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Cao S, Liu B, Wang D, Rasheed A, Xie L, Xia X, He Z. Orchestrating seed storage protein and starch accumulation toward overcoming yield-quality trade-off in cereal crops. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:468-483. [PMID: 38409921 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Achieving high yield and good quality in crops is essential for human food security and health. However, there is usually disharmony between yield and quality. Seed storage protein (SSP) and starch, the predominant components in cereal grains, determine yield and quality, and their coupled synthesis causes a yield-quality trade-off. Therefore, dissection of the underlying regulatory mechanism facilitates simultaneous improvement of yield and quality. Here, we summarize current findings about the synergistic molecular machinery underpinning SSP and starch synthesis in the leading staple cereal crops, including maize, rice and wheat. We further evaluate the functional conservation and differentiation of key regulators and specify feasible research approaches to identify additional regulators and expand insights. We also present major strategies to leverage resultant information for simultaneous improvement of yield and quality by molecular breeding. Finally, future perspectives on major challenges are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bingyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Awais Rasheed
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) China Office, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lina Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xianchun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhonghu He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) China Office, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Mehta BK, Chauhan HS, Basu S, Anand A, Baveja A, Zunjare RU, Muthusamy V, Singh AK, Hossain F. Mutant crtRB1 gene negates the unfavourable effects of opaque2 gene on germination and seed vigour among shrunken2-based biofortified sweet corn genotypes. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23179. [PMID: 38326234 DOI: 10.1071/fp23179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Sweet corn is one of the most popular vegetables worldwide. However, traditional shrunken2 (sh2 )-based sweet corn varieties are poor in nutritional quality. Here, we analysed the effect of (1) β-carotene hydroxylase1 (crtRB1 ), (2) opaque2 (o2 ) and (3) o2+crtRB1 genes on nutritional quality, germination, seed vigour and physico-biochemical traits in a set of 27 biofortified sh2 -based sweet corn inbreds. The biofortified sweet corn inbreds recorded significantly higher concentrations of proA (16.47μg g-1 ), lysine (0.36%) and tryptophan (0.09%) over original inbreds (proA: 3.14μg g-1 , lysine: 0.18%, tryptophan: 0.04%). The crtRB1 -based inbreds had the lowest electrical conductivity (EC), whereas o2 -based inbreds possessed the highest EC. The o2 +crtRB1 -based inbreds showed similar EC to the original inbreds. Interestingly, o2 -based inbreds also had the lowest germination and seed vigour compared to original inbreds, whereas crtRB1 and o2 +crtRB1 introgressed sweet corn inbreds showed similar germination and seed vigour traits to their original versions. This suggested that the negative effect of o2 on germination, seed vigour and EC is nullified by crtRB1 in the double mutant sweet corn. Overall, o2 +crtRB1 -based sweet corn inbreds were found the most desirable over crtRB1 - and o2 -based inbreds alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh K Mehta
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; and Present address: ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi 284003, India
| | - Hema S Chauhan
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sudipta Basu
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Anjali Anand
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Aanchal Baveja
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | | | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Ashok K Singh
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Firoz Hossain
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
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3
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Talukder ZA, Chhabra R, Muthusamy V, Zunjare RU, Hossain F. Development of novel gene-based markers for waxy1 gene and their validation for exploitation in molecular breeding for enhancement of amylopectin in maize. J Appl Genet 2023; 64:409-418. [PMID: 37269444 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-023-00762-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Waxy corn possessing high amylopectin is widely employed as an industrial product. Traditional corn contains ~ 70-75% amylopectin, whereas waxy corn with the mutant waxy1 (wx1) gene possesses ~ 95-100% amylopectin. Marker-assisted breeding can greatly hasten the transfer of the wx1 allele into normal corn. However, the available gene-based marker(s) for wx1 are not always polymorphic between recipient and donor parents, thereby causing a considerable delay in the molecular breeding program. Here, a 4800 bp sequence of the wx1 gene was analyzed among seven wild-type and seven mutant inbreds employing 16 overlapping primers. Three polymorphisms viz., 4 bp InDel (at position 2406 bp) in intron-7 and two SNPs (C to A at position 3325 bp in exon-10 and G to T at position 4310 bp in exon-13) differentiated the dominant (Wx1) and recessive (wx1) allele. Three breeder-friendly PCR markers (WxDel4, SNP3325_CT1, and SNP4310_GT2) specific to InDel and SNPs were developed. WxDel4 amplified 94 bp among mutant-type inbreds, while 90 bp was amplified among wild-type inbreds. SNP3325_CT1 and SNP4310_GT2 revealed the presence-absence polymorphisms with an amplification of 185 bp and 189 bp of amplicon, respectively. These newly developed markers showed 1:1 segregation in both BC1F1 and BC2F1 generations, while 1:2:1 segregation was observed in BC2F2. The recessive homozygotes (wx1wx1) of BC2F2 identified by the markers possessed significantly higher amylopectin (97.7%) compared to the original inbreds (Wx1Wx1: 72.7% amylopectin). This is the first report of novel wx1 gene-based markers. The information generated here would help in accelerating the development of waxy maize hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rashmi Chhabra
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Firoz Hossain
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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4
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Hossain F, Jaiswal SK, Muthusamy V, Zunjare RU, Mishra SJ, Chand G, Bhatt V, Bhat JS, Das AK, Chauhan HS, Gupta HS. Enhancement of nutritional quality in maize kernel through marker-assisted breeding for vte4, crtRB1, and opaque2 genes. J Appl Genet 2023; 64:431-443. [PMID: 37450243 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-023-00768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Traditional maize is poor in vitamin-E [α-tocopherol (α-T): 6-8 ppm], vitamin-A [provitamin-A (proA): 1-2ppm], lysine (0.150-0.2-50%), and tryptophan (0.030-0.040%). Here, we combined favourable alleles of vte4, crtRB1, and opaque2 (o2) genes in the parents of maize hybrids, viz., APQH-10 (PMI-PV-9 × PMI-PV-14) and APQH-11 (PMI-PV-9 × PMI-PV-15) using molecular breeding. Gene-specific markers were successfully used to select vte4, crtRB1, and o2 in BC1F1, BC2F1, and BC2F2 generations. Simple sequence repeats (104-109) were used for background selection, leading to an average recovery of 94% recurrent parent genome. The introgressed inbreds possessed significantly higher α-T: 18.38 ppm, α-/γ-tocopherol (α-/γ-T: 52%), and α-/total tocopherol (α-/TT: 32%) compared to original inbreds (α-T: 8.17 ppm, α-/γ-T: 25%, α-/TT: 18%). These newly derived inbreds also possessed higher β-carotene (BC: 8.91 ppm), β-cryptoxanthin (BCX: 1.27 ppm), proA (9.54 ppm), lysine (0.348%), and tryptophan (0.082%) compared to traditional maize inbreds. The reconstituted hybrids recorded higher α-T (2.1-fold), α-/γ-T (1.9-fold), and α-/TT (1.6-fold) over the original hybrids. These reconstituted hybrids were also rich in BC (5.7-fold), BCX (3.3-fold), proA (5.3-fold), lysine (1.9-fold), and tryptophan (2.0-fold) over the traditional hybrids. The reconstituted hybrids had similar grain yield and phenotypic characteristics to original versions. These multinutrient-rich maize hybrids hold great potential to alleviate malnutrition in sustainable and cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Hossain
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Sunil K Jaiswal
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Rajkumar U Zunjare
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Subhra J Mishra
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Gulab Chand
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Vinay Bhatt
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Jayant S Bhat
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Abhijit K Das
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Hema S Chauhan
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Hari S Gupta
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Sunilkumar VP, Krishna H, Devate NB, Manjunath KK, Chauhan D, Singh S, Sinha N, Singh JB, T. L. P, Pal D, Sivasamy M, Jain N, Singh GP, Singh PK. Marker-assisted selection for transfer of QTLs to a promising line for drought tolerance in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1147200. [PMID: 37546261 PMCID: PMC10401266 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1147200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Wheat crop is subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses, which affect crop productivity and yield. Among various abiotic stresses, drought stress is a major problem considering the current global climate change scenario. A high-yielding wheat variety, HD3086, has been released for commercial cultivation under timely sown irrigated conditions for the North Western Plain Zone (NWPZ) and North Eastern Plain Zone NEPZ of India. Presently, HD3086 is one of the highest breeder seed indented wheat varieties and has a stable yield over the years. However, under moisture deficit conditions, its potential yield cannot be achieved. The present study was undertaken to transfer drought-tolerant QTLs in the background of the variety HD3086 using marker-assisted backcross breeding. QTLs governing Biomass (BIO), Canopy Temperature (CT), Thousand Kernel Weight (TKW), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Yield (YLD) were transferred to improve performance under moisture deficit conditions. In BC1F1, BC2F1, and BC2F2 generations, the foreground selection was carried out to identify the plants with positive QTLs conferring drought tolerance and linked to traits NDVI, CT, TKW, and yield. The positive homozygous lines for targeted QTLs were advanced from BC2F2 to BC2F4 via the pedigree-based phenotypic selection method. Background analysis was carried out in BC2F5 and obtained 78-91% recovery of the recurrent parent genome in the improved lines. Furthermore, the advanced lines were evaluated for 2 years under drought stress to assess improvement in MABB-derived lines. Increased GWPS, TKW, and NDVI and reduced CT was observed in improved lines. Seven improved lines were identified with significantly higher yields in comparison to HD3086 under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hari Krishna
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Divya Chauhan
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR, New Delhi, India
| | - Shweta Singh
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR, New Delhi, India
| | - Nivedita Sinha
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Prakasha T. L.
