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Capetti F, Cagliero C, Argenziano M, Cavalli R, Dianzani C, Pavarino M, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. A New Blend of Litsea cubeba, Pinus mugo, and Cymbopogon winterianus Essential Oil Active as an Anti-tyrosinase Ingredient in Topical Formulations. Planta Med 2024; 90:267-275. [PMID: 38081308 DOI: 10.1055/a-2225-7603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a target enzyme to be inhibited in order to reduce excessive melanin production and prevent typical age-related skin disorders. Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile compounds, belonging mainly to monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, which have been relatively little studied as tyrosinase inhibitors. Among the monoterpenoids, citral (a mixture of neral and geranial) is a fragrance compound in several essential oils that has shown interesting tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Although citral is listed as an allergen among the 26 fragrances in Annex III of the Cosmetics Directive 2003/15/EC, it can be safely used for the formulation of topical products in amounts that are not expected to cause skin sensitization, as shown by various commercially available products.The aim of this work was to evaluate two different formulations (oil/water emulsion, oily solution) containing a new combination of essential oils (Litsea cubeba, Pinus mugo, Cymbopogon winterianus) applied to the skin both in nonocclusive and partially occlusive modes. The blend is designed to reduce the concentration of citral to avoid potential skin reactions while taking advantage of the inhibitory activity of citral. Specifically, the amount of citral and other bioactive compounds (myrcene, citronellal) delivered through the skin was studied as a function of formulation and mode of application.The results show that an oil/water emulsion is preferable because it releases the bioactive compounds rapidly and minimizes their evaporative loss. In addition, semi-occluded conditions are required to prevent evaporation, resulting in higher availability of the bioactive compounds in viable skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Capetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Argenziano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Pavarino
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
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2
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Mastellone G, Marengo A, Sgorbini B, Rubiolo P, Anderson JL, Cagliero C. Ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-liquid microextraction with eutectic solvents for the determination of cannabinoids in different hemp products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123967. [PMID: 38113724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The wide range of applications of hemp products, together with the environmental benefits that come from hemp cultivation are driving up the market demand for Cannabis sativa L. plant. One of the main restrictions for hemp cultivation and marketing concerns the content of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabidiol (Δ9-THC), which is known to have psychotomimetic effect. If the recent growing of hemp market is beneficial by an economic and environmental point of view, it is necessary to develop reliable analytical methods for the chemical characterization of hemp products, to guarantee the safety of use for the customers. This study aimed to develop a simple ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-liquid microextraction (UA-DSLME) method for the extraction of cannabinoids in hemp products, using eutectic solvents (ESs) as extraction material. Two types of ESs were compared: one prepared with a [Ch+][Br-]-modified salts as hydrogen bond acceptor and one based on natural terpenoids. The ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-liquid microextraction method was optimized to be applied for the analysis of aerial parts of hemp collected before flowering, hemp inflorescences and a commercial sample called CBD oil, and proved to be robust and versatile. Under optimal conditions, only 100 µL of ES and 2 mL of water as co-solvent were used in the US-assisted extraction, before the analysis in the UHPLC-PDA system. The developed approach allowed to obtain the same chemical profile of conventional methods, while improving the greenness of the method and the enrichment of the marker analytes. To overcome the strong matrix effect for cannabinoids, a matrix-matched calibration was used. Blank matrices of the samples under study were easily obtained by performing an exhaustive extraction of the marker analytes in the hemp samples. These matrices were successfully used for validation, achieving accuracy values between 82% and 118%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mastellone
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
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Pavarino M, Marengo A, Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton Essential Oil: An Interesting Source of Bioactive Specialized Metabolites as Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3463. [PMID: 37836202 PMCID: PMC10575282 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (Zingiberaceae family) is a plant traditionally used in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. In this work, the essential oil of E. cardamomum was found to inhibit the enzymes AChE (62.6% of inhibition, IC50 24.9 μg/mL) and BChE (55.8% of inhibition, IC50 25.9 μg/mL) by performing an in vitro colorimetric assay using the Ellman method. A bio-guided fractionation approach was used to isolate fractions/pure compounds that were tested individually to evaluate their activity. The resulting oxygenated fraction was found to be active against both AChE (percentage inhibition 42.8%) and BChE (percentage inhibition 63.7%), while the hydrocarbon fraction was inactive. The activity was attributed to a pool of oxygenated terpenes (α-terpinyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, linalool, linalyl acetate, and α-terpineol) that synergistically contributed to the overall activity of the essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Turin, Italy; (M.P.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Turin, Italy; (M.P.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (C.B.)
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4
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Bechis G, Minteguiaga MA, Sgorbini B, Marengo A, Rubiolo P, Cagliero C. Make the Quality Control of Essential Oils Greener: Fast Enantioselective GC-MS Analysis of Sweet and Bitter Orange as a Case Study. Molecules 2023; 28:6231. [PMID: 37687059 PMCID: PMC10488983 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Quality control of essential oils is fundamental for verifying their authenticity and conformity with quality standards, ensuring their safety and regulatory compliance, and monitoring their consistency. Companies that produce or market essential oils routinely evaluate the quality and authenticity of their products. However, they also must deal with increasing attention to environmental sustainability as well as practical considerations such as productivity, cost, and simplicity of methods. In this study, enantioselective gas chromatography (GC) was adopted to evaluate the quality of sweet and bitter orange essential oils, used as a case study. The analytical conditions were optimized and translated to fast GC to evaluate the impact of this approach on the environmental footprint of the analyses. The greenness of fast GC, compared with conventional GC, was quantitatively evaluated using a dedicated metric tool (AGREE), and important improvements have been calculated. The developed methods were applied to a set of commercial essential oils, and the data about the enantiomeric composition and relative percentage abundance were elaborated through multivariate statistics (principal component analysis). The results showed that fast chiral gas chromatography enables the classification of citrus essential oil samples and can be considered an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach for evaluating their quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Bechis
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (M.A.M.); (B.S.); (A.M.); (P.R.)
| | - Manuel A. Minteguiaga
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (M.A.M.); (B.S.); (A.M.); (P.R.)
- Espacio de Ciencia y Tecnología Química (ECTQ), CENUR Noreste-Tacuarembó, Universidad de la República, Tacuarembó 45000, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Aromas (LaBiotA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (M.A.M.); (B.S.); (A.M.); (P.R.)
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (M.A.M.); (B.S.); (A.M.); (P.R.)
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (M.A.M.); (B.S.); (A.M.); (P.R.)
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (M.A.M.); (B.S.); (A.M.); (P.R.)
