 PMCID: PMC9638687 DOI: 10.1177/25168657221135848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate and invertebrate models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, have been paramount to our understanding of the pathophysiology of these conditions; however, the brain epigenetic landscape is less well established in these disease models. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs are among commonly studied mechanisms of epigenetic regulation. Genome-wide studies and candidate studies of specific methylation marks, histone marks, and microRNAs have demonstrated the dysregulation of these mechanisms in models of neurodegenerative diseases; however, the studies to date are scarce and inconclusive and the implications of many of these changes are still not fully understood. In this review, we summarize epigenetic changes reported to date in the brain of vertebrate and invertebrate models used to study neurodegenerative diseases, specifically diseases affecting the aging population. We also discuss caveats of epigenetic research so far and the use of disease models to understand neurodegenerative diseases, with the aim of improving the use of model organisms in this context in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Castanho
- University of Exeter Medical School,
University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,
Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
- Isabel Castanho, University of Exeter
Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK. Emails:
;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Roles and mechanisms of exosomal non-coding RNAs in human health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:383. [PMID: 34753929 PMCID: PMC8578673 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes play a role as mediators of cell-to-cell communication, thus exhibiting pleiotropic activities to homeostasis regulation. Exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), mainly microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are closely related to a variety of biological and functional aspects of human health. When the exosomal ncRNAs undergo tissue-specific changes due to diverse internal or external disorders, they can cause tissue dysfunction, aging, and diseases. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the underlying regulatory mechanisms of exosomes in human diseases. In addition, we explore the current knowledge on the roles of exosomal miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in human health and diseases, including cancers, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases, to determine their potential implication in biomarker identification and therapeutic exploration.
Collapse
|
6
|
Evans B, Furlong HA, de Lencastre A. Parkinson's disease and microRNAs - Lessons from model organisms and human studies. Exp Gerontol 2021; 155:111585. [PMID: 34634413 PMCID: PMC8596463 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, age-associated neurodegenerative disorder that affects an estimated 10 million people worldwide. PD is characterized by proteinaceous, cytoplasmic inclusions containing α-synuclein, called Lewy Bodies, which form in dopaminergic neurons in an age-dependent manner, and are associated with the emergence of characteristic PD symptoms such as resting tremor, rigidity, slow movements and postural instability. Although considerable progress has been made in recent years in identifying genetic and environmental factors that are associated with PD, early diagnosis and therapeutic options remain severely lacking. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as novel therapeutic targets in various diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. MiRNAs have been shown to play roles in various aging and neurodegenerative disease models across phyla. More recently, studies have identified specific roles for miRNAs and their targets in the pathogenesis and progression of PD in several model organisms. Here, we discuss the evolving field of miRNAs, their association with PD, and the outlook for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT 06518, USA
| | - Howard A Furlong
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT 06473, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chandler R, Cogo S, Lewis P, Kevei E. Modelling the functional genomics of Parkinson's disease in Caenorhabditis elegans: LRRK2 and beyond. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20203672. [PMID: 34397087 PMCID: PMC8415217 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, Parkinson's disease (PD) cases have been genetically categorised into familial, when caused by mutations in single genes with a clear inheritance pattern in affected families, or idiopathic, in the absence of an evident monogenic determinant. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed how common genetic variability can explain up to 36% of PD heritability and that PD manifestation is often determined by multiple variants at different genetic loci. Thus, one of the current challenges in PD research stands in modelling the complex genetic architecture of this condition and translating this into functional studies. Caenorhabditis elegans provide a profound advantage as a reductionist, economical model for PD research, with a short lifecycle, straightforward genome engineering and high conservation of PD relevant neural, cellular and molecular pathways. Functional models of PD genes utilising C. elegans show many phenotypes recapitulating pathologies observed in PD. When contrasted with mammalian in vivo and in vitro models, these are frequently validated, suggesting relevance of C. elegans in the development of novel PD functional models. This review will discuss how the nematode C. elegans PD models have contributed to the uncovering of molecular and cellular mechanisms of disease, with a focus on the genes most commonly found as causative in familial PD and risk factors in idiopathic PD. Specifically, we will examine the current knowledge on a central player in both familial and idiopathic PD, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and how it connects to multiple PD associated GWAS candidates and Mendelian disease-causing genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanna Cogo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, U.K
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121, Italy
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 0TU, U.K
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, U.K
| | - Eva Kevei
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sun H, Su X, Li S, Mu D, Qu Y. Roles of glia-derived extracellular vesicles in central nervous system diseases: an update. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:833-849. [PMID: 33792214 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous vesicles secreted by various cells in the extracellular space. Accumulating evidence shows that EVs regulate cell-to-cell communication and signaling in the pathological processes of various diseases by carrying proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids to recipient cells. Glia-derived EVs act as a double-edged sword in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. They may be vectors for the spread of diseases or act as effective clearance systems to protect tissues. In this review, we summarize recent studies on glia-derived EVs with a focus on their relationships with CNS diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Shiping Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ghosh P, Saadat A. Neurodegeneration and epigenetics: A review. Neurologia 2021; 38:S0213-4853(21)00034-7. [PMID: 33712337 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal function and differentiation are tightly regulated by both genome and epigenome. Based on the environmental information the epigenetic changes occur. Neurodegeneration is the consequence of dysregulation of both the genome and epigenome. In this study, we saw different types of alterations of epigenome present in neuronal cells of different model organisms for neurodegenerative disorders. The epigenetic modifications including chromatin modification, DNA methylation, and changes in regulatory RNAs (miRNA) are having a great impact on neurodegenerative disorders as well as memory. The effects of these re-editing in the neuronal cells cause Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease but an unusual form of neuroepigenetics has been seen in Prion Disease. Subsequently, for the development of treatment of these diseases, epigenetic modifications should be kept in mind. Although until now many reports came on drug discovery inhibiting histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferases to reverse the epigenetic change but they lack targeted delivery and sometimes cause a cytotoxic effect on neuronal cells. In future, advancement in targeted and non-cytotoxic drugs should be the main focus for therapeutic treatment of the neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - A Saadat
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kumar A, Kim S, Su Y, Sharma M, Kumar P, Singh S, Lee J, Furdui CM, Singh R, Hsu FC, Kim J, Whitlow CT, Nader MA, Deep G. Brain cell-derived exosomes in plasma serve as neurodegeneration biomarkers in male cynomolgus monkeys self-administrating oxycodone. EBioMedicine 2021; 63:103192. [PMID: 33418508 PMCID: PMC7804975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The United States is currently facing an opioid crisis. Novel tools to better comprehend dynamic molecular changes in the brain associated with the opioid abuse are limited. Recent studies have suggested the usefulness of plasma exosomes in better understanding CNS disorders. However, no study has ever characterized exosomes (small extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin) secreted by brain cells to understand the potential neurodegenerative effects of long-term oxycodone self-administration (SA). Methods MRI of Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) was performed to assess alterations in gray matter volumes with oxycodone SA. We isolated total exosomes (TE) from the plasma of these monkeys; from TE, we pulled-out neuron-derived exosomes (NDE), astrocytes-derived exosomes (ADE), and microglia-derived exosomes (MDE) using surface biomarkers L1CAM (L1 cell adhesion molecule), GLAST (Glutamate aspartate transporter) and TMEM119 (transmembrane protein119), respectively. Findings We observed a significantly lower gray matter volume of specific lobes of the brain (frontal and parietal lobes, and right putamen) in monkeys with ∼3 years of oxycodone SA compared to controls. Higher expression of neurodegenerative biomarkers (NFL and α-synuclein) correlates well with the change in brain lobe volumes in control and oxycodone SA monkeys. We also identified a strong effect of oxycodone SA on the loading of specific miRNAs and proteins associated with neuro-cognitive disorders. Finally, exosomes subpopulation from oxycodone SA group activated NF-κB activity in THP1- cells. Interpretation These results provide evidence for the utility of brain cells-derived exosomes from plasma in better understanding and predicting the pro-inflammatory and neurodegenerative consequence of oxycodone SA. Funding NIH
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, United States
| | - Susy Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, United States
| | - Yixin Su
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, United States
| | - Mitu Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, United States
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, United States
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, United States
| | - Jingyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States; Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Wake Forest Baptist Health, United States
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States; Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Wake Forest Baptist Health, United States; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Health, United States
| | - Ravi Singh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, United States; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Health, United States
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Health, United States; Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest Baptist Health, United States
| | - Jeongchul Kim
- Radiology Informatics and Image Processing Laboratory, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States; Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States
| | - Christopher T Whitlow
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Health, United States; Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest Baptist Health, United States; Radiology Informatics and Image Processing Laboratory, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States; Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States; Center for Research on Substance Use and Addiction, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States
| | - Michael A Nader
- Center for Research on Substance Use and Addiction, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, NRC 546, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States.