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR, New Delhi, India
| | - Dharam Pal
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR, New Delhi, India
| | - M. Sivasamy
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelu Jain
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR, New Delhi, India
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6
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Reddappa SB, Muthusamy V, Zunjare RU, Chhabra R, Talukder ZA, Maman S, Chand G, Pal D, Kumar R, Mehta BK, Guleria SK, Singh AK, Hossain F. Composition of kernel-amylose and -resistant starch among subtropically adapted maize. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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7
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Bhatt V, Muthusamy V, Panda KK, Katral A, Chhabra R, Mishra SJ, Gopinath I, Zunjare RU, Neeraja CN, Rakshit S, Yadava DK, Hossain F. Expression Dynamics of lpa1 Gene and Accumulation Pattern of Phytate in Maize Genotypes Possessing opaque2 and crtRB1 Genes at Different Stages of Kernel Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091745. [PMID: 37176803 PMCID: PMC10180721 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytic acid (PA) acts as a storehouse for the majority of the mineral phosphorous (P) in maize; ~80% of the total P stored as phytate P is not available to monogastric animals and thereby causes eutrophication. In addition, phytic acid chelates positively charged minerals making them unavailable in the diet. The mutant lpa1-1 allele reduces PA more than the wild-type LPA1 allele. Further, mutant gene opaque2 (o2) enhances lysine and tryptophan and crtRB1 enhances provitamin-A (proA) more than wild-type O2 and CRTRB1 alleles, respectively. So far, the expression pattern of the mutant lpa1-1 allele has not been analysed in maize genotypes rich in lysine, tryptophan and proA. Here, we analysed the expression pattern of wild and mutant alleles of LPA1, O2 and CRTRB1 genes in inbreds with (i) mutant lpa1-1, o2 and crtRB1 alleles, (ii) wild-type LPA1 allele and mutant o2 and crtRB1 alleles and (iii) wild-type LPA1, O2 and CRTRB1 alleles at 15, 30 and 45 days after pollination (DAP). The average reduction of PA/total phosphorous (TP) in lpa1-1 mutant inbreds was 29.30% over wild-type LPA1 allele. The o2 and crtRB1-based inbreds possessed ~two-fold higher amounts of lysine and tryptophan, and four-fold higher amounts of proA compared to wild-type alleles. The transcript levels of lpa1-1, o2 and crtRB1 genes in lpa1-1-based inbreds were significantly lower than their wild-type versions across kernel development. The lpa1-1, o2 and crtRB1 genes reached their highest peak at 15 DAP. The correlation of transcript levels of lpa1-1 was positive for PA/TP (r = 0.980), whereas it was negative with inorganic phosphorous (iP) (r = -0.950). The o2 and crtRB1 transcripts showed negative correlations with lysine (r = -0.887) and tryptophan (r = -0.893), and proA (r = -0.940), respectively. This is the first comprehensive study on lpa1-1 expression in the maize inbreds during different kernel development stages. The information generated here offers great potential for comprehending the dynamics of phytic acid regulation in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Bhatt
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
- AMITY Institute of Biotechnology, AMITY University, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Kusuma Kumari Panda
- AMITY Institute of Biotechnology, AMITY University, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashvinkumar Katral
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Rashmi Chhabra
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Subhra J Mishra
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Ikkurti Gopinath
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Rajkumar U Zunjare
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | | | - Sujay Rakshit
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana 141004, India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi 834010, India
| | - Devendra K Yadava
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Firoz Hossain
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
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8
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Singh B, Zunjare RU, Shrivastava S, Chand G, Gain N, Bhatt V, Muthusamy V, Hossain F. Provitamin A, lysine and tryptophan enrichment in shrunken2-based sweet corn genotypes through genomics-assisted breeding for crtRB1 and opaque2 genes. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4965-4974. [PMID: 37083988 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08446-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition affects large section of population worldwide. Vitamin A and protein deficiencies have emerged as the major global health-issue. Traditional shrunken2 (sh2)-based sweet corn is deficient in provitamin A (proA), lysine and tryptophan. Natural variant of β-carotene hydroxylase1 (crtRB1) and opaque2 (o2) enhances proA, lysine and tryptophan in maize. So far, no sweet corn hybrid rich in these nutrients has been released elsewhere. Development of biofortified sweet corn hybrids would help in providing the balanced nutrition. METHODS AND RESULTS We targeted three sh2-based sweet corn inbreds (SWT-19, SWT-20 and SWT-21) for introgression of mutant crtRB1 and o2 genes using molecular breeding. The gene-based 3'TE-InDel and simple sequence repeat (SSR) (umc1066) markers specific to crtRB1 and o2, respectively were utilized in foreground selection in BC1F1, BC2F1 and BC2F2. Segregation distortion was observed for crtRB1 and o2 genes in majority of populations. Background selection using 91-100 SSRs revealed recovery of recurrent parent genome (RPG) up to 96%. The introgressed progenies possessed significantly higher proA (13.56 µg/g) as compared to the original versions (proA: 2.70 µg/g). Further, the introgressed progenies had accumulated moderately higher level of lysine (0.336%) and tryptophan (0.082%) over original versions (lysine: 0.154% and tryptophan: 0.038%). Kernel sweetness among introgressed progenies (17.3%) was comparable to original sweet corn (17.4%). The introgressed inbreds exhibited higher resemblance with their recurrent parents for yield and morphological characters. CONCLUSION These newly developed biofortified sweet corn genotypes hold immense promise to alleviate malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Rajkumar U Zunjare
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Gulab Chand
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Nisrita Gain
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Bhatt
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Firoz Hossain
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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9
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Kumar S, DePauw RM, Kumar S, Kumar J, Kumar S, Pandey MP. Breeding and adoption of biofortified crops and their nutritional impact on human health. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1520:5-19. [PMID: 36479674 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Micronutrient malnutrition has affected over two billion people worldwide and continues to be a health risk. A growing human population, poverty, and the prevalence of low dietary diversity are jointly responsible for malnutrition, particularly in developing nations. Inadequate bioavailability of key micronutrients, such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and vitamin A, can be improved through agronomic and/or genetic interventions. The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research prioritizes developing biofortified food crops that are rich in minerals and vitamins through the HarvestPlus initiative on biofortification. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of biofortified food crops along with evidence supporting their acceptability and adoption. Between 2004 and 2019, 242 biofortified varieties belonging to 11 major crops were released in 30 countries across Asia, Africa, and Latin America. These conventionally bred biofortified crops include Fe-enriched beans, pearl millet, and cowpea; Zn-enriched rice, wheat, and maize; both Fe- and Zn-enriched lentil and sorghum; and varieties with improved vitamin A in orange-fleshed sweet potato, maize, cassava, and banana/plantain. In addition to ongoing efforts, breeding innovations, such as speed breeding and CRISPR-based gene editing technologies, will be necessary for the next decade to reach two billion people with biofortified crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India
| | - Ron M DePauw
- Advancing Wheat Technologies, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur, India