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Boscaro V, Rivoira M, Sgorbini B, Bordano V, Dadone F, Gallicchio M, Pons A, Benetti E, Rosa AC. Evidence-Based Anti-Diabetic Properties of Plant from the Occitan Valleys of the Piedmont Alps. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2371. [PMID: 36365189 PMCID: PMC9693256 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on urban and rural diabetes prevalence ratios show a significantly lower presence of diabetes in rural areas. Several bioactive compounds of plant origin are known to exert anti-diabetic properties. Interestingly, most of them naturally occur in different plants present in mountainous areas and are linked to traditions of herbal use. This review will aim to evaluate the last 10 years of evidence-based data on the potential anti-diabetic properties of 9 plants used in the Piedmont Alps (North-Western Italy) and identified through an ethnobotanical approach, based on the Occitan language minority of the Cuneo province (Sambucus nigra L., Achillea millefolium L., Cornus mas L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Fragaria vesca L., Rosa canina L., Rubus idaeus L., Rubus fruticosus/ulmifolius L., Urtica dioica L.), where there is a long history of herbal remedies. The mechanism underlying the anti-hyperglycemic effects and the clinical evidence available are discussed. Overall, this review points to the possible use of these plants as preventive or add-on therapy in treating diabetes. However, studies of a single variety grown in the geographical area, with strict standardization and titration of all the active ingredients, are warranted before applying the WHO strategy 2014-2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Boscaro
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Rivoira
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, University of Turin, Via Sant’Ottavio 20, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Atlante Linguistico Italiano (ALI), Via Sant’Ottavio 20, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Bordano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Dadone
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Gallicchio
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Aline Pons
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, University of Turin, Via Sant’Ottavio 20, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Benetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Arianna Carolina Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Mastellone G, Marengo A, Sgorbini B, Scaglia F, Capetti F, Gai F, Peiretti PG, Rubiolo P, Cagliero C. Characterization and Biological Activity of Fiber-Type Cannabis sativa L. Aerial Parts at Different Growth Stages. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11030419. [PMID: 35161400 PMCID: PMC8838183 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is a renewed interest in cannabis-related products in different fields because of the rich phytocomplex of this plant, together with its fiber and agricultural features. In this context, the current study aims to chemically characterize different samples of fiber-type Cannabis sativa L. grown in Italy as a potential health promoting source. An ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction (UA-SLE) method was first developed and optimized to obtain a fingerprinting of the investigated phytocomplex. Analyses were carried out through an ultra high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array detector in series with triple quadrupole system with an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface (UHPLC-UV-ESI-MS/MS) and showed that the phytocomplex mainly includes flavonoids and non-psychotomimetic cannabinoids. The method was then applied to characterize and compare 24 samples of fiber-type Cannabis sativa L. aerial parts (mainly stems and leaves), which differed for the growth stages (from mid-vegetative to early flowering), growth land plots, and methods of drying (forced-draft oven or freeze-drying). The quali-quantitative analysis showed that a freeze-drying method seems to better preserve the chemical composition of the samples, while the location of the land plot and the growth stage of the plant (which did not comprise inflorescences) had minor influences on the chemical pattern. These results were also supported by spectrophotometric in-vitro assays (scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS+•) radicals and inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and elastase enzymes) to investigate the potential biological activity of these samples and the contribution of non-psychotomimetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mastellone
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.M.); (A.M.); (B.S.); (F.S.); (F.C.); (P.R.)
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.M.); (A.M.); (B.S.); (F.S.); (F.C.); (P.R.)
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.M.); (A.M.); (B.S.); (F.S.); (F.C.); (P.R.)
| | - Federica Scaglia
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.M.); (A.M.); (B.S.); (F.S.); (F.C.); (P.R.)
| | - Francesca Capetti
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.M.); (A.M.); (B.S.); (F.S.); (F.C.); (P.R.)
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (F.G.); (P.G.P.)
| | - Pier Giorgio Peiretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (F.G.); (P.G.P.)
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.M.); (A.M.); (B.S.); (F.S.); (F.C.); (P.R.)
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.M.); (A.M.); (B.S.); (F.S.); (F.C.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-6707133
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Cagliero C, Bizzo H, Rubiolo P, Marengo A, Galli S, Anderson JL, Sgorbini B, Bicchi C. Immobilization of phosphonium-based ionic liquid stationary phases extends their operative range to routine applications in the flavor, fragrance and natural product fields. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1664:462796. [PMID: 34999302 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) have proven to be successful stationary phases (SPs) for gas chromatography (GC) in several fields of application because of their unique selectivity and good chromatographic properties. This study focuses on the use of two ILs as GC SPs that are based on the phosphonium derivatives trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride ([P66614+] [Cl-]), and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([P66614+][NTf2-]), which have previously been shown to be complementary in terms of chromatographic selectivity and retention. Their application in routine analysis has been limited by their lower maximum allowable operating temperatures (MAOT) (200 °C for the [P66614+][Cl-] IL and 180 °C for [P66614+][NTf2-]), which restricts their use to samples that consist of analytes with relatively high volatility. A previous study carried out in the Authors' laboratory focused on extending the use of the [P66614+][Cl-] IL SP to the analysis of samples with analytes of medium-to-low volatility by optimizing column characteristics and operative conditions. This study addresses the immobilization of both the [P66614+][Cl-] and [P66614+][NTf2-] ILs to the inner wall of fused silica columns to increase their MAOT under soft and hard reaction conditions. The resulting MAOT depended on more or less drastic immobilization conditions, and reached 220 °C for soft immobilization (So-Im) and 240 °C for hard immobilization (Ha-Im) in the [P66614+][Cl-] IL columns, and 200 °C for So-Im and 220° for Ha-Im in columns coated with the [P66614+] [NTf2-] IL. The influence of immobilization on the separation power and performance of all the columns has been evaluated using i) the Grob test, ii) a model mixture of 41 compounds of different polarity, structure, and with different organic functional groups representative of the flavor and fragrance field, iii) a standard mixture of 37 fatty acid methyl esters, iv) the peppermint essential oil, v) two mixtures of sesquiterpenic alcohols (farnesols and santalols), and vi) a standard mixture of 16 pesticides. These test samples were also used to demonstrate the complementarity of the two phosphonium-based IL SPs in terms of selectivity and retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Humberto Bizzo
- Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Avenida das Américas 29501 Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Galli
- MEGA S.r.l., Via Plinio, 29 - 20025 Legnano MI, Italy
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 50011 Ames Iowa, United States
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Turin, Italy
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Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Marengo A, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Gas chromatography of essential oil: State-of-the-art, recent advances, and perspectives. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:94-112. [PMID: 34897986 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review is an overview of the recent advances of gas chromatography in essential oil analysis; in particular, it focuses on both the new stationary phases and the advanced analytical methods and instrumentations. A paragraph is dedicated to ionic liquids as gas chromatography stationary phases, showing that, thanks to their peculiar selectivity, they can offer a complementary contribution to conventional stationary phases for the analysis of complex essential oils and the separation of critical pairs of components. Strategies to speed-up the analysis time, thus answering to the ever increasing request for routine essential oils quality control, are also discussed. Last but not least, a paragraph is dedicated to recent developments in column miniaturization in particular that based on microelectromechanical-system technology in a perspective of developing micro-gas chromatographic systems to optimize the energy consumption as well as the instrumentation dimensions. A number of applications in the essential oil field is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Calvopiña K, Malagón O, Capetti F, Sgorbini B, Verdugo V, Gilardoni G. A New Sesquiterpene Essential Oil from the Native Andean Species Jungia rugosa Less (Asteraceae): Chemical Analysis, Enantiomeric Evaluation, and Cholinergic Activity. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10102102. [PMID: 34685911 PMCID: PMC8540832 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As part of a project devoted to the phytochemical study of Ecuadorian biodiversity, new essential oils are systematically distilled and analysed. In the present work, Jungia rugosa Less (Asteraceae) has been selected and some wild specimens collected to investigate the volatile fraction. The essential oil, obtained from fresh leaves, was analysed for the first time in the present study. The chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography, coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for qualitative analysis, and to flame ionization detector (GC-FID) for quantitation. The calculation of relative response factors (RRF), based on combustion enthalpy, was carried out for each quantified component. Fifty-six compounds were identified and quantified in a 5% phenyl-polydimethylsiloxane non-polar column and 53 compounds in a polyethylene glycol polar column, including four undetermined compounds. The main feature of this essential oil was the exclusive sesquiterpenes content, both hydrocarbons (74.7% and 80.4%) and oxygenated (8.3% and 9.6%). Major constituents were: γ-curcumene (47.1% and 49.7%) and β-sesquiphellandrene (17.0% and 17.9%), together with two abundant undetermined oxygenated sesquiterpenes, whose abundance was 6.7-7.2% and 4.7-3.3%, respectively. In addition, the essential oil was submitted to enantioselective evaluation in two β-cyclodextrin-based enantioselective columns, determining the enantiomeric purity of a minor component (1S,2R,6R,7R,8R)-(+)-α-copaene. Finally, the AChE inhibition activity of the EO was evaluated in vitro. In conclusion, this volatile fraction is suitable for further investigation, according to two main lines: (a) the purification and structure elucidation of the major undetermined compounds, (b) a bio-guided fractionation, intended to investigate the presence of new sesquiterpene AChE inhibitors among the minor components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyna Calvopiña
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (K.C.); (O.M.); (V.V.)