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, United States; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Health, United States; Center for Research on Substance Use and Addiction, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States; Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The Role of Exosomal microRNAs and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3232869. [PMID: 33193999 PMCID: PMC7641266 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3232869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are aging-associated diseases with irreversible damage of brain tissue. Oxidative stress is commonly detected in neurodegenerative diseases and related to neuronal injury and pathological progress. Exosome, one of the extracellular vesicles, is demonstrated to carry microRNAs (miRNAs) and build up a cell-cell communication in neurons. Recent research has found that exosomal miRNAs regulate the activity of multiple physiological pathways, including the oxidative stress response, in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the role of exosomal miRNAs and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Firstly, we explore the relationship between oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases. Secondly, we introduce the characteristics of exosomes and roles of exosome-related miRNAs. Thirdly, we summarized the crosstalk between exosomal miRNAs and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Fourthly, we discuss the potential of exosomes to be a biomarker in neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we summarize the advantages of exosome-based delivery and present situation of research on exosome-based delivery of therapeutic miRNA. Our work is aimed at probing and reinforcing the recognition of the pathomechanism of neurodegenerative diseases and providing the basis for novel strategies of clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
|
12
|
Marchetti B, Leggio L, L’Episcopo F, Vivarelli S, Tirolo C, Paternò G, Giachino C, Caniglia S, Serapide MF, Iraci N. Glia-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061941. [PMID: 32575923 PMCID: PMC7356371 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are fundamental players in the central nervous system (CNS) development and homeostasis, both in health and disease states. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), a dysfunctional glia-neuron crosstalk represents a common final pathway contributing to the chronic and progressive death of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Notably, glial cells communicating with each other by an array of molecules, can acquire a “beneficial” or “destructive” phenotype, thereby enhancing neuronal death/vulnerability and/or exerting critical neuroprotective and neuroreparative functions, with mechanisms that are actively investigated. An important way of delivering messenger molecules within this glia-neuron cross-talk consists in the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are nano-sized membranous particles able to convey a wide range of molecular cargoes in a controlled way, depending on the specific donor cell and the microenvironmental milieu. Given the dual role of glia in PD, glia-derived EVs may deliver molecules carrying various messages for the vulnerable/dysfunctional DAergic neurons. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art of glial-neuron interactions and glia-derived EVs in PD. Also, EVs have the ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), thus acting both within the CNS and outside, in the periphery. In these regards, this review discloses the emerging applications of EVs, with a special focus on glia-derived EVs as potential carriers of new biomarkers and nanotherapeutics for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Marchetti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.L.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (N.I.)
| | - Loredana Leggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Francesca L’Episcopo
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.L.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Silvia Vivarelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Cataldo Tirolo
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.L.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Greta Paternò
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Carmela Giachino
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.L.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Salvatore Caniglia
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.L.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Maria Francesca Serapide
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (N.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mumtaz PT, Taban Q, Dar MA, Mir S, Haq ZU, Zargar SM, Shah RA, Ahmad SM. Deep Insights in Circular RNAs: from biogenesis to therapeutics. Biol Proced Online 2020; 22:10. [PMID: 32467674 PMCID: PMC7227217 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-020-00122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as a universal novel class of eukaryotic non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules and are becoming a new research hotspot in RNA biology. They form a covalent loop without 5′ cap and 3′ tail, unlike their linear counterparts. Endogenous circRNAs in mammalian cells are abundantly conserved and discovered so far. In the biogenesis of circRNAs exonic, intronic, reverse complementary sequences or RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a very important role. Interestingly, the majority of them are highly conserved, stable, resistant to RNase R and show developmental-stage/tissue-specific expression. CircRNAs play multifunctional roles as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, regulators of transcription and post-transcription, parental gene expression and translation of proteins in various diseased conditions. Growing evidence shows that circRNAs play an important role in neurological disorders, atherosclerotic vascular disease, and cancer and potentially serve as diagnostic or predictive biomarkers due to its abundance in various biological samples. Here, we review the biogenesis, properties, functions, and impact of circRNAs on various diseases. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peerzada Tajamul Mumtaz
- 1Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Shuhama, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, 19006 India.,2Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India
| | - Qamar Taban
- 1Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Shuhama, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, 19006 India.,3Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Mashooq Ahmad Dar
- 1Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Shuhama, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, 19006 India
| | - Shabir Mir
- Division of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | - Zulfkar Ul Haq
- Division of Livestock Production and Management, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | - Sajad Majeed Zargar
- 1Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Shuhama, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, 19006 India.,6Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, J&K 190025 India
| | - Riaz Ahmad Shah
- 1Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Shuhama, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, 19006 India
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- 1Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Shuhama, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, 19006 India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tang F, Zhao L, Yu Q, Liu T, Gong H, Liu Z, Li Q. Upregulation of miR-215 attenuates propofol-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in developing neurons by targeting LATS2. Mol Med 2020; 26:38. [PMID: 32375631 PMCID: PMC7202001 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic agent that commonly induces significant neuroapoptosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to participate in the regulation of propofol exposure-mediated neurotoxicity. MiR-215, as one of miRNAs, was found to regulate nerve cell survival. However, the mechanism through which miRNAs regulate propofol exposure-mediated neurotoxicity is still unclear. Methods Real-time PCR was used to detect miR-215 expression level. Cell viability was measured using MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was examined via flow cytometry analysis. ROS, MDA, LDH and SOD levels were assayed through ELISA kits. Dual luciferase reporter assay identified the interaction between miR-215 and large tumor suppressor 2 (LATS2). Protein level was detected using western blot analysis. Results MiR-215 expression was downregulated in propofol-treated rat hippocampal neurons. MiR-215 mimics promoted cell viability and reduced apoptosis in propofol-treated neonatal rat hippocampal neuron. MiR-215 mimics also caused inhibition of oxidative stress as evidenced by suppression of ROS, MDA and LDH levels as well as increase of SOD level. In addition, we found that large tumor suppressor 2 (LATS2) is a target of miR-215 and miR-215 mimics decreased LATS2 level in propofol-treated neonatal rat hippocampal neuron. Further, LATS2 overexpression suppressed the effect of miR-215 on propofol-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in neonatal rat hippocampal neuron. Conclusion Taken together, we demonstrate that miR-215 attenuates propofol-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in neonatal rat hippocampal neuron by targeting LATS2, suggesting that miR-215 may provide a new candidate for the treatment of propofol exposure-induced neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang City, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang City, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang City, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Tianyin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang City, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hongyan Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang City, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang City, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang City, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Goh SY, Chao YX, Dheen ST, Tan EK, Tay SSW. Role of MicroRNAs in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5649. [PMID: 31718095 PMCID: PMC6888719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disabling neurodegenerative disease that manifests with resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability. Since the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in 1993, miRNAs have been shown to be important biological molecules involved in diverse processes to maintain normal cellular functions. Over the past decade, many studies have reported dysregulation of miRNA expressions in PD. Here, we identified 15 miRNAs from 34 reported screening studies that demonstrated dysregulation in the brain and/or neuronal models, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Specific miRNAs-of-interest that have been implicated in PD pathogenesis include miR-30, miR-29, let-7, miR-485 and miR-26. However, there are several challenges and limitations in drawing definitive conclusions due to the small sample size in clinical studies, varied laboratory techniques and methodologies and their incomplete penetrance of the blood-brain barrier. Developing an optimal delivery system and unravelling druggable targets of miRNAs in both experimental and human models and clinical validation of the results may pave way for novel therapeutics in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suh Yee Goh
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore 117594, Singapore; (S.Y.G.); (S.T.D.)