| | - Sourabh Kumar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India
| | - Madhav P Pandey
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Nepal
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10
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Monika G, Melanie Kim SR, Kumar PS, Gayathri KV, Rangasamy G, Saravanan A. Biofortification: A long-term solution to improve global health- a review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137713. [PMID: 36596329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biofortification is a revolutionary technique for improving plant nutrition and alleviating human micronutrient deficiency. Fertilizers can help increase crop yield and growth, but applying too much fertilizer can be a problem because it leads to the release of greenhouse gases and eutrophication. One of the major global hazards that affects more than two million people globally is the decreased availability of micronutrients in food crops, which results in micronutrient deficiencies or "hidden hunger" in people. Micronutrients, like macronutrients, perform a variety of roles in plant and human nutrition. This review has highlighted the importance of micronutrients as well as their advantages. The uneven distribution of micronutrients in geological areas is not the only factor responsible for micronutrient deficiencies, other parameters including soil moisture, temperature, texture of the soil, and soil pH significantly affects the micronutrient concentration and their availability in the soil. To overcome this, different biofortification approaches are assessed in the review in which microbes mediated, Agronomic approaches, Plant breeding, and transgenic approaches are discussed. Hidden hunger can result in risky health conditions and diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, neurological disorders, and many more. Microbes-mediated biofortification is a novel and promising solution for the bioavailability of nutrients to plants in order to address these problems. Biofortification is cost effective, feasible, and environmentally sustainable. Bio-fortified crops boost our immunity, which helps us to combat these deadly viruses. The studies we discussed in this review have demonstrated that they can aid in the alleviation of hidden hunger.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Monika
- Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Chennai, India
| | - S Rhoda Melanie Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Chennai, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - K Veena Gayathri
- Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Chennai, India.
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research and Development & Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India.
| | - A Saravanan
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
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11
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Saha I, Rathinavel K, Manoharan B, Adhimoolam K, Sampathrajan V, Rajasekaran R, Muthurajan R, Natesan S. The resurrection of sweet corn inbred SC11-2 using marker aided breeding for β-carotene. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1004450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet corn has dominated the urban market due to its sweetness, tenderness, and ease of digestibility. It's import and export values have dramatically increased during the past 10 years as a fresh, processed, and preserved commodity. However, the commercially available sweet corns are deficient in β-carotene. In our study, we introgressed the favorable allele of crtRB1 (responsible for high β-carotene) into the recurrent sweet corn inbred SC11-2 from maize donor parent UMI1230β1+ to develop the β-carotene-rich sweet corn genotype by marker aided breeding. The crtRB1 3′TE InDel marker was utilized for foreground selection of favorable genotype. A total of 103 polymorphic SSR markers were employed for background selection, resulting in a 96% recovery of recurrent parent genome (RPG). We recorded high β-carotene content (9.878–10.645 μg/g) in the introgressed lines compared to the recurrent parent, SC11-2 (0.989 μg/g). The sugar content ranged from 18 to 19.10% and was on par with the recurrent parent (20.40%). These biofortified inbreds can be used as a donor in maize breeding programs to develop sweet corn genotypes with high β-carotene content.
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12
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Talukder ZA, Muthusamy V, Zunjare RU, Chhabra R, Reddappa SB, Mishra SJ, Prakash NR, Gain N, Chand G, Hossain F. Pollen staining is a rapid and cost-effective alternative to marker-assisted selection for recessive waxy1 gene governing high amylopectin in maize. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1753-1764. [PMID: 36387980 PMCID: PMC9636344 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Waxy maize is popular for food-, feed- and industrial usage. It possesses a recessive waxy1 (wx1) gene that enhances amylopectin to ~ 95-100%, compared to ~ 70-75% in traditional maize. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a preferred approach to converting normal maize into a waxy version. However, it requires specialized expertise, a well-equipped laboratory, and high cost. Here, pollen staining was used as an alternative approach to MAS. BC1F1, BC1F2 and BC2F2 populations in seven genetic backgrounds segregating for the wx1 gene were used. Pollens treated with iodine-potassium iodide showed that wild types (Wx1Wx1) were dark purple, while waxy pollens (wx1wx1) exhibited red colour. Heterozygotes (Wx1wx1) showed a mix of both dark purple and red colour. Staining of endosperm flour also confirmed the same findings. Wx1-based genotyping using phi022 and wx2507F/RG confirmed the same genotypic status. The average amylopectin among genotypes having red coloured pollens was 97.6%, while it was 72.5% among dark purple. Heterozygotes with both dark purple and red pollens had 85.2% amylopectin. Pollen staining showed complete agreement with the genotyping as well as amylopectin contents. Pollen staining saved 81% cost, and 54% time compared to MAS. This is the first report on the utilization of pollen staining for selecting the wx1 allele in segregating populations used for the development of waxy maize hybrids. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01240-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rashmi Chhabra
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Subhra J. Mishra
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Nitish R. Prakash
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Nisrita Gain
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Gulab Chand
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Firoz Hossain
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
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13
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Chand G, Zunjare RU, Allen T, Muthusamy V, Mishra SJ, Kasana RK, Bhatt V, Ismail MR, Sarika K, Guleria SK, Hossain F. Genetic analysis of maize genotypes possessing novel combination of opaque2 and opaque16 genes affecting higher accumulation of lysine and tryptophan in kernels. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Mallick N, Jha SK, Agarwal P, Kumar S, Mall A, M N, Choudhary MK, Chandra AK, Bansal S, Saharan MS, Sharma JB. Marker-assisted transfer of leaf and stripe rust resistance from Triticum turgidum var. durum cv. Trinakria to wheat variety HD2932. Front Genet 2022; 13:941287. [PMID: 36035125 PMCID: PMC9403539 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.941287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A marker-assisted backcrossing program initiated to transfer leaf rust resistance gene LrTrk from Triticum turgidum cv. Trinakria to hexaploid wheat variety HD2932 cotransferred a stripe rust resistance gene, YrTrk, along with LrTrk. The cross of hexaploid recurrent parent HD2932 with tetraploid donor parent Trinakria produced pentaploid F1 plants. F1s were backcrossed with recurrent parent HD2932 to produce BC1F1 generation. Foreground and background selection was conducted in each backcross generation to identify plants for backcrossing or selfing. While foreground selection for LrTrk was carried out with linked and validated molecular marker Xgwm234, for background selection, 86 polymorphic SSR markers from the A and B genomes were used. Single selected plants from BC1F1 and BC2F1 generations backcrossed and selfed to produce BC2F1and BC2F2 generations, respectively. Background selection resulted in 83.72%, 91.86%, and 98.25% of RPG recovery in BC1F1, BC2F1, and BC2F2 generations, respectively. A total of 27 plants with LrTrk in homozygous state were identified in BC2F2 generation and selfed to produce 27 BC2F3 NILs. All the NILs were tested for leaf and stripe rust resistance at the seedling stage using seven Puccinia triticina and one Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici rust pathotypes. All the 27 NILs were found to be resistant to both leaf and stripe rust pathotypes. So, these NILs are designated to carry leaf and stripe rust resistance genes LrTrk/YrTrk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Mallick