- Carrera de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingenierías, Universidad Técnica “Luis Vargas Torres” de Esmeraldas, Ciudadela Nuevos Horizontes s/n, Esmeraldas 179619, Ecuador
| | - Omar Malagón
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (K.C.); (O.M.); (V.V.)
| | - Francesca Capetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Verónica Verdugo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (K.C.); (O.M.); (V.V.)
- Unidad Educativa Ambrosio Andrade Palacios-Suscal, Vía Durán Tambo Eloy Alfaro, Suscal 030206, Ecuador
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (K.C.); (O.M.); (V.V.)
- Correspondence: or
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10
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Capetti F, Marengo A, Cagliero C, Liberto E, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Adulteration of Essential Oils: A Multitask Issue for Quality Control. Three Case Studies: Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck and Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel. Molecules 2021; 26:5610. [PMID: 34577081 PMCID: PMC8471154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality control of essential oils (EO) principally aims at revealing the presence of adulterations and at quantifying compounds that are limited by law by evaluating EO chemical compositions, usually in terms of the normalised relative abundance of selected markers, for comparison to reference values reported in pharmacopoeias and/or international norms. Common adulterations of EO consist of the addition of cheaper EO or synthetic materials. This adulteration can be detected by calculating the percent normalised areas of selected markers or the enantiomeric composition of chiral components. The dilution of the EO with vegetable oils is another type of adulteration. This adulteration is quite devious, as it modifies neither the qualitative composition of the resulting EO nor the marker's normalised percentage abundance, which is no longer diagnostic, and an absolute quantitative analysis is required. This study aims at verifying the application of the two above approaches (i.e., normalised relative abundance and absolute quantitation) to detect EO adulterations, with examples involving selected commercial EO (lavender, bergamot and tea tree) adulterated with synthetic components, EO of different origin and lower economical values and heavy vegetable oils. The results show that absolute quantitation is necessary to highlight adulteration with heavy vegetable oils, providing that a reference quantitative profile is available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Turin, Italy; (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (E.L.); (C.B.); (P.R.)
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11
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Capetti F, Tacchini M, Marengo A, Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Citral-Containing Essential Oils as Potential Tyrosinase Inhibitors: A Bio-Guided Fractionation Approach. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10050969. [PMID: 34068076 PMCID: PMC8152484 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Excessive melanin production causes serious dermatological conditions as well as minor aesthetic problems (i.e., freckles and solar lentigo). The downregulation of tyrosinase is a widespread approach for the treatment of such disorders, and plant extracts have often proven to be valuable sources of tyrosinase inhibitors. Citral (a mixture of neral and geranial) is an important fragrance ingredient that has shown anti-tyrosinase potential. It is highly concentrated in the essential oils (EOs) of Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng., Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers., Melissa officinalis L., and Verbena officinalis L. However, only L. cubeba EO has been investigated for use as a potential skin-whitening agent. This work evaluates the in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory activity of these EOs and studies, using bio-assay oriented fractionation, whether their differing chemical compositions influence the overall EO inhibitory activities via possible synergistic, additive, and/or competitive interactions between EOs components. The inhibitory activity of C. schoenanthus EO and that of M. officinalis EOs, with negligible (+)-citronellal amounts, were in-line with their citral content. On the other hand, L. cubeba and V. officinalis EOs inhibited tyrosinase to considerably greater extents as they contained β-myrcene, which contributed to the overall EO activities. Similar observations were made for M. officinalis EO, which bears high (+)-citronellal content which increased citral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Capetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Turin, Italy; (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (C.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Massimo Tacchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Turin, Italy; (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (C.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Turin, Italy; (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (C.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Turin, Italy; (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (C.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Turin, Italy; (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (C.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Turin, Italy; (F.C.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (C.B.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-7135
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12
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Gabetti E, Sgorbini B, Stilo F, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Chialva F, Reichenbach SE, Bongiovanni V, Cordero C, Cavallero A. Chemical fingerprinting strategies based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with gas chromatography-olfactometry to capture the unique signature of Piemonte peppermint essential oil (Mentha x piperita var Italo-Mitcham). J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462101. [PMID: 33848659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurate, reliable, and informative mapping of untargeted and targeted components across many samples is here performed by combining off-line GC-Olfactometry (GC-O) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry with variable ionization energy (TOF MS featuring Tandem Ionization™). In particular, untargeted and targeted (UT) features patterns are processed by chromatographic fingerprinting, giving differential priority to potent odorants' retention-times regions. Distinguishing peppermint essential oil (EO) from Piedmont (Italy - Mentha × piperita L. var. Italo-Mitcham - Menta di Pancalieri EO), with its unique sensory fingerprint (i.e., freshness and long-lasting sweetness), from high-quality peppermint EOs produced in other areas poses a great challenge. Chromatographic UT fingerprinting provided a great chemical dimensionality by mapping more than 350 peak-regions at 70 eV and 135 at 12 eV. From them, 95 components were identified and responses compared to available literature. Then, potent odorants, detected by GC-O using the aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA), were tracked over the chromatographic space and tentatively identified. With the highest flavor dilution (FD), 1,8-cineole (eucalyptus, fresh, camphoraceous); menthone (minty, herbaceous); and menthofuran (minty, musty, petroleum-like) were highlighted. Responsible for creamy and coumarinic notes were the diasteroisomers of (3,6)-dimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]-furan-2(3H)-one (i.e., menthofurolactones), detected in higher relative abundance in Pancalieri EOs. By prioritizing the investigation of volatiles on higher LogFD retention regions, including 131 untargeted/targeted features, Pancalieri EOs were separately clustered from United States samples. Besides pre-targeted analytes, additional untargeted features were post-processed for identification within marker chemicals. Myrtenyl methyl ether, ethyl 3-methyl butanoate, propyl-2-methylbutanoate, and (E)-2-hexenal were putatively identified. Of the "unknown - knowns" with diagnostic roles, all metadata were collected including low energy spectra at 12 eV, which were found to be highly complementary to 70 eV spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Stilo
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Turin, Italy
| | | | - Stephen E Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA; GC Image, LLC, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Chiara Cordero
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Turin, Italy.
