1
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Haartmans MJJ, Claes BSR, Emanuel KS, Tuijthof GJM, Heeren RMA, Emans PJ, Cillero-Pastor B. Sample preparation for lipid analysis of intra-articular adipose tissue by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging. Anal Biochem 2023; 662:115018. [PMID: 36521559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.115018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful technique enabling the visualization of the spatial distribution of different molecules in tissue biopsies with different pathologies. Sample handling and preparing adipose tissue for MSI is challenging and prone to molecular delocalization due to tissue melting. In this work, we developed a method for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MSI to study lipids in human infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP), a biomarker source in musculoskeletal pathologies, while preserving molecular spatial distribution. Cryosectioning at 15 μm with a temperature below -30 °C, thaw-mounting, and sublimation, was demonstrated to preserve IPFP's heterogeneous appearance and spatial distribution of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella J J Haartmans
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint-Preserving Clinic, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Britt S R Claes
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Kaj S Emanuel
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint-Preserving Clinic, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Gabrielle J M Tuijthof
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Biomedical Device Design and Production Technology (BDDP), Twente University, Twente, the Netherlands.
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Pieter J Emans
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint-Preserving Clinic, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Berta Cillero-Pastor
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering (cBITE), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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2
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Applications of mass spectroscopy in understanding cancer proteomics. Proteomics 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-95072-5.00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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3
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Davoli E, Zucchetti M, Matteo C, Ubezio P, D'Incalci M, Morosi L. THE SPACE DIMENSION AT THE MICRO LEVEL: MASS SPECTROMETRY IMAGING OF DRUGS IN TISSUES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:201-214. [PMID: 32501572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has seen remarkable development in recent years. The possibility of getting quantitative or semiquantitative data, while maintaining the spatial component in the tissues has opened up unique study possibilities. Now with a spatial window of few tens of microns, we can characterize the events occurring in tissue subcompartments in physiological and pathological conditions. For example, in oncology-especially in preclinical models-we can quantitatively measure drug distribution within tumors, correlating it with pharmacological treatments intended to modify it. We can also study the local effects of the drug in the tissue, and their effects in relation to histology. This review focuses on the main results in the field of drug MSI in clinical pharmacology, looking at the literature on the distribution of drugs in human tissues, and also the first preclinical evidence of drug intratissue effects. The main instrumental techniques are discussed, looking at the different instrumentation, sample preparation protocols, and raw data management employed to obtain the sensitivity required for these studies. Finally, we review the applications that describe in situ metabolic events and pathways induced by the drug, in animal models, showing that MSI makes it possible to study effects that go beyond the simple concentration of the drug, maintaining the space dimension. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Davoli
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Zucchetti
- Laboratory of Antitumoral Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Matteo
- Laboratory of Antitumoral Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Ubezio
- Laboratory of Antitumoral Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Incalci
- Laboratory of Antitumoral Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Lavinia Morosi
- Laboratory of Antitumoral Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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4
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He Q, Sun C, Liu J, Pan Y. MALDI-MSI analysis of cancer drugs: Significance, advances, and applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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5
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Alshehri S, Shakeel F. Solubility determination, various solubility parameters and solution thermodynamics of sunitinib malate in some cosolvents, water and various (Transcutol + water) mixtures. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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6
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Mokhtarpour M, Shekaari H, Shayanfar A. Design and characterization of ascorbic acid based therapeutic deep eutectic solvent as a new ion-gel for delivery of sunitinib malate. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Yang FY, Chen JH, Ruan QQ, Saqib HSA, He WY, You MS. Mass spectrometry imaging: An emerging technology for the analysis of metabolites in insects. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21643. [PMID: 31667894 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) can visualize the composition, abundance, and spatial distribution of molecules in tissues or cells, which has been widely used in the research of life science. Insects, especially the agricultural pests, have received a great deal of interests from the scientists in biodiversity and food security. This review introduces the major characteristics of MSI, summarizes its application to the investigation of insect endogenous metabolites, exogenous metabolites, and the spatiotemporal changes of metabolites between insects and plants, and discusses its shortfalls and perspectives. The significance of these concerns is beneficial for future insect research such as physiology and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qian-Qian Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hafiz S A Saqib
