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Johnson JB, Thani PR, Naiker M. Detection of eucalyptus oil adulteration in Australian tea tree oil using UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. TALANTA OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2022.100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Syafri S, Jaswir I, Yusof F, Rohman A, Ahda M, Hamidi D. The use of instrumental technique and chemometrics for essential oil authentication: A review. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Capetti F, Marengo A, Cagliero C, Liberto E, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Adulteration of Essential Oils: A Multitask Issue for Quality Control. Three Case Studies: Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck and Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel. Molecules 2021; 26:5610. [PMID: 34577081 PMCID: PMC8471154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality control of essential oils (EO) principally aims at revealing the presence of adulterations and at quantifying compounds that are limited by law by evaluating EO chemical compositions, usually in terms of the normalised relative abundance of selected markers, for comparison to reference values reported in pharmacopoeias and/or international norms. Common adulterations of EO consist of the addition of cheaper EO or synthetic materials. This adulteration can be detected by calculating the percent normalised areas of selected markers or the enantiomeric composition of chiral components. The dilution of the EO with vegetable oils is another type of adulteration. This adulteration is quite devious, as it modifies neither the qualitative composition of the resulting EO nor the marker's normalised percentage abundance, which is no longer diagnostic, and an absolute quantitative analysis is required. This study aims at verifying the application of the two above approaches (i.e., normalised relative abundance and absolute quantitation) to detect EO adulterations, with examples involving selected commercial EO (lavender, bergamot and tea tree) adulterated with synthetic components, EO of different origin and lower economical values and heavy vegetable oils. The results show that absolute quantitation is necessary to highlight adulteration with heavy vegetable oils, providing that a reference quantitative profile is available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Turin, Italy; (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (E.L.); (C.B.); (P.R.)
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Type and magnitude of non-compliance and adulteration in neroli, mandarin and bergamot essential oils purchased on-line: potential consumer vulnerability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11096. [PMID: 34045520 PMCID: PMC8160360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-one samples of essential oils used both in perfumery and aromatherapy were purchased to business-to-consumers suppliers and submitted to standard gas chromatography-based analysis of their chemical composition. Their compliance with ISO AFNOR standards was checked and revealed, although ISO AFNOR ranges are relatively loose, that more than 45% of the samples analyzed failed to pass the test and more than 19% were diluted with solvents such as propylene and dipropylene glycol, triethyl citrate, or vegetal oil. Cases of non-compliance could be due to substitution or dilution with a cheaper essential oil, such as sweet orange oil, blending with selected compounds (linalool and linalyl acetate, maybe of synthetic origin), or issues of aging, harvest, or manufacturing that should be either deliberate or accidental. In some cases, natural variability could be invoked. These products are made available to the market without control and liability by resellers and could expose the public to safety issues, in addition to commercial prejudice, in sharp contrast with the ever-increasing regulations applying to the sector and the high demand of consumers for safe, controlled and traceable products in fragrances and cosmetic products.
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Mbogning Feudjio W, Mbesse Kongbonga GY, Kogniwali-Gredibert SBC, Ghalila H, Wang-Yang P, Majdi Y, Kenfack Assongo C, Nsangou M. Characterization of engine lubricants by fluorescence spectroscopy and chemometrics. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 252:119539. [PMID: 33588363 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, principal component analysis (PCA) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) combined with excitation-emission matrix fluorescence (EEMF) were used to determine the most efficient excitation wavelengths of engine lubricants; identify their fluorophores; classify them and look for correlations between their fluorescence and their physical parameters. EEMF spectra were obtained for the different samples in the range of 260 to 600 nm, and 300 to 700 nm for excitation and emission wavelengths respectively. PCA and PARAFAC showed that the efficient excitation wavelengths for engine lubricants are 300, 350, 400, 450 and 470 nm. These five wavelengths represented the maxima of the PARAFAC recovered excitation profiles, of which two were attributed to fluorene and pyrene. The relative proportions of the PARAFAC retrieved components were used to classify engine lubricants with a satisfactory percentage of classification of 70%. Finally, a good correlation was obtained between some physical parameters (particularly the viscosity) of engine lubricants and their fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Mbogning Feudjio
- Laboratory of Optics and Applications, Centre for Atomic Molecular Physics and Quantum Optics (CEPAMOQ), Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 8580, Douala, Cameroon.