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Shailendra K Jha
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka Agarwal
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anchal Mall
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Department of Genetics and Tree Propagation, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India
| | - Niranjana M
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish K Choudhary
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Chandra
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Shreshtha Bansal
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - M S Saharan
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - J B Sharma
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Development of β-carotene, lysine, and tryptophan-rich maize (Zea mays) inbreds through marker-assisted gene pyramiding. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8551. [PMID: 35595742 PMCID: PMC9123160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the leading cereal crop and staple food in many parts of the world. This study aims to develop nutrient-rich maize genotypes by incorporating crtRB1 and o2 genes associated with increased β-carotene, lysine, and tryptophan levels. UMI1200 and UMI1230, high quality maize inbreds, are well-adapted to tropical and semi-arid regions in India. However, they are deficient in β-carotene, lysine, and tryptophan. We used the concurrent stepwise transfer of genes by marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB) scheme to introgress crtRB1 and o2 genes. In each generation (from F1, BC1F1-BC3F1, and ICF1-ICF3), foreground and background selections were carried out using gene-linked (crtRB1 3'TE and umc1066) and genome-wide simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. Four independent BC3F1 lines of UMI1200 × CE477 (Cross-1), UMI1200 × VQL1 (Cross-2), UMI1230 × CE477 (Cross-3), and UMI1230 × VQL1 (Cross-4) having crtRB1 and o2 genes and 87.45-88.41% of recurrent parent genome recovery (RPGR) were intercrossed to generate the ICF1-ICF3 generations. Further, these gene pyramided lines were examined for agronomic performance and the β-carotene, lysine, and tryptophan contents. Six ICF3 lines (DBT-IC-β1σ4-4-8-8, DBT-IC-β1σ4-9-21-21, DBT-IC-β1σ4-10-1-1, DBT-IC-β2σ5-9-51-51, DBT-IC-β2σ5-9-52-52 and DBT-IC-β2σ5-9-53-53) possessing crtRB1 and o2 genes showed better agronomic performance (77.78-99.31% for DBT-IC-β1σ4 population and 85.71-99.51% for DBT-IC-β2σ5 population) like the recurrent parents and β-carotene (14.21-14.35 μg/g for DBT-IC-β1σ4 and 13.28-13.62 μg/g for DBT-IC-β2σ5), lysine (0.31-0.33% for DBT-IC-β1σ4 and 0.31-0.34% for DBT-IC-β2σ5), and tryptophan (0.079-0.082% for DBT-IC-β1σ4 and 0.078-0.083% for DBT-IC-β2σ5) levels on par with that of the donor parents. In the future, these improved lines could be developed as a cultivar for various agro-climatic zones and also as good genetic materials for maize nutritional breeding programs.
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Baveja A, Chhabra R, Panda KK, Muthusamy V, Mehta BK, Mishra SJ, Zunjare RU, Hossain F. Expression analysis of opaque2, crtRB1 and shrunken2 genes during different stages of kernel development in biofortified sweet corn. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Composition of lysine and tryptophan among biofortified-maize possessing novel combination of opaque2 and opaque16 genes. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Talukder ZA, Muthusamy V, Chhabra R, Bhatt V, Reddappa SB, Mishra SJ, Prakash NR, Kasana RK, Chauhan HS, Mehta BK, Guleria SK, Zunjare RU, Hossain F. Enrichment of amylopectin in sub-tropically adapted maize hybrids through genomics-assisted introgression of waxy1 gene encoding granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS). J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Combining higher accumulation of amylopectin, lysine and tryptophan in maize hybrids through genomics-assisted stacking of waxy1 and opaque2 genes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:706. [PMID: 35027624 PMCID: PMC8758761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Waxy maize rich in amylopectin has emerged as a preferred food. However, waxy maize is poor in lysine and tryptophan, deficiency of which cause severe health problems. So far, no waxy hybrid with high lysine and tryptophan has been developed and commercialized. Here, we combined recessive waxy1 (wx1) and opaque2 (o2) genes in the parental lines of four popular hybrids (HQPM1, HQPM4, HQPM5, and HQPM7) using genomics-assisted breeding. The gene-based markers, wx-2507F/RG and phi057 specific for wx1 and o2, respectively were successfully used to genotype BC1F1, BC2F1 and BC2F2 populations. Background selection with > 100 SSRs resulted in recovering > 94% of the recurrent parent genome. The reconstituted hybrids showed 1.4-fold increase in amylopectin (mean: 98.84%) compared to the original hybrids (mean: 72.45%). The reconstituted hybrids also showed 14.3% and 14.6% increase in lysine (mean: 0.384%) and tryptophan (mean: 0.102%), respectively over the original hybrids (lysine: 0.336%, tryptophan: 0.089%). Reconstituted hybrids also possessed similar grain yield (mean: 6248 kg/ha) with their original versions (mean: 6111 kg/ha). The waxy hybrids with high lysine and tryptophan assume great significance in alleviating malnutrition through sustainable and cost-effective means. This is the first report of development of lysine and tryptophan rich waxy hybrids using genomics-assisted selection.
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20
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Wu H, Becraft PW, Dannenhoffer JM. Maize Endosperm Development: Tissues, Cells, Molecular Regulation and Grain Quality Improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:852082. [PMID: 35330868 PMCID: PMC8940253 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.852082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Maize endosperm plays important roles in human diet, animal feed and industrial applications. Knowing the mechanisms that regulate maize endosperm development could facilitate the improvement of grain quality. This review provides a detailed account of maize endosperm development at the cellular and histological levels. It features the stages of early development as well as developmental patterns of the various individual tissues and cell types. It then covers molecular genetics, gene expression networks, and current understanding of key regulators as they affect the development of each tissue. The article then briefly considers key changes that have occurred in endosperm development during maize domestication. Finally, it considers prospects for how knowledge of the regulation of endosperm development could be utilized to enhance maize grain quality to improve agronomic performance, nutrition and economic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Philip W. Becraft
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Philip W. Becraft,
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21
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Das AK, Gowda MM, Muthusamy V, Zunjare RU, Chauhan HS, Baveja A, Bhatt V, Chand G, Bhat JS, Guleria SK, Saha S, Gupta HS, Hossain F. Development of Maize Hybrids With Enhanced Vitamin-E, Vitamin-A, Lysine, and Tryptophan Through Molecular Breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:659381. [PMID: 34367197 PMCID: PMC8335160 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.659381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Malnutrition is a widespread problem that affects human health, society, and the economy. Traditional maize that serves as an important source of human nutrition is deficient in vitamin-E, vitamin-A, lysine, and tryptophan. Here, favorable alleles of vte4 (α-tocopherol methyl transferase), crtRB1 (β-carotene hydroxylase), lcyE (lycopene ε-cyclase), and o2 (opaque2) genes were combined in parental lines of four popular hybrids using marker-assisted selection (MAS). BC1F1, BC2F1, and BC2F2 populations were genotyped using gene-based markers of vte4, crtRB1, lcyE, and o2. Background selection using 81-103 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers led to the recovery of recurrent parent genome (RPG) up to 95.45%. Alpha (α)-tocopherol was significantly enhanced among introgressed progenies (16.13 μg/g) as compared to original inbreds (7.90 μg/g). Provitamin-A (proA) (10.42 μg/g), lysine (0.352%), and tryptophan (0.086%) were also high in the introgressed progenies. The reconstituted hybrids showed a 2-fold enhancement in α-tocopherol (16.83 μg/g) over original hybrids (8.06 μg/g). Improved hybrids also possessed high proA (11.48 μg/g), lysine (0.367%), and tryptophan (0.084%) when compared with traditional hybrids. The reconstituted hybrids recorded the mean grain yield of 8,066 kg/ha, which was at par with original hybrids (mean: 7,846 kg/ha). The MAS-derived genotypes resembled their corresponding original hybrids for the majority of agronomic and yield-related traits, besides characteristics related to distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS). This is the first report for the development of maize with enhanced vitamin-E, vitamin-A, lysine, and tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit K. Das