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Yi He
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Min-Sheng You
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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8
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Mutuku SM, Trim PJ, Prabhala BK, Irani S, Bremert KL, Logan JM, Brooks DA, Stahl J, Centenera MM, Snel MF, Butler LM. Evaluation of Small Molecule Drug Uptake in Patient-Derived Prostate Cancer Explants by Mass Spectrometry. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15008. [PMID: 31628408 PMCID: PMC6802206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived explant (PDE) culture of solid tumors is increasingly being applied to preclinical evaluation of novel therapeutics and for biomarker discovery. In this technique, treatments are added to culture medium and penetrate the tissue via a gelatin sponge scaffold. However, the penetration profile and final concentrations of small molecule drugs achieved have not been determined to date. Here, we determined the extent of absorption of the clinical androgen receptor antagonist, enzalutamide, into prostate PDEs, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and matrix-assisted laser/desorption ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). In a cohort of 11 PDE tissues from eight individual patients, LC-MS/MS quantification of PDE homogenates confirmed enzalutamide (10 µM) uptake by all PDEs, which reached maximal average tissue concentration of 0.24-0.50 ng/µg protein after 48 h culture. Time dependent uptake of enzalutamide (50 µM) in PDEs was visualized using MALDI MSI over 24-48 h, with complete penetration throughout tissues evident by 6 h of culture. Drug signal intensity was not homogeneous throughout the tissues but had areas of markedly high signal that corresponded to drug target (androgen receptor)-rich epithelial regions of tissue. In conclusion, application of MS-based drug quantification and visualization in PDEs, and potentially other 3-dimensional model systems, can provide a more robust basis for experimental study design and interpretation of pharmacodynamic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadrack M Mutuku
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Prostate Cancer Research Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Paul J Trim
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Bala K Prabhala
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Swati Irani
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Prostate Cancer Research Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Kayla L Bremert
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Prostate Cancer Research Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Jessica M Logan
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Douglas A Brooks
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Jürgen Stahl
- Clinpath Laboratories, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Margaret M Centenera
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Prostate Cancer Research Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Marten F Snel
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia. .,Prostate Cancer Research Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia. .,Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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9
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Gil J, Betancourt LH, Pla I, Sanchez A, Appelqvist R, Miliotis T, Kuras M, Oskolas H, Kim Y, Horvath Z, Eriksson J, Berge E, Burestedt E, Jönsson G, Baldetorp B, Ingvar C, Olsson H, Lundgren L, Horvatovich P, Murillo JR, Sugihara Y, Welinder C, Wieslander E, Lee B, Lindberg H, Pawłowski K, Kwon HJ, Doma V, Timar J, Karpati S, Szasz AM, Németh IB, Nishimura T, Corthals G, Rezeli M, Knudsen B, Malm J, Marko-Varga G. Clinical protein science in translational medicine targeting malignant melanoma. Cell Biol Toxicol 2019; 35:293-332. [PMID: 30900145 PMCID: PMC6757020 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-019-09468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma of the skin is the sixth most common type of cancer in Europe and accounts for 3.4% of all diagnosed cancers. More alarming is the degree of recurrence that occurs with approximately 20% of patients lethally relapsing following treatment. Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer and metastases rapidly extend to the regional lymph nodes (stage 3) and to distal organs (stage 4). Targeted oncotherapy is one of the standard treatment for progressive stage 4 melanoma, and BRAF inhibitors (e.g. vemurafenib, dabrafenib) combined with MEK inhibitor (e.g. trametinib) can effectively counter BRAFV600E-mutated melanomas. Compared to conventional chemotherapy, targeted BRAFV600E inhibition achieves a significantly higher response rate. After a period of cancer control, however, most responsive patients develop resistance to the therapy and lethal progression. The many underlying factors potentially causing resistance to BRAF inhibitors have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, the remaining unsolved clinical questions necessitate alternative research approaches to address the molecular mechanisms underlying metastatic and treatment-resistant melanoma. In broader terms, proteomics can address clinical questions far beyond the reach of genomics, by measuring, i.e. the relative abundance of protein products, post-translational modifications (PTMs), protein localisation, turnover, protein interactions and protein function. More specifically, proteomic analysis of body fluids and tissues in a given medical and clinical setting can aid in the identification of cancer biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets. Achieving this goal requires the development of a robust and reproducible clinical proteomic platform that encompasses automated biobanking of patient samples, tissue sectioning and histological examination, efficient protein extraction, enzymatic digestion, mass spectrometry-based quantitative protein analysis by label-free or labelling technologies and/or enrichment of peptides with specific PTMs. By combining data from, e.g. phosphoproteomics and acetylomics, the protein expression profiles of different melanoma stages can provide a solid framework for understanding the biology and progression of the disease. When complemented by proteogenomics, customised protein sequence databases generated from patient-specific