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Espinosa S, Bec N, Larroque C, Ramírez J, Sgorbini B, Bicchi C, Cumbicus N, Gilardoni G. A Novel Chemical Profile of a Selective In Vitro Cholinergic Essential Oil from Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts (Lamiaceae), a Native Andean Species of Ecuador. Molecules 2020; 26:E45. [PMID: 33374888 PMCID: PMC7795002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel chemical profile essential oil, distilled from the aerial parts of Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts (Lamiaceae), was analysed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS, qualitative analysis) and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID, quantitative analysis), with both polar and non-polar stationary phase columns. The chemical composition mostly consisted of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids (>70%), the main ones being (E)-β-caryophyllene (17.8%), α-copaene (10.5%), β-bourbonene (9.9%), δ-cadinene (6.6%), cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene (6.4%) and germacrene D (4.9%), with the non-polar column. The essential oil was then submitted to enantioselective GC analysis, with a diethyl-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin diluted in PS-086 chiral selector, resulting in the following enantiomeric excesses for the chiral components: (1R,5S)-(-)-α-thujene (67.8%), (1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene (85.5%), (1S,5S)-(-)-β-pinene (90.0%), (1S,5S)-(-)-sabinene (12.3%), (S)-(-)-limonene (88.1%), (S)-(+)-linalool (32.7%), (R)-(-)-terpinen-4-ol (9.3%), (S)-(-)-α-terpineol (71.2%) and (S)-(-)-germacrene D (89.0%). The inhibition activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) of C. taxifolium essential oil was then tested, resulting in selective activity against BChE with an IC50 value of 31.3 ± 3.0 μg/mL (positive control: donepezil, IC50 = 3.6 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Espinosa
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (S.E.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Nicole Bec
- IRMB, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, 34298 Montpellier, France;
| | - Christian Larroque
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (S.E.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
- Supportive Care Unit, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (S.E.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (B.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (B.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Nixon Cumbicus
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Loja 1101608, Ecuador;
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (S.E.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
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Acquadro S, Civra A, Cagliero C, Marengo A, Rittà M, Francese R, Sanna C, Bertea C, Sgorbini B, Lembo D, Donalisio M, Rubiolo P. Punica granatum Leaf Ethanolic Extract and Ellagic Acid as Inhibitors of Zika Virus Infection. Planta Med 2020; 86:1363-1374. [PMID: 32937663 DOI: 10.1055/a-1232-5705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus, an arthropod-borne flavivirus, is an emerging healthcare threat worldwide. Zika virus is responsible for severe neurological effects, such as paralytic Guillain-Barrè syndrome, in adults, and also congenital malformations, especially microcephaly. No specific antiviral drugs and vaccines are currently available, and treatments are palliative, but medicinal plants show great potential as natural sources of anti-Zika phytochemicals. This study deals with the investigation of the composition, cytotoxicity, and anti-Zika activity of Punica granatum leaf ethanolic extract, fractions, and phytoconstituents. P. granatum leaves were collected from different areas in Italy and Greece in different seasons. Crude extracts were analyzed and fractionated, and the pure compounds were isolated. The phytochemical and biomolecular fingerprint of the pomegranate leaves was determined. The antiviral activities of the leaf extract, fractions, and compounds were investigated against the MR766 and HPF2013 Zika virus strains in vitro. Both the extract and its fractions were found to be active against Zika virus infection. Of the compounds isolated, ellagic acid showed particular anti-Zika activities, with EC50 values of 30.86 µM for MR766 and 46.23 µM for HPF2013. The mechanism of action was investigated using specific antiviral assays, and it was demonstrated that ellagic acid was primarily active as it prevented Zika virus infection and was able to significantly reduce Zika virus progeny production. Our data demonstrate the anti-Zika activity of pomegranate leaf extract and ellagic acid for the first time. These findings identify ellagic acid as a possible anti-Zika candidate compound that can be used for preventive and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Acquadro
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Rittà
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Rachele Francese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sanna
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bertea
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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15
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Cagliero C, Mastellone G, Marengo A, Bicchi C, Sgorbini B, Rubiolo P. Analytical strategies for in-vivo evaluation of plant volatile emissions - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1147:240-258. [PMID: 33485582 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are metabolites emitted by living plants that have a fundamental ecological role since they influence atmospheric chemistry, plant communication and pollinator/herbivore behaviour, and human activities. Over the years, several strategies have been developed to isolate and identify them, and to take advantage of their activity. The main techniques used for in-vivo analyses include dynamic headspace (D-HS), static headspace (S-HS) and, more recently, direct contact (DC) methods in association with gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS). The aim of this review is to provide insight into the in-vivo characterisation of plant volatile emissions with a focus on sampling, analysis and possible applications. This review first provides a critical discussion of the challenges associated with conventional approaches and their limitations and advantages. Then, it describes a series of applications of in-vivo volatilomic studies to enhance how the information they provide impact on our knowledge of plant behaviour, including the effects of abiotic (damage, flooding, climate) and biotic (insect feeding) stress factors in relation to the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Giulia Mastellone
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Torino, I, 10125, Turin, Italy
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Capetti F, Cagliero C, Marengo A, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Bio-Guided Fractionation Driven by In Vitro α-Amylase Inhibition Assays of Essential Oils Bearing Specialized Metabolites with Potential Hypoglycemic Activity. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9091242. [PMID: 32967115 PMCID: PMC7569863 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by unpaired blood glycaemia maintenance. T2DM can be treated by inhibiting carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes (α-amylases and α-glucosidases) to decrease postprandial hyperglycemia. Acarbose and voglibose are inhibitors used in clinical practice. However, these drugs are associated with unpleasant gastrointestinal side effects. This study explores new α-amylase inhibitors deriving from plant volatile specialized metabolites. Sixty-two essential oils (EOs) from different plant species and botanical families were subjected to α-amylase in vitro enzymatic assay and chemically characterized using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Several EOs were found to be potential α-amylase inhibitors, and Eucalyptus radiata, Laurus nobilis, and Myristicafragrans EOs displayed inhibitory capacities comparable to that of the positive control (i.e., acarbose). A bio-guided fractionation approach was adopted to isolate and identify the active fractions/compounds of Eucalyptus radiata and Myristica fragrans EOs. The bio-guided fractionation revealed that EOs α-amylase inhibitory activity is often the result of antagonist, additive, or synergistic interactions among their bioactive constituents and led to the identification of 1,8-cineole, 4-terpineol, α-terpineol, α-pinene, and β-pinene as bioactive compounds, also confirmed when they were tested singularly. These results demonstrate that EO oils are a promising source of potential α-amylase inhibitors.