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Munegowda M. Gowda
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajkumar U. Zunjare
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Hema S. Chauhan
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Aanchal Baveja
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Bhatt
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Gulab Chand
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Jayant S. Bhat
- Division of Genetics, IARI-Regional Research Centre, Dharwad, India
| | - Satish K. Guleria
- Plant Breeding, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Bajaura, India
| | - Supradip Saha
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Hari S. Gupta
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Firoz Hossain
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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22
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Mehta BK, Chhabra R, Muthusamy V, Zunjare RU, Baveja A, Chauhan HS, Prakash NR, Chalam VC, Singh AK, Hossain F. Expression analysis of β-carotene hydroxylase1 and opaque2 genes governing accumulation of provitamin-A, lysine and tryptophan during kernel development in biofortified sweet corn. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:325. [PMID: 34194909 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional sweet corn possesses low levels of provitamin-A (proA), lysine and tryptophan. Mutant version of β-carotene hydroxylase1 (crtRB1) gene affecting the accumulation of β-carotene (BC), β-cryptoxanthin (BCX) and proA, and opaque2 (o2) gene governing the enhancement of lysine and tryptophan were introgressed together into elite sweet corn inbreds through marker-assisted selection. Here, we analyzed the expression pattern of crtRB1 and o2 genes among introgressed and traditional sweet corn inbreds at 20-, 24- and 28-days after pollination (DAP). The introgressed inbreds possessed two- to sevenfolds higher BC, BCX, proA, lysine and tryptophan compared to their original inbreds. However, all the nutrients attained the peak at 20-DAP (BC: 9.95 µg/g, BCX: 8.21 µg/g, proA: 14.05 µg/g, lysine: 0.301%, tryptophan: 0.074%), which gradually reduced through 24-DAP (BC: 8.24 µg/g, BCX: 7.53 µg/g, proA: 12.01 µg/g, lysine: 0.273%, tryptophan: 0.057%) and 28-DAP (BC: 5.84 µg/g, BCX: 5.82 µg/g, proA: 8.75 µg/g, lysine: 0.202%, tryptophan: 0.037%). Biofortified sweet corn inbreds possessed significantly lower expression levels of crtRB1 (4.1-fold) and o2 (2.2-fold) compared to their wild type alleles in traditional sweet corn inbreds across DAPs. The expression of crtRB1 and o2 increased from 20-DAP to attain the highest peak at 24-DAP, and further decreased by 28-DAP. The transcript levels of crtRB1 were negatively correlated with BC (r = - 0.83), BCX (r = - 0.79) and proA (r = - 0.83) across dates of harvest. Lysine (r = - 0.83) and tryptophan (r = - 0.73) were also inversely associated with o2 transcript levels. This is the first report on expression of crtRB1 and o2 genes during kernel development in biofortified sweet corn. This information holds immense promise in understanding the dynamics of gene-regulation during kernel development in sweet corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Kumar Mehta
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
- Present Address: ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, 284003 India
| | - Rashmi Chhabra
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | | | - Aanchal Baveja
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | | | | | | | - Ashok Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Firoz Hossain
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
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Garg M, Sharma A, Vats S, Tiwari V, Kumari A, Mishra V, Krishania M. Vitamins in Cereals: A Critical Review of Content, Health Effects, Processing Losses, Bioaccessibility, Fortification, and Biofortification Strategies for Their Improvement. Front Nutr 2021; 8:586815. [PMID: 34222296 PMCID: PMC8241910 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.586815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Around the world, cereals are stapled foods and good sources of vitamins A, B, and E. As cereals are inexpensive and consumed in large quantities, attempts are being made to enrich cereals using fortification and biofortification in order to address vitamin deficiency disorders in a vulnerable population. The processing and cooking of cereals significantly affect vitamin content. Depending on grain structure, milling can substantially reduce vitamin content, while cooking methods can significantly impact vitamin retention and bioaccessibility. Pressure cooking has been reported to result in large vitamin losses, whereas minimal vitamin loss was observed following boiling. The fortification of cereal flour with vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B9, which are commonly deficient, has been recommended; and in addition, region-specific fortification using either synthetic or biological vitamins has been suggested. Biofortification is a relatively new concept and has been explored as a method to generate vitamin-rich crops. Once developed, biofortified crops can be utilized for several years. A recent cereal biofortification success story is the enrichment of maize with provitamin A carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Garg
- Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Shreya Vats
- Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Vandita Tiwari
- Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Anita Kumari
- Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Vibhu Mishra
- Food Engineering and Nutrition, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, India
| | - Meena Krishania
- Food Engineering and Nutrition, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, India
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24
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Marker-assisted pyramiding of lycopene-ε-cyclase, β-carotene hydroxylase1 and opaque2 genes for development of biofortified maize hybrids. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12642. [PMID: 34135397 PMCID: PMC8209105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition affects growth and development in humans and causes socio-economic losses. Normal maize is deficient in essential amino acids, lysine and tryptophan; and vitamin-A. Crop biofortification is a sustainable and economical approach to alleviate micronutrient malnutrition. We combined favorable alleles of crtRB1 and lcyE genes into opaque2 (o2)-based four inbreds viz. QLM11, QLM12, QLM13, and QLM14 using marker-assisted backcross breeding. These are parents of quality protein maize versions of two elite hybrids viz. Buland and PMH1, grown in India. Gene-based SSRs for o2 and InDel markers for crtRB1 and lcyE were successfully employed for foreground selection in BC1F1, BC2F1, and BC2F2 generations. The recurrent parent genome recovery ranged from 88.9 to 96.0% among introgressed progenies. Kernels of pyramided lines possessed a high concentration of proA (7.14–9.63 ppm), compared to 1.05 to 1.41 ppm in the recurrent parents, while lysine and tryptophan ranged from 0.28–0.44% and 0.07–0.09%, respectively. The reconstituted hybrids (RBuland and RPMH1) showed significant enhancement of endosperm proA (6.97–9.82 ppm), tryptophan (0.07–0.09%), and lysine (0.29–0.43%), while grain yield was at par with their original versions. The dissemination of reconstituted hybrids holds significant promise to alleviate vitamin-A deficiency and protein-energy malnutrition in developing countries.