| | - Yin Xia Chao
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Medical Education, Research and Evaluation (MERE) department, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Shaikali Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore 117594, Singapore; (S.Y.G.); (S.T.D.)
| | - Eng-King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders (NBD) department, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Samuel Sam-Wah Tay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore 117594, Singapore; (S.Y.G.); (S.T.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
General anesthetic neurotoxicity in the young: Mechanism and prevention. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:883-896. [PMID: 31606415 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
General anesthesia (GA) is usually considered to safely induce a reversible unconscious state allowing surgery to be performed without pain. A growing number of studies, in particular pre-clinical studies, however, demonstrate that general anesthetics can cause neuronal death and even long-term neurological deficits. Herein, we report our literature review and meta-analysis data of the neurological outcomes after anesthesia in the young. We also review available mechanistic and epigenetic data of GA exposure related to cognitive impairment per se and the potential preventive strategies including natural herbal compounds to attenuate those side effects. In summary, anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity may be treatable and natural herbal compounds and other medications may have great potential for such use but warrants further study before clinical applications can be initiated.
Collapse
|
17
|
The roles of circular RNAs in human development and diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:198-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
18
|
Navarro-Sánchez L, Águeda-Gómez B, Aparicio S, Pérez-Tur J. Epigenetic Study in Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Analysis of DNA Methylation in Candidate Genes in Brain. Cells 2018; 7:cells7100150. [PMID: 30261625 PMCID: PMC6210421 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts have been made to understand the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). A significant number of studies have focused on genetics, despite the fact that the described pathogenic mutations have been observed only in around 10% of patients; this observation supports the fact that PD is a multifactorial disorder. Lately, differences in miRNA expression, histone modification, and DNA methylation levels have been described, highlighting the importance of epigenetic factors in PD etiology. Taking all this into consideration, we hypothesized that an alteration in the level of methylation in PD-related genes could be related to disease pathogenesis, possibly due to alterations in gene expression. After analysing promoter regions of five PD-related genes in three brain regions by pyrosequencing, we observed some differences in DNA methylation levels (hypo and hypermethylation) in substantia nigra in some CpG dinucleotides that, possibly through an alteration in Sp1 binding, could alter their expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Navarro-Sánchez
- Unitat de Genètica Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, 46010 València, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Águeda-Gómez
- Unitat de Genètica Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, 46010 València, Spain.
| | - Silvia Aparicio
- Unitat de Genètica Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, 46010 València, Spain.
| | - Jordi Pérez-Tur
- Unitat de Genètica Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, 46010 València, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 46010 València, Spain.
- Unidad Mixta de Genética y Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 València, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ramaswamy P, Christopher R, Pal PK, Yadav R. MicroRNAs to differentiate Parkinsonian disorders: Advances in biomarkers and therapeutics. J Neurol Sci 2018; 394:26-37. [PMID: 30196132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinsonian disorders are a set of progressive neurodegenerative movement disorders characterized by rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability and their distinction has significant implications in terms of management and prognosis. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common among them. Its clinical diagnosis is challenging and, it can be misdiagnosed in the early stages. Multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy are the close mimickers in early stages, due to overlapping clinical features. MicroRNAs are a class of stable non-coding small RNA molecules implicated in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Current studies propose that miRNAs play an essential role in the pathobiology of multiple neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinsonism, and they seem to be one of the reasonably available methods to aid in the differential diagnosis between PD and related disorders. MicroRNA-based diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutics are a powerful tool to understand and explore the function of the pathogenic gene/s, their mechanism in the disease pathobiology, and to validate drug targets. In this review, we emphasize on the recent developments in the usage of miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers to identify PD and to differentiate it from atypical parkinsonian conditions, their role in disease pathogenesis, and their possible utility in the therapy of these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palaniswamy Ramaswamy
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Rita Christopher
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560029, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schulze M, Sommer A, Plötz S, Farrell M, Winner B, Grosch J, Winkler J, Riemenschneider MJ. Sporadic Parkinson's disease derived neuronal cells show disease-specific mRNA and small RNA signatures with abundant deregulation of piRNAs. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:58. [PMID: 29986767 PMCID: PMC6038190 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated neurons established via iPSCs from patients that suffer from familial Parkinson's disease (PD) have allowed insights into the mechanisms of neurodegeneration. In the larger cohort of patients with sporadic PD, iPSC based information on disease specific cellular phenotypes is rare. We asked whether differences may be present on genomic and epigenomic levels and performed a comprehensive transcriptomic and epigenomic analysis of fibroblasts, iPSCs and differentiated neuronal cells of sporadic PD-patients and controls. We found that on mRNA level, although fibroblasts and iPSCs are largely indistinguishable, differentiated neuronal cells of sporadic PD patients show significant alterations enriched in pathways known to be involved in disease aetiology, like the CREB-pathway and the pathway regulating PGC1α. Moreover, miRNAs and piRNAs/piRNA-like molecules are largely differentially regulated in cells and post-mortem tissue samples between control- and PD-patients. The most striking differences can be found in piRNAs/piRNA-like molecules, with SINE- and LINE-derived piRNAs highly downregulated in a disease specific manner. We conclude that neuronal cells derived from sporadic PD-patients help to elucidate novel disease mechanisms and provide relevant insight into the epigenetic landscape of sporadic Parkinson's disease as particularly regulated by small RNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schulze
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Present address: Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika Sommer
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sonja Plötz
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michaela Farrell
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janina Grosch
- Department of Molecular Neurology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus J Riemenschneider
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lardenoije R, Pishva E, Lunnon K, van den Hove DL. Neuroepigenetics of Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 158:49-82. [PMID: 30072060 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are complex, progressive disorders and affect millions of people worldwide, contributing significantly to the global burden of disease. In recent years, research has begun to investigate epigenetic mechanisms for a potential role in disease etiology. In this chapter, we describe the current state of play for epigenetic research into neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. We focus on the recent evidence for a potential role of DNA modifications, histone modifications and non-coding RNA in the etiology of these disorders. Finally, we discuss how new technological and bioinformatics advances in the field of epigenetics could further progress our understanding about the underlying mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lardenoije
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ehsan Pishva
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Lunnon
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen L, Yang J, Lü J, Cao S, Zhao Q, Yu Z. Identification of aberrant circulating miRNAs in Parkinson's disease plasma samples. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00941. [PMID: 29670823 PMCID: PMC5893342 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect the aberrant expression of circulating miRNAs and explore the potential early diagnostic biomarkers in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Plasma samples were collected from 25 treatment-naïve PD-diagnosed patients and 25 healthy controls followed by a real-time PCR-based miRNA screening analysis of neuron disease-related miRNAs. RESULTS A subset of miRNAs with aberrant expression levels in the plasma of PD-diagnosed patients were identified including upregulation of miR-27a and downregulation of let-7a, let-7f, miR-142-3p, and miR-222 with the AUC values more than 0.8 derived from the receiver operating characteristic curves. CONCLUSIONS The high sensitivity and specificity of the circulating miRNAs may enable early diagnosis of PD. The study provides a group of novel miRNA candidates for detecting PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of NeurologyTianjin Huan Hu Hospital Jinnan District, Tianjin China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases Tianjin China
| | - Junxiu Yang
- Department of Neurology Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Cangzhou China
| | - Jinhui Lü
- Research Center for Translational Medicine East Hospital Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Shanshan Cao