| | - Gilbert Yvon Mbesse Kongbonga
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Bangui, P.O. Box 908, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Sagesse Bel Christ Kogniwali-Gredibert
- Laboratory of Optics and Applications, Centre for Atomic Molecular Physics and Quantum Optics (CEPAMOQ), Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 8580, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Hassen Ghalila
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique Moléculaire et Applications (LSAMA), Faculty of Science, The University of Tunis El Manar, P.O. Box 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pale Wang-Yang
- Laboratory of Optics and Applications, Centre for Atomic Molecular Physics and Quantum Optics (CEPAMOQ), Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 8580, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Youssef Majdi
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique Moléculaire et Applications (LSAMA), Faculty of Science, The University of Tunis El Manar, P.O. Box 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Cyril Kenfack Assongo
- Laboratory of Optics and Applications, Centre for Atomic Molecular Physics and Quantum Optics (CEPAMOQ), Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 8580, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Mama Nsangou
- Department of Physics, Higher Teacher Training School, The University of Maroua, P.O. Box 46, Maroua, Cameroon
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Tarhan İ, Bakır MR, Kalkan O, Kara H. Multivariate Modeling for Quantifying Adulteration of Sunflower Oil with Low Level of Safflower Oil Using ATR-FTIR, UV-Visible, and Fluorescence Spectroscopies: A Comparative Approach. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kharbach M, Marmouzi I, El Jemli M, Bouklouze A, Vander Heyden Y. Recent advances in untargeted and targeted approaches applied in herbal-extracts and essential-oils fingerprinting - A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 177:112849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Non-targeted Detection of Multiple Frauds in Orange Juice Using Double Water-Soluble Fluorescence Quantum Dots and Chemometrics. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Evaluation of macro and micronutrient elements content from soft drinks using principal component analysis and Kohonen self-organizing maps. Food Chem 2019; 273:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Smithson SC, Fakayode BD, Henderson S, Nguyen J, Fakayode SO. Detection, Purity Analysis, and Quality Assurance of Adulterated Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea) Oils. Foods 2018; 7:E122. [PMID: 30065168 PMCID: PMC6112014 DOI: 10.3390/foods7080122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The intake of adulterated and unhealthy oils and trans-fats in the human diet has had negative health repercussions, including cardiovascular disease, causing millions of deaths annually. Sadly, a significant percentage of all consumable products including edible oils are neither screened nor monitored for quality control for various reasons. The prospective intake of adulterated oils and the associated health impacts on consumers is a significant public health safety concern, necessitating the need for quality assurance checks of edible oils. This study reports a simple, fast, sensitive, accurate, and low-cost chemometric approach to the purity analysis of highly refined peanut oils (HRPO) that were adulterated either with vegetable oil (VO), canola oil (CO), or almond oil (AO) for food quality assurance purposes. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of the pure oils and adulterated HRPO samples were measured and subjected to a partial-least-square (PLS) regression analysis. The obtained PLS regression figures-of-merit were incredible, with remarkable linearity (R² = 0.994191 or better). The results of the score plots of the PLS regressions illustrate pattern recognition of the adulterated HRPO samples. Importantly, the PLS regressions accurately determined percent compositions of adulterated HRPOs, with an overall root-mean-square-relative-percent-error of 5.53% and a limit-of-detection as low as 0.02% (wt/wt). The developed PLS regressions continued to predict the compositions of newly prepared adulterated HRPOs over a period of two months, with incredible accuracy without the need for re-calibration. The accuracy, sensitivity, and robustness of the protocol make it desirable and potentially adoptable by health departments and local enforcement agencies for fast screening and quality assurance of consumable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayla C Smithson
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Arkansas Fort Smith, 5210 Grand Avenue, P.O. Box 3649, Fort Smith, AR 72913-3649, USA.
| | - Boluwatife D Fakayode
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Arkansas Fort Smith, 5210 Grand Avenue, P.O. Box 3649, Fort Smith, AR 72913-3649, USA.
| | - Siera Henderson
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Arkansas Fort Smith, 5210 Grand Avenue, P.O. Box 3649, Fort Smith, AR 72913-3649, USA.
| | - John Nguyen
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Arkansas Fort Smith, 5210 Grand Avenue, P.O. Box 3649, Fort Smith, AR 72913-3649, USA.
| | - Sayo O Fakayode
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Arkansas Fort Smith, 5210 Grand Avenue, P.O. Box 3649, Fort Smith, AR 72913-3649, USA.
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