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Baveja A, Muthusamy V, Panda KK, Zunjare RU, Das AK, Chhabra R, Mishra SJ, Mehta BK, Saha S, Hossain F. Development of multinutrient-rich biofortified sweet corn hybrids through genomics-assisted selection of shrunken2, opaque2, lcyE and crtRB1 genes. J Appl Genet 2021; 62:419-429. [PMID: 33886083 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-021-00633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sweet corn has gained worldwide popularity. Traditional sweet corn possesses low concentration of essential nutrients such as lysine (0.15-0.25%), tryptophan (0.03-0.04%) and provitamin-A (proA 3-4 ppm), and deficiency leads to serious health problems in humans. Here, stacking of shrunken2 (sh2), opaque2 (o2), lycopene epsilon cyclase (lcyE) and β-carotene hydroxylase (crtRB1) genes were undertaken in the parents of four hybrids viz., APQH1, APHQ4, APHQ5 and APHQ7 using marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB). Gene-linked markers (umc2276 and umc1320) for sh2, while gene-based markers for o2 (umc1066 and phi057), lcyE (5'TE-InDel) and crtRB1 (3'TE-InDel), were used for genotyping in BC1F1, BC2F1 and BC2F2. Selected backcross progenies showed high recovery of recurrent parent genome (92.4-97.7%). The reconstituted sweet corn hybrids possessed significantly high lysine (0.390%), tryptophan (0.082%) and proA (21.14 ppm), coupled with high kernel sweetness (brix 18.96%). The improved sweet corn hybrids had high cob yield (12.22-15.33 t/ha) across three environments. These newly developed biofortified sweet corn hybrids possess great significance in providing balanced nutrition. This is the first report of combining sh2, o2, lcyE and crtRB1 genes for enrichment of sweet corn hybrids with multiple essential nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Baveja
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.,AMITY Institute of Biotechnology, AMITY University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Kusuma Kumari Panda
- AMITY Institute of Biotechnology, AMITY University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Abhijit Kumar Das
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.,ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, India
| | - Rashmi Chhabra
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Brijesh Kumar Mehta
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.,ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, India
| | - Supradip Saha
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Firoz Hossain
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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Duo H, Hossain F, Muthusamy V, Zunjare RU, Goswami R, Chand G, Mishra SJ, Chhabra R, Gowda MM, Pal S, Baveja A, Bhat JS, Kamboj MC, Kumar B, Amalraj JJ, Khulbe R, Prakash B, Neeraja CN, Rakshit S, Yadav OP. Development of sub-tropically adapted diverse provitamin-A rich maize inbreds through marker-assisted pedigree selection, their characterization and utilization in hybrid breeding. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245497. [PMID: 33539427 PMCID: PMC7861415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition has emerged as one of the major health problems worldwide. Traditional yellow maize has low provitamin-A (proA) content and its genetic base in proA biofortification breeding program of subtropics is extremely narrow. To diversify the proA rich germplasm, 10 elite low proA inbreds were crossed with a proA rich donor (HP702-22) having mutant crtRB1 gene. The F2 populations derived from these crosses were genotyped using InDel marker specific to crtRB1. Severe marker segregation distortion was observed. Seventeen crtRB1 inbreds developed through marker-assisted pedigree breeding and seven inbreds generated using marker-assisted backcross breeding were characterized using 77 SSRs. Wide variation in gene diversity (0.08 to 0.79) and dissimilarity coefficient (0.28 to 0.84) was observed. The inbreds were grouped into three major clusters depicting the existing genetic diversity. The crtRB1-based inbreds possessed high β-carotene (BC: 8.72μg/g), β-cryptoxanthin (BCX: 4.58μg/g) and proA (11.01μg/g), while it was 2.35μg/g, 1.24μg/g and 2.97μg/g in checks, respectively. Based on their genetic relationships, 15 newly developed crtRB1-based inbreds were crossed with five testers (having crtRB1 gene) using line × tester mating design. 75 experimental hybrids with crtRB1 gene were evaluated over three locations. These experimental hybrids possessed higher BC (8.02μg/g), BCX (4.69μg/g), proA (10.37μg/g) compared to traditional hybrids used as check (BC: 2.36 μg/g, BCX: 1.53μg/g, proA: 3.13μg/g). Environment and genotypes × environment interaction had minor effects on proA content. Both additive and dominance gene action were significant for proA. The mean proportion of proA to total carotenoids (TC) was 44% among crtRB1-based hybrids, while 11% in traditional hybrids. BC was found to be positively correlated with BCX (r = 0.68) and proA (r = 0.98). However, no correlation was observed between proA and grain yield. Several hybrids with >10.0 t/ha grain yield with proA content >10.0 μg/g were identified. This is the first comprehensive study on development of diverse proA rich maize hybrids through marker-assisted pedigree breeding approach. The findings provides sustainable and cost-effective solution to alleviate vitamin-A deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hriipulou Duo
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Firoz Hossain
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajkumar U. Zunjare
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajat Goswami
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Gulab Chand
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhra J. Mishra
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi Chhabra
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Munegowda M. Gowda
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Saikat Pal
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Aanchal Baveja
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Jayant S. Bhat
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehar C. Kamboj
- CCS-Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Uchani, Haryana, India
| | - Bhupender Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institute Maize Research, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - John J. Amalraj
- Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajesh Khulbe
- ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, India
| | - Bhukya Prakash
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - C. N. Neeraja
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Sujay Rakshit
- ICAR-Indian Institute Maize Research, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Om P. Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Institute Maize Research, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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27
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Mehta BK, Muthusamy V, Baveja A, Chauhan HS, Chhabra R, Bhatt V, Chand G, Zunjare RU, Singh AK, Hossain F. Composition analysis of lysine, tryptophan and provitamin-A during different stages of kernel development in biofortified sweet corn. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gaikwad KB, Rani S, Kumar M, Gupta V, Babu PH, Bainsla NK, Yadav R. Enhancing the Nutritional Quality of Major Food Crops Through Conventional and Genomics-Assisted Breeding. Front Nutr 2020; 7:533453. [PMID: 33324668 PMCID: PMC7725794 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.533453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional stress is making over two billion world population malnourished. Either our commercially cultivated varieties of cereals, pulses, and oilseed crops are deficient in essential nutrients or the soils in which these crops grow are becoming devoid of minerals. Unfortunately, our major food crops are poor sources of micronutrients required for normal human growth. To overcome the problem of nutritional deficiency, greater emphasis should be laid on the identification of genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs) pertaining to essential nutrients and their successful deployment in elite breeding lines through marker-assisted breeding. The manuscript deals with information on identified QTLs for protein content, vitamins, macronutrients, micro-nutrients, minerals, oil content, and essential amino acids in major food crops. These QTLs can be utilized in the development of nutrient-rich crop varieties. Genome editing technologies that can rapidly modify genomes in a precise way and will directly enrich the nutritional status of elite varieties could hold a bright future to address the challenge of malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran B. Gaikwad
- Division of Genetics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushma Rani
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjeet Kumar
- Division of Genetics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Division of Genetics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Prashanth H. Babu
- Division of Genetics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Bainsla
- Division of Genetics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajbir Yadav