- Department of NeurologyTianjin Huan Hu Hospital Jinnan District, Tianjin China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases Tianjin China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine East Hospital Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Zuoren Yu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine East Hospital Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chi J, Xie Q, Jia J, Liu X, Sun J, Deng Y, Yi L. Integrated Analysis and Identification of Novel Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:178. [PMID: 29967579 PMCID: PMC6016006 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a quite common neurodegenerative disorder with a prevalence of approximately 1:800-1,000 in subjects over 60 years old. The aim of our study was to determine the candidate target genes in PD through meta-analysis of multiple gene expression arrays datasets and to further combine mRNA and miRNA expression analyses to identify more convincing biological targets and their regulatory factors. Six included datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database by systematical search, including five mRNA datasets (150 substantia nigra samples in total) and one miRNA dataset containing 32 peripheral blood samples. A chip meta-analysis of five microarray data was conducted by using the metaDE package and 94 differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs were comprehensively obtained. And 19 deregulated DE miRNAs were obtained through the analysis of one miRNAs dataset by Qlucore Omics Explorer software. An interaction network formed by DE mRNAs, DE miRNAs, and important pathways was discovered after we analyzed the functional enrichment, protein-protein interactions, and miRNA targetome prediction analysis. In conclusion, this study suggested that five significantly downregulated mRNAs (MAPK8, CDC42, NDUFS1, COX4I1, and SDHC) and three significantly downregulated miRNAs (miR-126-5p, miR-19-3p, and miR-29a-3p) were potentially useful diagnostic markers in clinic, and lipid metabolism (especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathway) and mitochondrial dysregulation may be the keys to biochemically detectable molecular defects. However, the role of these new biomarkers and molecular mechanisms in PD requires further experiments in vivo and in vitro and further clinical evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieshan Chi
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qizhi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jingjing Jia
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoma Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanfei Deng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases Shenzhen Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Yi
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases Shenzhen Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Li Yi,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang Q, Zhan Y, Ren N, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Wu S, Li H. Paraquat and MPTP alter microRNA expression profiles, and downregulated expression of miR-17-5p contributes to PQ-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:665-677. [PMID: 29250806 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the toxic effects of paraquat (PQ) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on miRNA expression profiles in dopaminergic neurons have not been investigated. In the present study, we used microarray analysis to show that PQ and MPTP induce alterations of miRNA expression in neuro-2a cells. The results reveal that treatment with 300 μm PQ caused miRNA deregulation, such that 60 miRNAs were upregulated and 228 miRNAs were downregulated. Following treatment with 300 μm MPTP, a total of 576 miRNAs were dysregulated, of which 506 were upregulated and 70 were downregulated. Alterations in the expression of miR-17-5p, miR-210-3p, miR-374-5p, miR-378-3p and miR-503-5p were verified by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, overexpression of miR-17-5p in Neuro-2a cells enhanced cell proliferation, suppressed apoptosis and promoted S phase transition of the cell cycle after PQ treatment. Taken together, our study demonstrates that characteristic changes in miRNA expression profiles occur after PQ and MPTP treatment, which suggests that miRNAs may be involved in the development of PQ- and MPTP-induced neurodegeneration. Downregulated miR-17-5p expression contributes to PQ-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Yanting Zhan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, China.,Health Management Department, Fujian Health College, China
| | - Nan Ren
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Zhangjing Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Qunwei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, China.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Louisville, USA
| | - Siying Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Universities and Colleges in Fujian, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Universities and Colleges in Fujian, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nelson PT, Wang WX, Janse SA, Thompson KL. MicroRNA expression patterns in human anterior cingulate and motor cortex: A study of dementia with Lewy bodies cases and controls. Brain Res 2017; 1678:374-383. [PMID: 29146111 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OVERVIEW MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we evaluated the expression of miRNAs in anterior cingulate (AC; Brodmann area [BA] 24) and primary motor (MO; BA 4) cortical tissue from aged human brains in the University of Kentucky AD Center autopsy cohort, with a focus on dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). METHODS RNA was isolated from gray matter of brain samples with pathology-defined DLB, AD, AD + DLB, and low-pathology controls, with n = 52 cases initially included (n = 23 with DLB), all with low (<4 h) postmortem intervals. RNA was profiled using Exiqon miRNA microarrays. Quantitative PCR for post hoc replication was performed on separate cases (n = 6 controls) and included RNA isolated from gray matter of MO, AC, primary somatosensory (BA 3), and dorsolateral prefrontal (BA 9) cortical regions. RESULTS The miRNA expression patterns differed substantially according to anatomic location: of the relatively highly-expressed miRNAs, 150/481 (31%) showed expression that was different between AC versus MO (at p < .05 following correction for multiple comparisons), most (79%) with higher expression in MO. A subset of these results were confirmed in qPCR validation focusing on miR-7, miR-153, miR-133b, miR-137, and miR-34a. No significant variation in miRNA expression was detected in association with either neuropathology or sex after correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION A subset of miRNAs (some previously associated with α-synucleinopathy and/or directly targeting α-synuclein mRNA) were differentially expressed in AC and MO, which may help explain why these brain regions show differences in vulnerability to Lewy body pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Wang-Xia Wang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sarah A Janse
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shamsuzzama, Kumar L, Nazir A. Modulation of Alpha-synuclein Expression and Associated Effects by MicroRNA Let-7 in Transgenic C. elegans. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:328. [PMID: 29081733 PMCID: PMC5645510 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multi-factorial disorder lacking complete cure. Understanding the complete mechanism of initiation and progression of this disease has been quite challenging; however, progress has been made toward deciphering certain genetic aspects related to the disease condition. Genetics studies have provided clues toward the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in various disease conditions. One of the crucial miRNA molecules, let-7, is highly conserved miRNA and is known to regulate important functions of development and viability; its altered expression has been reported in C. elegans model of PD. We carried out studies with let-7, employing transgenic C. elegans model expressing ‘human’ alpha-synuclein and developed a let-7 loss-of-function model toward studying the downstream effects related to PD. We observed that let-7 miRNA was upregulated in C. elegans model of PD and figured that loss of let-7 miRNA leads to decreased alpha-synuclein expression, increased autophagy, increased Daf-16 expression, increased oxidative stress and increased lipid content with no effect on dopaminergic/acetylcholinergic neurons. Our findings indicate that let-7 miRNA regulates PD-associated pathways. Our study provides insight toward the role of let-7 in regulating expression of genes associated with these pathways which might have implications on the multi-factorial nature of PD. Potential pharmacological agents modulating the expression of let-7 could be studied toward targeting the multi-factorial aspect of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamsuzzama
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tarale P, Daiwile AP, Sivanesan S, Stöger R, Bafana A, Naoghare PK, Parmar D, Chakrabarti T, Krishnamurthi K. Manganese exposure: Linking down-regulation of miRNA-7 and miRNA-433 with α-synuclein overexpression and risk of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 46:94-101. [PMID: 28986288 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Manganese is an essential trace element however elevated environmental and occupational exposure to this element has been correlated with neurotoxicity symptoms clinically identical to idiopathic Parkinson's disease. In the present study we chronically exposed human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells to manganese (100μM) and carried out expression profiling of miRNAs known to modulate neuronal differentiation and neurodegeneration. The miRNA PCR array results reveal alterations in expression levels of miRNAs, which have previously been associated with the regulation of synaptic transmission and apoptosis. The expressions of miR-7 and miR-433 significantly reduced upon manganese exposure. By in silico homology analysis we identified SNCA and FGF-20as targets of miR-7 and miR-433. We demonstrate an inverse correlation in expression levels where reduction in these two miRNAs causes increases in SNCA and FGF-20. Transient transfection of SH-SY5Y cells with miR-7 and miR-433 mimics resulted in down regulation of SNCA and FGF-20 mRNA levels. Our study is the first to uncover the potential link between manganese exposure, altered miRNA expression and parkinsonism: manganese exposure causes overexpression of SNCA and FGF-20 by diminishing miR-7 and miR-433 levels. These miRNAs may be considered critical for protection from manganese induced neurotoxic mechanism and hence as potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Tarale
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440020, India; Schools of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Atul P Daiwile
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440020, India
| | - Saravanadevi Sivanesan
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440020, India.