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Bakro F, Jedryczka M, Wielgusz K, Sgorbini B, Inchingolo R, Cardenia V. Simultaneous determination of terpenes and cannabidiol in hemp (
Cannabis sativa
L.) by fast gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2817-2826. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Bakro
- Institute of Plant GeneticsPolish Academy of Sciences Poznan Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Wielgusz
- Department of Breeding and Agriculture of Fibrous and Energetic PlantsInstitute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants Poznan Poland
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Department of Drug Science and TechnologyUniversity of Turin Torino Italy
| | | | - Vladimiro Cardenia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA)University of Turin Grugliasco Italy
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18
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Cagliero C, Mazzucotelli M, Rubiolo P, Marengo A, Galli S, Anderson JL, Sgorbini B, Bicchi C. Can the selectivity of phosphonium based ionic liquids be exploited as stationary phase for routine gas chromatography? A case study: The use of trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium chloride in the flavor, fragrance and natural product fields. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1619:460969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Capetti F, Sgorbini B, Cagliero C, Argenziano M, Cavalli R, Milano L, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P. Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil: Evaluation of Skin Permeation and Distribution from Topical Formulations with a Solvent-Free Analytical Method. Planta Med 2020; 86:442-450. [PMID: 32097972 DOI: 10.1055/a-1115-4848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (tea tree oil) is widely used as an ingredient in skin care products because of its recognized biological activities. The European Scientific Committee on Consumer Products constantly promotes research and collection of data on both skin distribution and systemic exposure to tea tree oil components after the application of topical formulations. This study quantitatively evaluates permeation, skin layer distribution (stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis), and release into the surrounding environment of bioactive tea tree oil markers (i.e., α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, 1,8-cineole, γ-terpinene, 4-terpineol, α-terpineol) when a 5% tea tree oil formulation is applied at a finite dosing regimen. Permeation kinetics were studied in vitro on pig ear skin using conventional static glass Franz diffusion cells and cells ad hoc modified to monitor the release of markers into the atmosphere. Formulation, receiving phases, and skin layers were analyzed using a fully automatic and solvent-free method based on headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This approach affords, for the first time, to quantify tea tree oil markers in the different skin layers while avoiding using solvents and overcoming the existing methods based on solvent extraction. The skin layers contained less than 1% of each tea tree oil marker in total. Only oxygenated terpenes significantly permeated across the skin, while hydrocarbons were only absorbed at trace level. Substantial amounts of markers were released into the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Capetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Argenziano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisella Milano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze Rita Levi-Montalcini, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Capetti F, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C, Marengo A, Sgorbini B, Cagliero C. Exploiting the versatility of vacuum‐assisted headspace solid‐phase microextraction in combination with the selectivity of ionic liquid‐based GC stationary phases to discriminate
Boswellia
spp. resins through their volatile and semivolatile fractions. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1879-1889. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Capetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del FarmacoUniversità di Torino Turin Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del FarmacoUniversità di Torino Turin Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del FarmacoUniversità di Torino Turin Italy
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del FarmacoUniversità di Torino Turin Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del FarmacoUniversità di Torino Turin Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del FarmacoUniversità di Torino Turin Italy
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21
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Mazzucotelli M, Minteguiaga MA, Sgorbini B, Sidisky L, Marengo A, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C, Cagliero C. Ionic liquids as water-compatible GC stationary phases for the analysis of fragrances and essential oils: Quantitative GC–MS analysis of officially-regulated allergens in perfumes. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1610:460567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Liberto E, Bressanello D, Strocchi G, Cordero C, Ruosi MR, Pellegrino G, Bicchi C, Sgorbini B. HS-SPME-MS-Enose Coupled with Chemometrics as an Analytical Decision Maker to Predict In-Cup Coffee Sensory Quality in Routine Controls: Possibilities and Limits. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244515. [PMID: 31835525 PMCID: PMC6943652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality assessment of the green coffee that you will go to buy cannot be disregarded from a sensory evaluation, although this practice is time consuming and requires a trained professional panel. This study aims to investigate both the potential and the limits of the direct headspace solid phase microextraction, mass spectrometry electronic nose technique (HS-SPME-MS or MS-EN) combined with chemometrics for use as an objective, diagnostic and high-throughput technique to be used as an analytical decision maker to predict the in-cup coffee sensory quality of incoming raw beans. The challenge of this study lies in the ability of the analytical approach to predict the sensory qualities of very different coffee types, as is usual in industry for the qualification and selection of incoming coffees. Coffees have been analysed using HS-SPME-MS and sensory analyses. The mass spectral fingerprints (MS-EN data) obtained were elaborated using: (i) unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA); (ii) supervised partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to select the ions that are most related to the sensory notes investigated; and (iii) cross-validated partial least square regression (PLS), to predict the sensory attribute in new samples. The regression models were built with a training set of 150 coffee samples and an external test set of 34. The most reliable results were obtained with acid, bitter, spicy and aromatic intensity attributes. The mean error in the sensory-score predictions on the test set with the available data always fell within a limit of ±2. The results show that the combination of HS-SPME-MS fingerprints and chemometrics is an effective approach that can be used as a Total Analysis System (TAS) for the high-throughput definition of in-cup coffee sensory quality. Limitations in the method are found in the compromises that are accepted when applying a screening method, as opposed to human evaluation, in the sensory assessment of incoming raw material. The cost-benefit relationship of this and other screening instrumental approaches must be considered and weighed against the advantages of the potency of human response which could thus be better exploited in modulating blends for sensory experiences outside routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.B.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (C.B.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-7134
| | - Davide Bressanello
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.B.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (C.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Giulia Strocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.B.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (C.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.B.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (C.B.); (B.S.)
| | | | - Gloria Pellegrino
- Luigi Lavazza S.p.A, Strada Settimo 410, 10156 Turin, Italy; (M.R.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.B.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (C.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.B.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (C.B.); (B.S.)
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Viljoen AM, Njenga EW, van Vuuren SF, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Essential Oil Composition and In Vitro Biological Activities of Seven Namibian Species of Eriocephalus L. (Asteraceae). Journal of Essential Oil Research 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2006.12067133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro M. Viljoen
- School of Pharmacy, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth W. Njenga
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Sandy F. van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienzia e Technologia del Farmaco, Universita Degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienzia e Technologia del Farmaco, Universita Degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienzia e Technologia del Farmaco, Universita Degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
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24
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Sgorbini B, Cagliero C, Acquadro S, Marengo A, Cordero C, Liberto E, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P. Evaluation of volatile bioactive secondary metabolites transfer from medicinal and aromatic plants to herbal teas: Comparison of different methods for the determination of transfer rate and human intake. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1594:173-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Marengo A, Maxia A, Sanna C, Mandrone M, Bertea CM, Bicchi C, Sgorbini B, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P. Intra-specific variation in the little-known Mediterranean plant Ptilostemon casabonae (L.) Greuter analysed through phytochemical and biomolecular markers. Phytochemistry 2019; 161:21-27. [PMID: 30798201 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ptilostemon casabonae (L.) Greuter is a Mediterranean endemism traditionally used for its health-giving properties. Little is known about this species, therefore this study provides additional information about the phytochemical and biomolecular patterns of this plant, to have a combined fingerprint as a taxonomic tool. Several P. casabonae specimens were therefore collected from three different sites, two from Sardinia (Italy) and one from Corsica and the hydroalcoholic extracts of their aerial parts were investigated through HPLC-PDA-MS/MS analysis to study the phenolic composition. Quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, apigenin and diosmetin O-glycosides, and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives were found as main components. Samples from the three sites showed similar phenolic profiles, although statistical analyses highlighted some quantitative differences for several compounds. The biomolecular analysis included amplification and sequencing of ITS, 5S-rRNA-NTS and psbA regions. No difference was found in the nucleotides among the P. casabonae samples from different geographical origins; however, a comparison with other Ptilostemon species sequences from Genbank, revealed an interspecific variability of ITS and psbA regions. The combination of the results of the phytochemical and biomolecular studies provide information on P. casabonae useful to depict this little-known plant, which can also be applied for future investigations and to obtain a fingerprint of it. Moreover, the stability of the phenolic profile within the species affords to identify a set of specialised metabolites useful for its chemotaxonomic characterization. At the same time, the stability of the biomolecular profile of P. casabonae, and the identification of sequences specific for this species, enables to identify useful biomolecular markers to distinguish it unequivocally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Maxia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Sezione di Botanica, Università di Cagliari, Viale Sant'Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Sezione di Botanica, Università di Cagliari, Viale Sant'Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Manuela Mandrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cinzia M Bertea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Biologia Dei Sistemi, Unità di Fisiologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, Via Quarello 15/A, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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Cordero C, Guglielmetti A, Sgorbini B, Bicchi C, Allegrucci E, Gobino G, Baroux L, Merle P. Odorants quantitation in high-quality cocoa by multiple headspace solid phase micro-extraction: Adoption of FID-predicted response factors to extend method capabilities and information potential. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1052:190-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Marengo A, Cagliero C, Sgorbini B, Anderson JL, Emaus MN, Bicchi C, Bertea CM, Rubiolo P. Development of an innovative and sustainable one-step method for rapid plant DNA isolation for targeted PCR using magnetic ionic liquids. Plant Methods 2019; 15:23. [PMID: 30899320 PMCID: PMC6408755 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, there is an increasing demand for fast and reliable plant biomolecular analyses. Conventional methods for the isolation of nucleic acids are time-consuming and require multiple and often non-automatable steps to remove cellular interferences, with consequence that sample preparation is the major bottleneck in the bioanalytical workflow. New opportunities have been created by the use of magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) thanks to their affinity for nucleic acids. RESULTS In the present study, a MIL-based magnet-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (maDLLME) method was optimized for the extraction of genomic DNA from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh leaves. MILs containing different metal centers were tested and the extraction method was optimized in terms of MIL volume and extraction time for purified DNA and crude lysates. The proposed approach yielded good extraction efficiency and is compatible with both quantitative analysis through fluorimetric-based detection and qualitative analysis as PCR amplification of multi and single locus genes. The protocol was successfully applied to a set of plant species and tissues. CONCLUSIONS The developed MIL-based maDLLME approach exhibits good enrichment of nucleic acids for extraction of template suitable for targeted PCR; it is very fast, sustainable and potentially automatable thereby representing a powerful tool for screening plants rapidly using DNA-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Miranda N. Emaus
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Cinzia M. Bertea
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Unità di Fisiologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, via Quarello 15/A, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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28
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Sgorbini B, Cagliero C, Liberto E, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C, Cordero C. Strategies for Accurate Quantitation of Volatiles from Foods and Plant-Origin Materials: A Challenging Task. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:1619-1630. [PMID: 30644749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The volatile fraction of foods and of plant-origin materials provides functional information on sample-related variables, and gas-phase extractions are ideal approaches for its accurate chemical characterization. However, for gas-phase sampling, the usual procedures adopted to standardize results from solvent extraction methods are not appropriate: headspace (HS) composition depends on the intrinsic physicochemical analyte properties (volatility, polarity, partition coefficient(s)) and matrix effects. Method development, design, and expression of the results are therefore challenging. This review article focuses on volatile vapor-phase quantitation methods (internal standard normalization, standard addition, stable isotope dilution assay, multiple headspace extraction) and their suitability in different applications. Because of the analyte informative role, the different ways of expressing results (normalized chromatographic area, percent normalized chromatographic areas, and absolute concentrations) are discussed and critically evaluated with examples of quality markers in chamomile, process contaminants (furan and 2-methylfuran) in roasted coffee, and key-aroma compounds from high-quality cocoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università di Torino , Turin , Italy
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Mazzucotelli M, Bicchi C, Marengo A, Rubiolo P, Galli S, Anderson JL, Sgorbini B, Cagliero C. Ionic liquids as stationary phases for gas chromatography—Unusual selectivity of ionic liquids with a phosphonium cation and different anions in the flavor, fragrance and essential oil analyses. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1583:124-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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30
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Bressanello D, Liberto E, Cordero C, Sgorbini B, Rubiolo P, Pellegrino G, Ruosi MR, Bicchi C. Chemometric Modeling of Coffee Sensory Notes through Their Chemical Signatures: Potential and Limits in Defining an Analytical Tool for Quality Control. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:7096-7109. [PMID: 29895143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aroma is a primary hedonic aspect of a good coffee. Coffee aroma quality is generally defined by cup tasting, which however is time-consuming in terms of panel training and alignment and too subjective. It is challenging to define a relationship between chemical profile and aroma sensory impact, but it might provide an objective evaluation of industrial products. This study aimed to define the chemical signature of coffee sensory notes, to develop prediction models based on analytical measurements for use at the control level. In particular, the sensory profile was linked with the chemical composition defined by HS-SPME-GC-MS, using a chemometric-driven approach. The strategy was found to be discriminative and informative, identifying aroma compounds characteristic of the selected sensory notes. The predictive ability in defining the sensory scores of each aroma note was used as a validation tool for the chemical signatures characterized. The most reliable models were those obtained for woody, bitter, and acidic properties, whose selected volatiles reliably represented the sensory note fingerprints. Prediction models could be exploited in quality control, but compromises must be determined if they are to become complementary to panel tasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bressanello
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 9 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 9 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 9 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 9 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 9 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 9 , 10125 Torino , Italy
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Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Cordero C, Liberto E, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Ionic liquids as water-compatible GC stationary phases for the analysis of fragrances and essential oils. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4657-4668. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Azzollini A, Boggia L, Boccard J, Sgorbini B, Lecoultre N, Allard PM, Rubiolo P, Rudaz S, Gindro K, Bicchi C, Wolfender JL. Dynamics of Metabolite Induction in Fungal Co-cultures by Metabolomics at Both Volatile and Non-volatile Levels. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:72. [PMID: 29459851 PMCID: PMC5807337 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal co-cultivation has emerged as a promising way for activating cryptic biosynthetic pathways and discovering novel antimicrobial metabolites. For the success of such studies, a key element remains the development of standardized co-cultivation methods compatible with high-throughput analytical procedures. To efficiently highlight induction processes, it is crucial to acquire a holistic view of intermicrobial communication at the molecular level. To tackle this issue, a strategy was developed based on the miniaturization of fungal cultures that allows for a concomitant survey of induction phenomena in volatile and non-volatile metabolomes. Fungi were directly grown in vials, and each sample was profiled by head space solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), while the corresponding solid culture medium was analyzed by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) after solvent extraction. This strategy was implemented for the screening of volatile and non-volatile metabolite inductions in an ecologically relevant fungal co-culture of Eutypa lata (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul. (Diatrypaceae) and Botryosphaeria obtusa (Schwein.) Shoemaker (Botryosphaeriaceae), two wood-decaying fungi interacting in the context of esca disease of grapevine. For a comprehensive evaluation of the results, a multivariate data analysis combining Analysis of Variance and Partial Least Squares approaches, namely AMOPLS, was used to explore the complex LC-HRMS and GC-MS datasets and highlight dynamically induced compounds. A time-series study was carried out over 9 days, showing characteristic metabolite induction patterns in both volatile and non-volatile dimensions. Relevant links between the dynamics of expression of specific metabolite production were observed. In addition, the antifungal activity of 2-nonanone, a metabolite incrementally produced over time in the volatile fraction, was assessed against Eutypa lata and Botryosphaeria obtusa in an adapted bioassay set for volatile compounds. This compound has shown antifungal activity on both fungi and was found to be co-expressed with a known antifungal compound, O-methylmellein, induced in solid media. This strategy could help elucidate microbial inter- and intra-species cross-talk at various levels. Moreover, it supports the study of concerted defense/communication mechanisms for efficiently identifying original antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Azzollini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (EPGL), University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Boggia
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (EPGL), University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicole Lecoultre
- Plant Protection, Mycology and Biotechnology, Agroscope, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Marie Allard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (EPGL), University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (EPGL), University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katia Gindro
- Plant Protection, Mycology and Biotechnology, Agroscope, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (EPGL), University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
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Sgorbini B, Cagliero C, Argenziano M, Cavalli R, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P. In vitro
release and permeation kinetics of Melaleuca alternifolia
(tea tree) essential oil bioactive compounds from topical formulations. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; via P. Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; via P. Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Monica Argenziano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; via P. Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; via P. Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; via P. Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; via P. Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