- Division of Genetics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Kaur R, Kaur G, Vikal Y, Gill GK, Sharma S, Singh J, Dhariwal GK, Gulati A, Kaur A, Kumar A, Chawla JS. Genetic enhancement of essential amino acids for nutritional enrichment of maize protein quality through marker assisted selection. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2243-2254. [PMID: 33268926 PMCID: PMC7688887 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00897-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Maize grain protein is deficient in two essential amino acids, lysine and tryptophan, defining it as of low nutritive value. The discovery of opaque2 (o2) gene has led to the development of quality protein maize (QPM) that has enhanced levels of essential amino acids over normal maize. However, the adoption of QPM is still very limited. The present study aims at improving the quality of normal four maize inbred lines (LM11, LM12, LM13 and LM14) of single cross hybrids; Buland (LM11 × LM12) and PMH1 (LM13 × LM14) released in India for different agro-climatic zones by introgressing o2 allele along-with modifiers using marker assisted backcross breeding. Both foreground and background selection coupled with phenotypic selection were employed for selection of o2 specific allele and maximum recovery of the recurrent parent genome (87-90%) with minimum linkage drag across the crosses. The converted QPM lines had < 25% opaqueness which is close to the respective recurrent parents. The QPM versions showed high level of tryptophan content ranging from 0.72 to 1.03 across the four crosses. The newly developed best QPM lines were crossed in original combinations to generate QPM hybrids. The grain yield of improved QPM hybrids was at par and there was significant increase in tryptophan content over the original hybrids.The integrated marker assisted, and phenotypic selection approach holds promise to tackle complex genetics of QPM. The dissemination and adoption of improved QPM versions may help to counteract protein-energy malnutrition in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravneet Kaur
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Yogesh Vikal
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Gurjit Kaur Gill
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Jagveer Singh
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | | | - Ankit Gulati
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Reginal Research Station, Gurdaspur, Ludhiana, India
| | - Jasbir Singh Chawla
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
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30
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Mehta BK, Muthusamy V, Zunjare RU, Baveja A, Chauhan HS, Chhabra R, Singh AK, Hossain F. Biofortification of sweet corn hybrids for provitamin-A, lysine and tryptophan using molecular breeding. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.103093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Natesan S, Duraisamy T, Pukalenthy B, Chandran S, Nallathambi J, Adhimoolam K, Manickam D, Sampathrajan V, Muniyandi SJ, Meitei LJ, Thirunavukkarasu N, Kalipatty Nalliappan G, Rajasekaran R. Enhancing β-Carotene Concentration in Parental Lines of CO6 Maize Hybrid Through Marker-Assisted Backcross Breeding (MABB). Front Nutr 2020; 7:134. [PMID: 33154974 PMCID: PMC7591750 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a global health problem; many people around the world, especially children and pregnant women, are VAD deficient or insufficient. Maize is known as an important source of provitamin A for humans. Hence, enhancement of provitamin A carotenoids (pVAC) in maize varieties through breeding or biofortification is a good option for alleviating VAD in developing countries, especially India. So far, numerous maize hybrids have been developed in India. Among them, CO6, derived from UMI1200 × UMI1230, is a popular maize hybrid and adapted to different agro-climatic zones of India, especially Tamil Nadu, a southern state of India. However, CO6 is deficient for pVAC carotenoid β-carotene. Thus, the objectives of this study were to increase the β-carotene concentration in UMI1200 and UMI1230 and generate the β-carotene enriched hybrids through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB). For this purpose, the maize genotype HP467-15 was used as the donor for transferring the β-carotene gene, crtRB1, into UMI1200 and UMI1230. In the MABB scheme, we used one gene-specific marker (crtRB1 3'TE) and 214 simples sequence repeat (SSR) markers for foreground and background selection, respectively. As a result, six improved lines with recurrent parent genome recovery (RPGR) ranging from 90.24 to 92.42%, along with good agronomic performance, were generated. The β-carotene concentration of the improved lines ranged from 7.056 to 9.232 μg/g. Furthermore, five hybrid combinations were generated using improved lines and evaluated in a comparative yield trial (CYT) and multi-location trials (MLT) along with the original hybrid CO6 and commercial hybrids. It was revealed that ACM-M13-002 was a superior hybrid with a 7.3-fold increase in β-carotene concentration and with a comparable yield to CO6. In summary, the improved maize inbreds can be used as possible donors for the development of β-carotene-rich cultivars in maize breeding programs and the β-carotene enriched hybrid developed in this study will hold great promise for food and nutritional security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Natesan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Bharathi Pukalenthy
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Sarankumar Chandran
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Jagadeeshselvam Nallathambi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Karthikeyan Adhimoolam
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Dhasarathan Manickam
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Vellaikumar Sampathrajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | | | - Laishram Joykumar Meitei
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, India
| | - Nepolean Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Breeding, ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ganesan Kalipatty Nalliappan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ravikesavan Rajasekaran
- Department of Millets, Center for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
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32
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Pukalenthy B, Manickam D, Adhimoolam K, Mahesh SG, Ramanathan N, Chandran S, Sampathrajan V, Rajasekaran R, Arunachalam K, Senthil K, Muthusamy V, Hossain F, Natesan S. Marker aided introgression of opaque 2 (o2) allele improving lysine and tryptophan in maize ( Zea mays L.). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1925-1930. [PMID: 32943826 PMCID: PMC7468007 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00857-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Maize is the predominant food source for the world population, but lack of lysine and tryptophan in maize endosperm cannot fulfill the nutritional requirements of humans. Hence, the improvement of lysine and tryptophan content is the ultimate goal of maize biofortification programs. In the present study, the marker-assisted backcross (MABC) breeding strategy was used to enhance the lysine and tryptophan content of the elite maize inbred line UMI1230 by introgressing opaque 2 (o2) gene from the VQL1. During the transfer of the gene into UMI1230, SSR marker umc1066 tightly associated with o2 used for foreground selection. Background recovery was estimated using 168 SSR markers. Phenotype screening for morphological traits was adopted to choose plants parallel to UMI1230. As a result, four BC2F3 improved lines (DBT5-1-14/25-5/25-8/25-8/25, DBT5-1-14/25-5/25-8/25-7/25, DBT5-1-14/25-5/25-8/25-10/25 and DBT5-1-14/25-5/25-8/25-12/25) with o2 were developed. The improved line's background genome recovery varied between 90.60 and 94.80%. Also, the improved lines had better agronomic performance along with increased lysine (0.311-0.331%) and tryptophan (0.040-0.048%) contents. In summary, the MABC breeding strategy has successfully improved the levels of lysine and tryptophan in UMI1230 without affecting agronomic performance. The improved line's hold great potential as donors in biofortification programs in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Pukalenthy
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Dhasarathan Manickam
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Karthikeyan Adhimoolam
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sandesh Goragundi Mahesh
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Nagalakshmi Ramanathan
- Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sarankumar Chandran
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Vellaikumar Sampathrajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ravikesavan Rajasekaran
- Department of Millets, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Kavithapushpam Arunachalam
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Killikulam, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Kalaiselvi Senthil
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Firoz Hossain
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Senthil Natesan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
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Development and validation of breeder-friendly gene-based markers for lpa1-1 and lpa2-1 genes conferring low phytic acid in maize kernel. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:121. [PMID: 32123645 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on C (wild) to T (mutant) transition at amino acid position 1432 bp of lpa1-1 gene, two dominant markers each specific to wild type (LPA1) and mutant (lpa1-1) allele were developed and validated across seven F2 populations. Joint segregation of these markers behaved in co-dominant fashion, clearly distinguishing heterozygote from two other homozygote genotypes. Full length sequence alignment between wild type (LPA2) and mutant (lpa2-1) allele revealed one transition mutation (A to G) and a co-dominant CAPS marker was developed which differentiated all three types of segregants across seven F2 populations. Across populations, segregants with lpa1-1/lpa1-1 (1.77 mg/g) and lpa2-1/lpa2-1 (1.85 mg/g) possessed significantly lower phytic acid compared to LPA1/LPA1 (2.58 mg/g) and LPA2/LPA2 (2.53 mg/g). Inorganic phosphorus was however higher in recessive homozygotes (lpa1-1/lpa1-1: 0.77 mg/g, lpa2-1/lpa2-1: 0.53 mg/g) than the dominant homozygotes (LPA1/LPA1: 0.33 mg/g, LPA2/LPA2: 0.19 mg/g). Overall, homozygous segregants of lpa1-1 and lpa2-1 showed 31% and 27% reduction of phytic acid, respectively. Analysis of phytate and inorganic phosphorous in the maize kernel in these segregating populations confirmed co-segregation of trait and markers specific to lpa1-1 and lpa2-1. This is the first report of the development of breeder-friendly gene-based markers for lpa1-1 and lpa2-1; and it holds great significance for maize biofortification.