| | - Reinhard Stöger
- Schools of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Amit Bafana
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440020, India
| | - Pravin K Naoghare
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440020, India
| | - Devendra Parmar
- Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Tapan Chakrabarti
- Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology [VNIT], Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Kannan Krishnamurthi
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440020, India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Role of miRNAs in development and disease: Lessons learnt from small organisms. Life Sci 2017; 185:8-14. [PMID: 28728902 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a class of small (18-22 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and many other small organisms have been instrumental in deciphering the biological functions of miRNAs. While some miRNAs from small organisms are highly conserved across the taxa, others are organism specific. The miRNAs are known to play a crucial role during development and in various cellular functions such as cell survival, cell proliferation, and differentiation. The miRNAs associated with fragile X syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, cancer, malaria, infectious diseases and several other human diseases have been identified from small organisms. These organisms have been used as platforms in deciphering the functions of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of human diseases and to study miRNA biogenesis. Small organisms have also been used in the development of miRNA-based diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies. The molecular techniques such as genome sequencing, northern blot analysis, and quantitative RT-PCR, have been used in deciphering the functions of miRNAs in small organisms. How miRNAs from small organisms especially those from Drosophila and C. elegans regulate development and disease pathogenesis is the focus of this review. The outstanding questions raised by our current understanding are discussed.
Collapse
|
29
|
Singh A, Sen D. MicroRNAs in Parkinson's disease. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:2359-2374. [PMID: 28526930 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4989-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease commonly affecting the older population. Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of brain leads to impairment of motor activities as well as cognitive defects. There are many underlying causes to this disease, both genetic and epigenetic, which are yet to be fully explored. Non-coding RNAs are significant part of our genome and are involved in various cellular processes. MicroRNAs, which are small non-coding RNAs having 20-22 nucleotides, are involved in many underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's. This review focuses on the role played by microRNAs in regulating various genes responsible for the onset and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and various literature evidences pointing at the usefulness of targeting specific microRNAs as a potential alternate therapeutic strategy for successful impairment of the disease progression. This review also discusses about various biofluid-based microRNA markers which may be potentially utilized for diagnostic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Singh
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Dwaipayan Sen
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pavlou MAS, Pinho R, Paiva I, Outeiro TF. The yin and yang of α-synuclein-associated epigenetics in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2017; 140:878-886. [PMID: 27585855 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. The main neuropathological hallmarks of the disease are the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the accumulation of protein inclusions known as Lewy bodies. Recently, great attention has been given to the study of genes associated with both familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. Among them, the α-synuclein gene is believed to play a central role in the disease and is, therefore, one of the most studied genes. Parkinson's disease is a complex disorder and, as such, derives from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Here, we offer an update on the landscape of epigenetic-mediated regulation of gene expression that has been linked with α-synuclein and associated with Parkinson's disease. We also provide an overview of how epigenetic modifications can influence the transcription and/or translation of the α-synuclein gene and, on the other hand, how α-synuclein function/dysfunction can, per se, affect the epigenetic landscape. Finally, we discuss how a deeper understanding of the epigenetic profile of α-synuclein may enable the development of novel therapeutic approaches for Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeliki S Pavlou
- Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raquel Pinho
- Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4099-002, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Paiva
- Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Recasens A, Perier C, Sue CM. Role of microRNAs in the Regulation of α-Synuclein Expression: A Systematic Review. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:128. [PMID: 27917109 PMCID: PMC5116472 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that increased levels of α-synuclein might contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying α-synuclein expression. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of gene expression involved in several diseases such as PD and other neurodegenerative disorders. A systematic literature search was performed here to identify microRNAs that directly or indirectly impact in α-synuclein expression/accumulation and describe its mechanism of action. A total of 27 studies were incorporated in the review article showing evidences that six microRNAs directly bind and regulate α-synuclein expression while several miRNAs impact on α-synuclein expression indirectly by targeting other genes. In turn, α-synuclein overexpression also impacts miRNAs expression, indicating the complex network between miRNAs and α-synuclein. From the current knowledge on the central role of α-synuclein in PD pathogenesis/progression, miRNAs are likely to play a crucial role at different stages of PD and might potentially be considered as new PD therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Recasens
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, The Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health DistrictSt. Leonards, NSW, Australia; Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Celine Perier
- Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute and Centre for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, The Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health DistrictSt. Leonards, NSW, Australia; Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kumar L, Shamsuzzama, Haque R, Baghel T, Nazir A. Circular RNAs: the Emerging Class of Non-coding RNAs and Their Potential Role in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7224-7234. [PMID: 27796758 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The exciting world of research with RNAs has to its credit some breakthrough findings that led to newer insights on multiple problems including that of human diseases. After the advent of siRNA, microRNA, and lncRNA, exciting novel molecules called circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been recently described. circRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs, which are produced by scrambling of exons at the time of splicing. They are primarily produced in the brain region and are naturally present inside the cell. The best known ones so far include a particular type of circRNA namely "circular RNA sponge for miR-7" (ciRS-7 and CDR1as) which is the inhibitor of miR-7 microRNA-known to regulate various diseases like, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Similarly, another circRNA molecule called circmbl modulates the ratio of linear mRNA by competing with linear muscleblind gene through which it is synthesized. Considering the complex association of these molecules with critical microRNAs and gene families, circRNAs might have important roles in the cause and progression of human diseases. In particular, the multi-factorial nature of neurodegenerative diseases does warrant studies employing novel approaches towards identifying underlying root causes of these ailments. The non-coding RNAs, like circRNAs and microRNAs, could well present a common genetic trigger to multiple factors associated with neurodegenerative diseases. A specific fingerprint of a combination of various marker circRNAs could be explored for early diagnostic purpose as well. Herein, we review the possibility of exploring the role of circRNAs in the context of the central nervous system (CNS) and age-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Kumar
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Shamsuzzama
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Tanvi Baghel
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 031, India.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jiang Q, Wang Y, Shi X. Propofol Inhibits Neurogenesis of Rat Neural Stem Cells by Upregulating MicroRNA-141-3p. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 26:189-196. [PMID: 27796156 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged or high-dose exposure to anesthetics, such as propofol, can cause brain cell degeneration and subsequent long-term learning or memory deficits, particularly in the developing brain. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the deleterious effects of propofol at certain stages of development remain unclear. In this study we found that propofol inhibited the proliferation, neuronal differentiation, and migration of neural stem cells (NSCs) while upregulating miR-141-3p. Silencing of miR-141-3p abrogated the effects of propofol on NSC neurogenesis. Propofol treatment downregulated IGF2BP2, a direct target of miR-141-3p, whereas overexpression of IGF2BP2 attenuated the effects of propofol and miR-141-3p on NSC neurogenesis. In short, propofol inhibits NSC neurogenesis through a mechanism involving the miR-141-3p/IGF2BP2 axis. Our results may provide a potential approach for preventing the neurodegenerative effects of propofol in the developing brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Jiang