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Magagna F, Cordero C, Cagliero C, Liberto E, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B, Bicchi C. Black tea volatiles fingerprinting by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry combined with high concentration capacity sample preparation techniques: Toward a fully automated sensomic assessment. Food Chem 2017; 225:276-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Boggia L, Pignata G, Sgorbini B, Colombo ML, Marengo A, Casale M, Nicola S, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P. Artemisia umbelliformis Lam. and Génépi Liqueur: Volatile Profile as Diagnostic Marker for Geographic Origin and To Predict Liqueur Safety. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:2849-2856. [PMID: 28276694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia umbelliformis, commonly known as "white génépi", is characterized by a volatile fraction rich in α- and β-thujones, two monoterpenoids; under European Union (EU) regulations these are limited to 35 mg/L in Artemisia-based beverages because of their recognized activity on the human central nervous system. This study reports the results of an investigation to define the geographical origin and thujone content of individual plants of A. umbelliformis from different geographical sites, cultivated experimentally at a single site, and to predict the thujone content in the resulting liqueurs through their volatile fraction. Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and non-separative HS-SPME-MS were used as analytical platforms to create a database suitable for chemometric description and prediction through linear discriminant analysis (LDA). HS-SPME-MS was applied to shorten analysis time. With both approaches, a diagnostic prediction of (i) plant geographical origin and (ii) thujone content of plant-related liqueurs could be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Boggia
- Department of Drug Science and Technology (DSTF), University of Turin , Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pignata
- Vegetable Crops & Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, VEGMAP; Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, DISAFA, University of Turin , Via Leonardo da Vinci 44 - Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Department of Drug Science and Technology (DSTF), University of Turin , Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Colombo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology (DSTF), University of Turin , Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari , Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Manuela Casale
- Vegetable Crops & Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, VEGMAP; Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, DISAFA, University of Turin , Via Leonardo da Vinci 44 - Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Silvana Nicola
- Vegetable Crops & Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, VEGMAP; Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, DISAFA, University of Turin , Via Leonardo da Vinci 44 - Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology (DSTF), University of Turin , Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology (DSTF), University of Turin , Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Cordero C, Liberto E, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Analysis of essential oils and fragrances with a new generation of highly inert gas chromatographic columns coated with ionic liquids. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1495:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cagno V, Sgorbini B, Sanna C, Cagliero C, Ballero M, Civra A, Donalisio M, Bicchi C, Lembo D, Rubiolo P. In vitro anti-herpes simplex virus-2 activity of Salvia desoleana Atzei & V. Picci essential oil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172322. [PMID: 28207861 PMCID: PMC5312961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia desoleana Atzei & V. Picci is an indigenous species in Sardinia island used in folk medicine to treat menstrual, digestive and central nervous system diseases. Nowadays, it is widely cultivated for the pleasant smell of its essential oil (EO), whose antimicrobial and antifungal activities have already been screened. This study evaluated the in vitro anti-Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) activity of S. desoleana EO, fractions and main components: linalyl acetate, alpha terpinyl acetate, and germacrene D. Phytochemical composition of S. desoleana EO was studied by GC-FID/MS analysis and the active fraction(s) and/or compounds in S. desoleana EO were identified with a bioassay-guided fractionation procedure through in vitro assays on cell viability and HSV-2 and RSV inhibition. S. desoleana EO inhibits both acyclovir sensitive and acyclovir resistant HSV-2 strains with EC50 values of 23.72 μg/ml for the former and 28.57 μg/ml for the latter. Moreover, a significant suppression of HSV-2 replication was observed with an EC50 value of 33.01 μg/ml (95% CI: 26.26 to 41.49) when the EO was added post-infection. Among the fractions resulting from flash column chromatography on silica gel, the one containing 54% of germacrene D showed a similar spectrum of activity of S. desoleana EO with a stronger suppression in post-infection stage. These results indicated that S. desoleana EO can be of interest to develop new and alternative anti-HSV-2 products active also against acyclovir-resistant HSV-2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cagno
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mauro Ballero
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Civra
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
- * E-mail: (PR); (DL)
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail: (PR); (DL)
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Cagliero C, Sgorbini B, Cordero C, Liberto E, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C. Enantioselective Gas Chromatography with Derivatized Cyclodextrins in the Flavour and Fragrance Field. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
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Cagliero C, Galli S, Galli M, Elmi I, Belluce M, Zampolli S, Sgorbini B, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C. Conventional and enantioselective gas chromatography with microfabricated planar columns for analysis of real-world samples of plant volatile fraction. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1429:329-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sgorbini B, Cagliero C, Pagani A, Sganzerla M, Boggia L, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P. Determination of free and glucosidically-bound volatiles in plants. Two case studies: L-menthol in peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) and eugenol in clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry). Phytochemistry 2015; 117:296-305. [PMID: 26115036 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study arises from both the today's trend towards exploiting plant resources exhaustively, and the wide quantitative discrepancy between the amounts of commercially-valuable markers in aromatic plants and those recovered from the related essential oil. The study addresses the determination of both the qualitative composition and the exhaustive distribution of free and glucosidically-bound L-menthol in peppermint aerial parts (Mentha x piperita L., Lamiaceae) and of eugenol in dried cloves (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry, Myrtaceae), two plants known to provide widely ranging essential oil yields. The two markers were investigated in essential oils and residual hydrodistillation waters, before and after enzymatic hydrolysis. Their amounts were related to those in the headspace taken as reference. The results showed that the difference between marker compound in headspace and in essential oil amounted to 22.8% for L-menthol in peppermint, and 16.5% for eugenol in cloves. The aglycones solubilised in the residual hydrodistillation waters were 7.2% of the headspace reference amount for L-menthol, and 13.3% for eugenol, respectively representing 9.3% and 15.9% of their amounts in the essential oil. The amount of L-menthol from its glucoside in residual hydrodistillation waters was 20.6% of that in the related essential oil, while eugenol from its glucoside accounted for 7.7% of the amount in clove essential oil. The yield of L-menthol, after submitting the plant material to enzymatic hydrolysis before hydrodistillation, increased by 23.1%, and for eugenol the increase was 8.1%, compared to the amount in the respective conventional essential oils. This study also aimed to evaluate the reliability of recently-introduced techniques that are little applied, if at all, in this field. The simultaneous use of high-concentration-capacity sample preparation techniques (SBSE, and HS-SPME and in-solution SPME) to run quali-quantitative analysis without sample manipulation, and direct LC-MS glucoside analysis, provided cross-validation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Alberto Pagani
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2/3, I-28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Marla Sganzerla
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Boggia
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
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Sgorbini B, Cagliero C, Boggia L, Liberto E, Reichenbach SE, Rubiolo P, Cordero C, Bicchi C. Parallel dual secondary-column-dual detection comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: a flexible and reliable analytical tool for essential oils quantitative profiling. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Lorenzo Boggia
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Stephen E. Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department; University of Nebraska; 260 Avery Hall Lincoln NE 68588-0115 USA
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
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Boggia L, Sgorbini B, Bertea CM, Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Maffei ME, Rubiolo P. Direct Contact - Sorptive Tape Extraction coupled with Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry to reveal volatile topographical dynamics of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) upon herbivory by Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. BMC Plant Biol 2015; 15:102. [PMID: 25887127 PMCID: PMC4415311 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dynamics of plant volatile (PV) emission, and the relationship between damaged area and biosynthesis of bioactive molecules in plant-insect interactions, remain open questions. Direct Contact-Sorptive Tape Extraction (DC-STE) is a sorption sampling technique employing non adhesive polydimethylsiloxane tapes, which are placed in direct contact with a biologically-active surface. DC-STE coupled to Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a non-destructive, high concentration-capacity sampling technique able to detect and allow identification of PVs involved in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here we investigated the leaf topographical dynamics of herbivory-induced PV (HIPV) produced by Phaseolus lunatus L. (lima bean) in response to herbivory by larvae of the Mediterranean climbing cutworm (Spodoptera littoralis Boisd.) and mechanical wounding by DC-STE-GC-MS. RESULTS Time-course experiments on herbivory wounding caused by larvae (HW), mechanical damage by a pattern wheel (MD), and MD combined with the larvae oral secretions (OS) showed that green leaf volatiles (GLVs) [(E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-octen-3-ol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate] were associated with both MD and HW, whereas monoterpenoids [(E)-β-ocimene], sesquiterpenoids [(E)-nerolidol] and homoterpenes (DMNT and TMTT) were specifically associated with HW. Up-regulation of genes coding for HIPV-related enzymes (Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase, Lipoxygenase, Ocimene Synthase and Terpene Synthase 2) was consistent with HIPV results. GLVs and sesquiterpenoids were produced locally and found to influence their own gene expression in distant tissues, whereas (E)-β-ocimene, TMTT, and DMNT gene expression was limited to wounded areas. CONCLUSIONS DC-STE-GC-MS was found to be a reliable method for the topographical evaluation of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, by revealing the differential distribution of different classes of HIPVs. The main advantages of this technique include: a) in vivo sampling; b) reproducible sampling; c) ease of execution; d) simultaneous assays of different leaf portions, and e) preservation of plant material for further "omic" studies. DC-STE-GC-MS is also a low-impact innovative method for in situ PV detection that finds potential applications in sustainable crop management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Boggia
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Cinzia M Bertea
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/A, 10135, Turin, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Massimo E Maffei
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/A, 10135, Turin, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/A, 10135, Turin, Italy.