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Prasanna BM, Palacios-Rojas N, Hossain F, Muthusamy V, Menkir A, Dhliwayo T, Ndhlela T, San Vicente F, Nair SK, Vivek BS, Zhang X, Olsen M, Fan X. Molecular Breeding for Nutritionally Enriched Maize: Status and Prospects. Front Genet 2020; 10:1392. [PMID: 32153628 PMCID: PMC7046684 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is a major source of food security and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Latin America, and the Caribbean, and is among the top three cereal crops in Asia. Yet, maize is deficient in certain essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Biofortified maize cultivars enriched with essential minerals and vitamins could be particularly impactful in rural areas with limited access to diversified diet, dietary supplements, and fortified foods. Significant progress has been made in developing, testing, and deploying maize cultivars biofortified with quality protein maize (QPM), provitamin A, and kernel zinc. In this review, we outline the status and prospects of developing nutritionally enriched maize by successfully harnessing conventional and molecular marker-assisted breeding, highlighting the need for intensification of efforts to create greater impacts on malnutrition in maize-consuming populations, especially in the low- and middle-income countries. Molecular marker-assisted selection methods are particularly useful for improving nutritional traits since conventional breeding methods are relatively constrained by the cost and throughput of nutritional trait phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Firoz Hossain
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Abebe Menkir
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mike Olsen
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Xingming Fan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (YAAS), Kunming, China
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35
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Chandran S, Pukalenthy B, Adhimoolam K, Manickam D, Sampathrajan V, Chocklingam V, Eswaran K, Arunachalam K, Joikumar Meetei L, Rajasekaran R, Muthusamy V, Hossain F, Natesan S. Marker-Assisted Selection to Pyramid the Opaque-2 (O2) and β-Carotene (crtRB1) Genes in Maize. Front Genet 2019; 10:859. [PMID: 31611905 PMCID: PMC6775488 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is an excellent nutritional source and is consumed as a staple food in different parts of the world, including India. Developing a maize genotype with a combination of higher lysine and tryptophan, along with β-carotene, can help alleviate the problem of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and vitamin A deficiency (VAD). This study is aimed at improving lysine and tryptophan content by transferring opaque-2 (o2) gene from donor HKI163 to β-carotene-rich inbred lines viz., UMI1200β+ and UMI1230β+. For this purpose, F1, BC1F1, BC2F1, BC2F2, and BC2F3 plants were developed using an o2 line HKI163 and two β-carotene-rich inbred lines, UMI1200β+ and UMI1230β+, as the parents. Foreground selection using the associated marker umc1066 for the o2 gene and the marker crtRB1 3'TE for the crtRB1 gene was used to select the target genes. A total of 236 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers distributed evenly across the maize genome were employed for the background selection. To fix the crtRB1 allele in the BC1F1 stage, individual plants homozygous at the crtRB1 locus and heterozygous at the o2 locus were selected and used for backcrossing to produce BC2F1 plants. Furthermore, the selected heterozygous BC2F1 plants from both crosses were selfed to obtain the BC2F2 plants, which were then selected for the target gene and selfed to generate the BC2F3 lines. From each cross, five improved lines with homozygous marker alleles for the crtRB1 and o2 genes with a recurrent parent genome (RPG) recovery ranging from 86.75 to 91.21% in UMI1200β+×HKI163 and 80.00 to 90.08% in UMI1230β+×HKI163 were identified. The improved lines had good agronomic performance and possessed high lysine (0.294-0.332%), tryptophan (0.073-0.081%), and β-carotene (6.12-7.38 µg/g) content. These improved lines can be used as genetic resources for maize improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarankumar Chandran
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Bharathi Pukalenthy
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Karthikeyan Adhimoolam
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Dhasarathan Manickam
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Vellaikumar Sampathrajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Vanniarajan Chocklingam
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Kokiladevi Eswaran
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Center for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Kavithapushpam Arunachalam
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Killikulam, India
| | - Laishram Joikumar Meetei
- Department of Tree Improvement and Plant Breeding and Genetics, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, India
| | - Ravikesavan Rajasekaran
- Department of Millet, Center for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Firoz Hossain
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Senthil Natesan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
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Mapping and validation of Anthocyanin1 pigmentation gene for its effectiveness in early selection of shrunken2 gene governing kernel sweetness in maize. J Cereal Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Pukalenthy B, Manickam D, Chandran S, Adhimoolam K, Sampathrajan V, Rajasekaran R, Arunachalam K, Ganapathyswamy H, Chocklingam V, Muthusamy V, Hossain F, Natesan S. Incorporation of opaque-2 into ‘UMI 1200’, an elite maize inbred line, through marker-assisted backcross breeding. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1556121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Pukalenthy
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Dhasarathan Manickam
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Sarankumar Chandran
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Karthikeyan Adhimoolam
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Vellaikumar Sampathrajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Ravikesavan Rajasekaran
- Department of Millets, Center for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Kavithapushpam Arunachalam
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Hemalatha Ganapathyswamy
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Community Science College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Vanniarajan Chocklingam
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Firoz Hossain
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Senthil Natesan
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
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38
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Molecular analysis of mutant granule-bound starch synthase-I ( waxy1) gene in diverse waxy maize inbreds. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:3. [PMID: 30555769 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Waxy corn is popular beacuse of its high amylopectin due to mutation in granule-bound starch synthase-I or Waxy1 (Wx1) gene. Here, we characterized the wx1 allele among 24 diverse waxy inbreds using gene-based markers. A total of 29 alleles with average of 1.81 alleles/locus were observed. Major allele frequency varied from 0.42 to 1.00, with mean of 0.74. The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.00 to 0.56 (average 0.24). Three simple sequence repeat markers, viz., phi027, phi022 and phi061 were more polymorphic in the study. The mean heterozygosity was 0.04, which indicated attainment of higher levels of homozygosity. Dissimilarity coefficient varied from 0.00 to 0.90 with average of 0.51. Seventeen diverse haplotypes of wx1 allele were observed that was consistent with the pedigree. Cluster analyses grouped 24 genotypes into two main clusters each having sub-clusters. The information generated here possesses great potential for improvement of high amylopectin in maize through marker-assisted selection. This is the first report of molecular dissection of wx1 gene among the novel waxy inbreds developed in India.
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Sarika K, Hossain F, Muthusamy V, Zunjare RU, Baveja A, Goswami R, Bhat JS, Saha S, Gupta HS. Marker-assisted pyramiding of opaque2 and novel opaque16 genes for further enrichment of lysine and tryptophan in sub-tropical maize. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 272:142-152. [PMID: 29807585 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The improvement of protein quality in maize so far has been based on recessive opaque2 (o2) mutant that along with endosperm-modifiers led to development of quality protein maize (QPM). Recent discovery of nutritional benefits of recessive opaque16 (o16) mutant was of immense significance for further improvement of protein quality. In the present study, o16 was introgressed into o2-based parental inbreds (HKI161, HKI193-1, HKI193-2 and HKI163) of four commercial QPM hybrids (HQPM-1, HQPM-4, HQPM-5 and HQPM-7) released in India, using marker-assisted backcross breeding. Background selection led to high recovery of recurrent parent genome (RPG) to maximum of 95%, and introgressed progenies showed considerable phenotypic resemblance for plant-, ear- and grain- characteristics to their respective recurrent parents. Selection of markers for o2 and o16 led to development of pyramided lines (o2o2/o16o16) that possessed as high as 76% and 91% more lysine and tryptophan over the recurrent parents, respectively. Reconstituted hybrids showed an average enhancement of 49% and 60% in lysine and tryptophan over the original hybrids, with highest enhancement amounting 64% and 86%, respectively. This is first report of enhancement of both lysine and tryptophan by o16 in maize genotypes adaptable to sub-tropics. Moderate variation in lysine and tryptophan was also observed in pyramided lines. Multi-location evaluation of reconstituted hybrids revealed similar grain yield and attributing traits to their original versions. This study signified the role of o16 as supplementary to o2 for nutritional quality enhancement in maize, and improved elite inbreds and hybrids developed here hold great significance in maize biofortification programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konsam Sarika
- Maize Genetics Unit, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Firoz Hossain
- Maize Genetics Unit, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- Maize Genetics Unit, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Rajkumar U Zunjare
- Maize Genetics Unit, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Aanchal Baveja
- Maize Genetics Unit, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Rajat Goswami
- Maize Genetics Unit, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Jayant S Bhat
- Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Supradip Saha
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Hari S Gupta
- Maize Genetics Unit, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
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