- 1 Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- 2 Department of Anaesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyin Shi
- 1 Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ma Y, Tian S, He S, Chen Q, Wang Z, Xiao X, Fu L, Lei X. The mechanism of action of FXR1P-related miR-19b-3p in SH-SY5Y. Gene 2016; 588:62-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
35
|
Potential Role of Epigenetic Mechanism in Manganese Induced Neurotoxicity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2548792. [PMID: 27314012 PMCID: PMC4899583 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2548792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Manganese is a vital nutrient and is maintained at an optimal level (2.5–5 mg/day) in human body. Chronic exposure to manganese is associated with neurotoxicity and correlated with the development of various neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Oxidative stress mediated apoptotic cell death has been well established mechanism in manganese induced toxicity. Oxidative stress has a potential to alter the epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation. Epigenetic insight of manganese neurotoxicity in context of its correlation with the development of parkinsonism is poorly understood. Parkinson's disease is characterized by the α-synuclein aggregation in the form of Lewy bodies in neuronal cells. Recent findings illustrate that manganese can cause overexpression of α-synuclein. α-Synuclein acts epigenetically via interaction with histone proteins in regulating apoptosis. α-Synuclein also causes global DNA hypomethylation through sequestration of DNA methyltransferase in cytoplasm. An individual genetic difference may also have an influence on epigenetic susceptibility to manganese neurotoxicity and the development of Parkinson's disease. This review presents the current state of findings in relation to role of epigenetic mechanism in manganese induced neurotoxicity, with a special emphasis on the development of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
|
36
|
Basak I, Patil KS, Alves G, Larsen JP, Møller SG. microRNAs as neuroregulators, biomarkers and therapeutic agents in neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:811-27. [PMID: 26608596 PMCID: PMC11108480 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has experienced the emergence of microRNAs as a key molecular tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of human diseases. Although the focus has mostly been on cancer, neurodegenerative diseases present an exciting, yet less explored, platform for microRNA research. Several studies have highlighted the significance of microRNAs in neurogenesis and neurodegeneration, and pre-clinical studies have shown the potential of microRNAs as biomarkers. Despite this, no bona fide microRNAs have been identified as true diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for neurodegenerative disease. This is mainly due to the lack of precisely defined patient cohorts and the variability within and between individual cohorts. However, the discovery that microRNAs exist as stable molecules at detectable levels in body fluids has opened up new avenues for microRNAs as potential biomarker candidates. Furthermore, technological developments in microRNA biology have contributed to the possible design of microRNA-mediated disease intervention strategies. The combination of these advancements, with the availability of well-defined longitudinal patient cohort, promises to not only assist in developing invaluable diagnostic tools for clinicians, but also to increase our overall understanding of the underlying heterogeneity of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge of microRNAs in neurodegeneration and provide a perspective of the applicability of microRNAs as a basis for future therapeutic intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Basak
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, New York, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Ketan S Patil
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, New York, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Guido Alves
- Norwegian Center for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jan Petter Larsen
- Norwegian Center for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Simon Geir Møller
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, New York, NY, 11439, USA.
- Norwegian Center for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068, Stavanger, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Archer T, Kostrzewa RM. Exercise and Nutritional Benefits in PD: Rodent Models and Clinical Settings. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 29:333-351. [PMID: 26728168 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise offers a highly effective health-endowering activity as has been evidence using rodent models of Parkinson's disease (PD). It is a particularly useful intervention in individuals employed in sedentary occupations or afflicted by a neurodegenerative disorder, such as PD. The several links between exercise and quality-of-life, disorder progression and staging, risk factors and symptoms-biomarkers in PD all endower a promise for improved prognosis. Nutrition provides a strong determinant for disorder vulnerability and prognosis with fish oils and vegetables with a mediterranean diet offering both protection and resistance. Three factors determining the effects of exercise on disorder severity of patients may be presented: (i) Exercise effects upon motor impairment, gait, posture and balance, (ii) Exercise reduction of oxidative stress, stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and up-regulation of autophagy, and (iii) Exercise stimulation of dopamine (DA) neurochemistry and trophic factors. Running-wheel performance, as measured by distance run by individual mice from different treatment groups, was related to DA-integrity, indexed by striatal DA levels. Finally, both nutrition and exercise may facilitate positive epigenetic outcomes, such as lowering the dosage of L-Dopa required for a therapeutic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Richard M Kostrzewa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37604, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Figueroa-Romero C, Hur J, Lunn JS, Paez-Colasante X, Bender DE, Yung R, Sakowski SA, Feldman EL. Expression of microRNAs in human post-mortem amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cords provides insight into disease mechanisms. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 71:34-45. [PMID: 26704906 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a late-onset and terminal neurodegenerative disease. The majority of cases are sporadic with unknown causes and only a small number of cases are genetically linked. Recent evidence suggests that post-transcriptional regulation and epigenetic mechanisms, such as microRNAs, underlie the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders; therefore, altered microRNA expression may result in the dysregulation of key genes and biological pathways that contribute to the development of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Using systems biology analyses on postmortem human spinal cord tissue, we identified dysregulated mature microRNAs and their potential targets previously implicated in functional process and pathways associated with the pathogenesis of ALS. Furthermore, we report a global reduction of mature microRNAs, alterations in microRNA processing, and support for a role of the nucleotide binding protein, TAR DNA binding protein 43, in regulating sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated microRNAs, thereby offering a potential underlying mechanism for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - J Simon Lunn
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | | | - Diane E Bender
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Raymond Yung
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Care Center, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Stacey A Sakowski
- A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.,A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. MicroRNA machinery in Parkinson's disease: a platform for neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 22:427-453. [PMID: 26574782 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1114886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that recognize their protein-coding target genes and whereby subjugate them after transcription. Despite the infancy of this field of science, the role of miRNAs in neurodegeneration is well-acknowledged. This review was conducted to indicate that Parkinson's disease (PD) is not excluded from this rule. To this end, we evaluated the existing literature and arranged PD-associated miRNAs according to their mechanism of action, particularly apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. According to this arrangement, a majority of PD-associated miRNAs were indicated to influence autophagic/apoptotic pathways. We also categorized PD-associated miRNAs according to that they could exert detrimental or beneficial or both into three sets, activator, inhibitor, and double-edged, correspondingly. Considering this criterion, a majority of PD-associated miRNAs were included in the activator category. In addition, evidences from genetic association studies investigating genetic variants of or related to miRNAs in PD patients are presented. Finally, possible applications of the miRNA machinery in PD, including mechanistic networks, diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potentials, are discussed. But there may be additional miRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of PD which have hitherto remained unknown and thus further studies are needed to explore the issue and to extend this platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amene Saghazadeh