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Nicolotti L, Cordero C, Bressanello D, Cagliero C, Liberto E, Magagna F, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B, Bicchi C. Parallel dual secondary column-dual detection: A further way of enhancing the informative potential of two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1360:264-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Liberto E, Ruosi MR, Cordero C, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C, Sgorbini B. Non-separative headspace solid phase microextraction-mass spectrometry profile as a marker to monitor coffee roasting degree. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:1652-1660. [PMID: 23088249 DOI: 10.1021/jf303067q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a non-separative headspace solid phase microextraction-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-MS) approach, in view of its application to online monitoring of a roasting process. The system can quickly provide representative and diagnostic fingerprints of the volatile fraction of samples and, in combination with appropriate chemometric pattern recognition and regression techniques, can successfully be applied to characterize, discriminate, and/or correlate patterns with the roasting process. Eighty coffee samples of different varieties, geographical origins, and blends were analyzed. The experimental HS-SPME-MS results show that the TIC fingerprint can be used to discriminate the degree of roasting; diagnostic ion abundance(s) or ratios were closely correlated with the roasting process; both could successfully be used as markers or analytical decision makers, to monitor roasting processes online, and to define quality and safety of roasted coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Cordero C, Liberto E, Sgorbini B, Rubiolo P. Room temperature ionic liquids: New GC stationary phases with a novel selectivity for flavor and fragrance analyses. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1268:130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nicolotti L, Cordero C, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B, Liberto E. Volatile profiling of high quality hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.): chemical indices of roasting. Food Chem 2012; 138:1723-33. [PMID: 23411304 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study proposes an investigation strategy to identify sensitive, robust and reliable chemical markers of hazelnut roasting. A fully-automated and validated analytical method, based on Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric detection (GC-MS), for effective off-line monitoring of changes in the volatile profile of high-quality hazelnuts was developed. Samples from two different harvests were submitted to roasting, following different time/temperature protocols and different technologies, enabling chemical changes to be correlated with technological processing and sensory quality. Chemical indices, expressed as analyte response ratio, were defined and their trend observed across roasting profiles. Reliability and robustness of chemical indices were also evaluated, in view of their application to on-line monitoring with Mass Spectrometry-based electronic nose technology (MS-nose). Experiments, simulating on-line chemical characterisation of the volatile fraction, were performed through a fully-automated system. The results confirmed: (a) the effectiveness of single process indicators of roasting selected by the separative method (5-methylfurfural, 1(H)-pyrrole, furfuryl alcohol, 1(H)-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, dihydro-2(3H)-furanone, 5-methyl-(E)-2-hepten-4-one, acetic acid, pyridine, furfural, pyrazine, and several alkyl-pyrazines); and, (b) the reliability of proposed chemical indices: 5-methylfurfural/2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 5-methylfurfural/2-methylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine/2,3-dimethylpyrazine; these maintained a consistent trend versus harvest and sampling/analysis technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Nicolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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Ruosi MR, Cordero C, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C, Sgorbini B, Liberto E. A further tool to monitor the coffee roasting process: aroma composition and chemical indices. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:11283-11291. [PMID: 23083340 DOI: 10.1021/jf3031716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Coffee quality is strictly related to its flavor and aroma developed during the roasting process, that, in their turn, depend on variety and origin, harvest and postharvest practices, and the time, temperature, and degree of roasting. This study investigates the possibility of combining chemical (aroma components) and physical (color) parameters through chemometric approaches to monitor the roasting process, degree of roasting, and aroma formation by analyzing a suitable number of coffee samples from different varieties and blends. In particular, a correlation between the aroma composition of roasted coffee obtained by HS-SPME-GC-MS and degree of roasting, defined by the color, has been researched. The results showed that aroma components are linearly correlated to coffee color with a correlation factor of 0.9387. The study continued looking for chemical indices: 11 indices were found to be linearly correlated to the color resulting from the roasting process, the most effective of them being the 5-methylfurfural/2-acetylfuran ratio (index).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela R Ruosi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino , Via P. Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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Sgorbini B, Cagliero C, Cordero C, Liberto E, Rubiolo P, Ruosi MR, Bicchi C. New medium-to-high polarity twister coatings for liquid and vapour phase sorptive extraction of matrices of vegetable origin. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1265:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Cordero C, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B, Liberto E. Fast headspace-enantioselective GC–mass spectrometric-multivariate statistical method for routine authentication of flavoured fruit foods. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Bicchi C, Ruosi MR, Cagliero C, Cordero C, Liberto E, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Quantitative analysis of volatiles from solid matrices of vegetable origin by high concentration capacity headspace techniques: determination of furan in roasted coffee. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:753-62. [PMID: 21196009 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study compares standard addition (SA), stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) and multiple headspace extraction (MHE) as methods to quantify furan and 2-methyl-furan in roasted coffee with HS-SPME-GC-MS, using CAR-PDMS as fibre coating, d(4)-furan as internal standard and in-fibre internal standardization with n-undecane to check the fibre reliability. The results on about 150 samples calculated with the three quantitation approaches were all very satisfactory, with coefficient of variation (CV) versus the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method, taken as reference, almost always below the arbitrarily-fixed limit of 15%. Furan was detected in the 1-5 ppm range, 2-methyl-furan in the 4-20 ppm range. Moreover, experimental exponential slopes (Q) and linearity (r) of both furan and 2-methyl-furan MHE regression equation on 50 samples were very similar thus making possible to use the same average Q value for all samples of the investigated set and their quantitation with a single determination. This makes this approach very rapid and competitive in-time with SA and SIDA. A non-separative method (HS-SPME-MS) was also developed in view of possible application on-line monitoring of furan and 2-methyl-furan in a pilot-plant with the aim of optimizing the roasting process to reduce these compounds to a minimum. Sampling times of 20 and 5 min were tested, the latter enabling total analysis time to be reduced to about 9 min. The results on 105 samples with both SIDA and MHE approaches were again highly satisfactory most of the samples giving a CV% versus the conventional methods below 20%. In this case too average Q values for both furan and 2-methyl-furan were used for MHE. The separative method presented very good repeatability (RSD% always below 10%) and intermediate precision over three months (RSD% always below 15%); performance were similar for the non-separative method, with repeatability (RSD%) always below 12% and intermediate precision over three months (RSD%) always below 15%. The sensitivity of both separative and non-separative methods was also very good, LOD and LOQ being in the ppb range for both furan and 2-methyl-furan, i.e. well below the amounts present in the roasted coffee samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bicchi
- Laboratory of Phytochemical Analysis, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
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