- a Molecular Immunology Research Center and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- a Molecular Immunology Research Center and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,c Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lardenoije R, Iatrou A, Kenis G, Kompotis K, Steinbusch HWM, Mastroeni D, Coleman P, Lemere CA, Hof PR, van den Hove DLA, Rutten BPF. The epigenetics of aging and neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:21-64. [PMID: 26072273 PMCID: PMC6477921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is a quickly growing field encompassing mechanisms regulating gene expression that do not involve changes in the genotype. Epigenetics is of increasing relevance to neuroscience, with epigenetic mechanisms being implicated in brain development and neuronal differentiation, as well as in more dynamic processes related to cognition. Epigenetic regulation covers multiple levels of gene expression; from direct modifications of the DNA and histone tails, regulating the level of transcription, to interactions with messenger RNAs, regulating the level of translation. Importantly, epigenetic dysregulation currently garners much attention as a pivotal player in aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, where it may mediate interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors, or directly interact with disease-specific pathological factors. We review current knowledge about the major epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and DNA demethylation, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs, as well as the involvement of these mechanisms in normal aging and in the pathophysiology of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we examine the current state of epigenetics-based therapeutic strategies for these diseases, which either aim to restore the epigenetic homeostasis or skew it to a favorable direction to counter disease pathology. Finally, methodological challenges of epigenetic investigations and future perspectives are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lardenoije
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Artemis Iatrou
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos Kompotis
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Mastroeni
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Paul Coleman
- L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel L A van den Hove
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Fuechsleinstrasse 15, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rizos E, Siafakas N, Katsantoni E, Skourti E, Salpeas V, Rizos I, Tsoporis JN, Kastania A, Filippopoulou A, Xiros N, Margaritis D, Parker TG, Papageorgiou C, Zoumpourlis V. Let-7, mir-98 and mir-183 as biomarkers for cancer and schizophrenia [corrected]. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123522. [PMID: 25856466 PMCID: PMC4391828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence supports a role of microRNAs in cancer and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, through their regulatory role on the expression of multiple genes. The rather rare co-morbidity of cancer and schizophrenia is an old hypothesis which needs further research on microRNAs as molecules that might exert their oncosuppressive or oncogenic activity in the context of their role in psychiatric disorders. The expression pattern of a variety of different microRNAs was investigated in patients (N = 6) suffering from schizophrenia termed control, patients with a solid tumor (N = 10) and patients with both schizophrenia and tumor (N = 8). miRNA profiling was performed on whole blood samples using the miRCURY LNA microRNA Array technology (6th & 7th generation). A subset of 3 microRNAs showed a statistically significant differential expression between the control and the study groups. Specifically, significant down-regulation of the let-7p-5p, miR-98-5p and of miR-183-5p in the study groups (tumor alone and tumorand schizophrenia) was observed (p<0.05). The results of the present study showed that let-7, miR-98 and miR-183 may play an important oncosuppressive role through their regulatory impact in gene expression irrespective of the presence of schizophrenia, although a larger sample size is required to validate these results. Nevertheless, further studies are warranted in order to highlight a possible role of these and other micro-RNAs in the molecular pathways of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Rizos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, University “ATTIKON” General Hospital, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Nikolaos Siafakas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Microbiology Laboratory, University “ATTIKON” General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Katsantoni
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Hematology-Oncology Division, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Skourti
- Unit of Biomedical Applications, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilios Salpeas
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Cardiology Department, University General Hospital “ATTIKON”, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Rizos
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Cardiology Department, University General Hospital “ATTIKON”, Athens, Greece
| | - James N. Tsoporis
- Keenan Research Centre. Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anastasia Kastania
- Department of Informatics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Filippopoulou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, University “ATTIKON” General Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Department of Psychiatry, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Xiros
- Second Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Oncology Unit, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios Margaritis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, University “ATTIKON” General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas G. Parker
- Keenan Research Centre. Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Charalabos Papageorgiou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, University “ATTIKON” General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilios Zoumpourlis
- Unit of Biomedical Applications, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shamsuzzama, Kumar L, Haque R, Nazir A. Role of MicroRNA Let-7 in Modulating Multifactorial Aspect of Neurodegenerative Diseases: an Overview. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2787-2793. [PMID: 25823513 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The multifactorial aspect of neurodegenerative diseases has posed challenges in terms of understanding various mechanistic cues behind these ailments. The fact that single microRNA (miRNA) molecules can regulate multiple genes and associated pathways makes these molecules interesting for studies within the area of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. miRNAs are endogenous, evolutionarily conserved, 20-23 nucleotide non-coding RNAs, which were first discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans. They play a key role in gene regulation and are known to be deregulated in many disease conditions. Steady regulations of miRNAs are required for normal biological processes. One of the crucial miRNA molecules let-7 is highly conserved and is known to be required for development and viability. It acts as a regulator for oncogenes and insulin-PI3K-mTOR pathway genes. Upregulation of let-7 impairs glucose homeostasis and results in degeneration of neurons, while its downregulation leads to cancer. Maturation of let-7 in cancer subjects is inhibited by lin-28, an RNA-binding protein inhibitor. This highlights the importance of let-7 miRNAs in various diseases and developmental processes. This article provides an overview on the functions of let-7 and its probable association with various neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamsuzzama
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, 226 031, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, 226 031, India
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, 226 031, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, 226 031, India.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Landgrave-Gómez J, Mercado-Gómez O, Guevara-Guzmán R. Epigenetic mechanisms in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:58. [PMID: 25774124 PMCID: PMC4343006 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of epigenetic mechanisms in the function and homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) and its regulation in diseases is one of the most interesting processes of contemporary neuroscience. In the last decade, a growing body of literature suggests that long-term changes in gene transcription associated with CNS's regulation and neurological disorders are mediated via modulation of chromatin structure. "Epigenetics", introduced for the first time by Waddington in the early 1940s, has been traditionally referred to a variety of mechanisms that allow heritable changes in gene expression even in the absence of DNA mutation. However, new definitions acknowledge that many of these mechanisms used to perpetuate epigenetic traits in dividing cells are used by neurons to control a variety of functions dependent on gene expression. Indeed, in the recent years these mechanisms have shown their importance in the maintenance of a healthy CNS. Moreover, environmental inputs that have shown effects in CNS diseases, such as nutrition, that can modulate the concentration of a variety of metabolites such as acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-coA), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) and beta hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), regulates some of these epigenetic modifications, linking in a precise way environment with gene expression. This manuscript will portray what is currently understood about the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the function and homeostasis of the CNS and their participation in a variety of neurological disorders. We will discuss how the machinery that controls these modifications plays an important role in processes involved in neurological disorders such as neurogenesis and cell growth. Moreover, we will discuss how environmental inputs modulate these modifications producing metabolic and physiological alterations that could exert beneficial effects on neurological diseases. Finally, we will highlight possible future directions in the field of epigenetics and neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Landgrave-Gómez
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico, D.F., México
| | - Octavio Mercado-Gómez
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico, D.F., México
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico, D.F., México
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Qiu L, Tan EK, Zeng L. microRNAs and Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 888:85-105. [PMID: 26663180 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22671-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules that through imperfect base-pairing with complementary sequences of target mRNA molecules, typically cleave target mRNA, causing subsequent degradation or translation inhibition. Although an increasing number of studies have identified misregulated miRNAs in the neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which suggests that alterations in the miRNA regulatory pathway could contribute to disease pathogenesis, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathological implications of misregulated miRNA expression and the regulation of the key genes involved in NDDs remain largely unknown. In this chapter, we provide evidence of the function and regulation of miRNAs and their association with the neurological events in NDDs. This will help improve our understanding of how miRNAs govern the biological functions of key pathogenic genes in these diseases, which potentially regulate several pathways involved in the progression of neurodegeneration. Additionally, given the growing interest in the therapeutic potential of miRNAs, we discuss current clinical challenges to developing miRNA-based therapeutics for NDDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Qiu
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Eng King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, SGH Campus, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Inhibition of miR-34b and miR-34c enhances α-synuclein expression in Parkinson's disease. FEBS Lett 2014; 589:319-25. [PMID: 25541488 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that microRNA (miR) dysregulation contributes to neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD). MiR-34b and miR-34c have been previously shown to be down-regulated in the brains of patients with PD. Here, we demonstrate that miR-34b and miR-34c repress the expression of α-synuclein (α-syn), a key protein in PD pathogenesis. Inhibition of miR-34b and miR-34c expression in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells increased α-syn levels and stimulated aggregate formation. Additionally, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 3'-UTR of α-syn was found to lower the miR-34b-mediated repression of the protein. Our results suggest that down-regulation of miR-34b and miR-34c in the brain, as well as an SNP in the 3'-UTR of α-syn can increase α-syn expression, possibly contributing to PD pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
46
|
Down-regulation of microRNA-21 is involved in the propofol-induced neurotoxicity observed in human stem cell-derived neurons. Anesthesiology 2014; 121:786-800. [PMID: 24950164 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies in various animal models have suggested that anesthetics such as propofol, when administered early in life, can lead to neurotoxicity. These studies have raised significant safety concerns regarding the use of anesthetics in the pediatric population and highlight the need for a better model to study anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity in humans. Human embryonic stem cells are capable of differentiating into any cell type and represent a promising model to study mechanisms governing anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity. METHODS Cell death in human embryonic stem cell-derived neurons was assessed using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate in situ nick end labeling staining, and microRNA expression was assessed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. miR-21 was overexpressed and knocked down using an miR-21 mimic and antagomir, respectively. Sprouty 2 was knocked down using a small interfering RNA, and the expression of the miR-21 targets of interest was assessed by Western blot. RESULTS Propofol dose and exposure time dependently induced significant cell death (n = 3) in the neurons and down-regulated several microRNAs, including miR-21. Overexpression of miR-21 and knockdown of Sprouty 2 attenuated the increase in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate in situ nick end labeling-positive cells following propofol exposure. In addition, miR-21 knockdown increased the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate in situ nick end labeling-positive cells by 30% (n = 5). Finally, activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and protein kinase B (Akt) were down-regulated, and Sprouty 2 was up-regulated following propofol exposure (n = 3). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that (1) human embryonic stem cell-derived neurons represent a promising in vitro human model for studying anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity, (2) propofol induces cell death in human embryonic stem cell-derived neurons, and (3) the propofol-induced cell death may occur via a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/miR-21/Sprouty 2-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
|
47
|
Qiu L, Zhang W, Tan EK, Zeng L. Deciphering the function and regulation of microRNAs in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:884-94. [PMID: 25210999 DOI: 10.1021/cn500149w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single stranded, noncoding RNA molecules that are encoded by eukaryotic nuclear DNA. miRNAs function through imperfect base-pairing with complementary sequences of target mRNA molecules, which is typically via the cleavage of target mRNA with transcriptional repression or translational degradation. An increasing number of studies identified dysregulation of miRNAs in neurodegenerative disease and suggest that alterations in the miRNA regulatory pathway could contribute to the disease pathogenesis. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the pathological implications of dysregulated miRNA expression and regulation of the key genes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases remain largely unknown. Here, we review the evidence for the functional role of dysregulated miRNAs involved in disease pathogenesis, as well as how miRNAs govern neuronal functions either upstream or downstream of target genes that are disease pathogenic factors. Furthermore, we review the cellular feedback regulation between miRNAs and target genes in neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Qiu
- Neural
Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, 308433, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Neural
Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, 308433, Singapore
| | - Eng King Tan
- Department
of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, SGH Campus, 169856, Singapore
- Research
Department, National Neuroscience Institute, 308433, Singapore
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural
Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, 308433, Singapore
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Martín-Gómez L, Villalba A, Kerkhoven RH, Abollo E. Role of microRNAs in the immunity process of the flat oyster Ostrea edulis against bonamiosis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:40-50. [PMID: 25008434 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (∼22nt) non-coding regulatory single strand RNA molecules that reduce stability and/or translation of sequence-complementary target. miRNAs are a key component of gene regulatory networks and have been involved in a wide variety of biological processes, such as signal transduction, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Many miRNAs are broadly conserved among the animal lineages and even between invertebrates and vertebrates. The European flat oyster Ostrea edulis is highly susceptible to infection with Bonamia ostreae, an intracellular parasite able to survive and proliferate within oyster haemocytes. Mollusc haemocytes play a key role in the immune response of molluscs as main cellular effectors. The roles of miRNAs in the immune response of O. edulis to bonamiosis were analysed using a commercial microarray platform (miRCURY LNA™ v2, Exiqon) for miRNAs. Expression of miRNAs in haemocytes from oysters with different bonamiosis intensity was compared. Differential expression was detected in 63 and 76 miRNAs when comparing heavily-affected with non-affected oysters and with lightly-affected ones, respectively. Among them, 19 miRNAs are known to be linked to immune response, being responsible of proliferation and activation of macrophages, inflammation, apoptosis and/or oxidative damage, which is consistent with the modulation of their expression in oyster haemocytes due to bonamiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martín-Gómez
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Aptdo 13, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Aptdo 13, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Ron H Kerkhoven
- Central Microarray Facility, NKI (The Netherlands Cancer Institute), Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elvira Abollo
- Fundación CETMAR - Centro Tecnológico del Mar, Eduardo Cabello s/n., 36208 Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Acetylcorynoline attenuates dopaminergic neuron degeneration and α-synuclein aggregation in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2014; 82:108-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
50
|
miR-16-1 promotes the aberrant α-synuclein accumulation in parkinson disease via targeting heat shock protein 70. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:938348. [PMID: 25054189 PMCID: PMC4094852 DOI: 10.1155/2014/938348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is striking evidence that heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) negatively regulates α-synuclein aggregation, which plays a significant role in the formation and progression of Parkinson disease (PD). However, how the Hsp70 in neurons fails to prevent or even reverse α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity in PD still remains to be determined. In the present study, we constructed an α-synuclein-overexpressed human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y-Syn, in which the blockage of Hsp70 promoted α-synuclein aggregation. And we also found that miR-16-1 downregulated Hsp70 and promoted α-synuclein aggregation in the SH-SY5Y-Syn cells. This study revealed a novel regulatory mechanism of Hsp70 expression, which might contribute to the PD development.
Collapse
|