genomic and transcriptomic data aid in interpreting clinical proteomic biomarker data to provide a deeper and more comprehensive molecular characterisation of cellular functions underlying disease progression. In parallel to a streamlined, patient-centric, clinical proteomic pipeline, mass spectrometry-based imaging can aid in interrogating the spatial distribution of drugs and drug metabolites within tissues at single-cell resolution. These developments are an important advancement in studying drug action and efficacy in vivo and will aid in the development of more effective and safer strategies for the treatment of melanoma. A collaborative effort of gargantuan proportions between academia and healthcare professionals has led to the initiation, establishment and development of a cutting-edge cancer research centre with a specialisation in melanoma and lung cancer. The primary research focus of the European Cancer Moonshot Lund Center is to understand the impact that drugs have on cancer at an individualised and personalised level. Simultaneously, the centre increases awareness of the relentless battle against cancer and attracts global interest in the exceptional research performed at the centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeovanis Gil
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Lazaro Hiram Betancourt
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Indira Pla
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Section for Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Aniel Sanchez
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Section for Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Roger Appelqvist
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tasso Miliotis
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Translational Science, Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Kuras
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henriette Oskolas
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yonghyo Kim
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zsolt Horvath
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Eriksson
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ethan Berge
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Burestedt
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Baldetorp
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Ingvar
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SUS, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lotta Lundgren
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Horvatovich
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy Rodriguez Murillo
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yutaka Sugihara
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Welinder
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Wieslander
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Boram Lee
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Lindberg
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Pawłowski
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ho Jeong Kwon
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Chemical Genomics Global Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Viktoria Doma
- Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Timar
- Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sarolta Karpati
- Department of Dermatology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Marcell Szasz
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
- Cancer Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- MTA-TTK Momentum Oncology Biomarker Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - István Balázs Németh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Toshihide Nishimura
- Clinical Translational Medicine Informatics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjiku Shinjiku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Garry Corthals
- Van't Hoff Institute of Molecular Sciences, 1090 GS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Knudsen
- Biomedical Sciences and Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Johan Malm
- Section for Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Chemical Genomics Global Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjiku Shinjiku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Precision pharmacology: Mass spectrometry imaging and pharmacokinetic drug resistance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 141:153-162. [PMID: 31302407 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of systemic cancer treatment can be, at least in part, due to the drug not being delivered to the tumour at sufficiently high concentration and/or sufficiently homogeneous distribution; this is termed as "pharmacokinetic drug resistance". To understand whether a drug is being adequately delivered to the tumour, "precision pharmacology" techniques are needed. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a relatively new and complex technique that allows imaging of drug distribution within tissues. In this review we address the applicability of MSI to the study of cancer drug distribution from the bench to the bedside. We address: (i) the role of MSI in pre-clinical studies to characterize anti-cancer drug distribution within the body and the tumour, (ii) the application of MSI in pre-clinical studies to define optimal drug dose or schedule, combinations or new drug delivery systems, and finally (iii) the emerging role of MSI in clinical research.
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11
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Alshahrani SM, Alshetaili AS, Alalaiwe A, Alsulays BB, Anwer MK, Al-Shdefat R, Imam F, Shakeel F. Anticancer Efficacy of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Sunitinib Malate. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018. [PMID: 28620763 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunitinib malate (SM) is reported as a weakly soluble drug in water due to its poor dissolution rate and oral bioavailability. Hence, in the current study, various "self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS)" of SM were prepared, characterized and evaluated for the enhancement of its in vitro dissolution rate and anticancer efficacy. On the basis of solubilization potential of SM in various excipients, "Lauroglycol-90 (oil), Triton-X100 (surfactant) and Transcutol-P (cosurfactant)" were selected for the preparation of SM SNEDDS. SM-loaded SNEDDS were developed by spontaneous emulsification method, characterized and evaluated for "thermodynamic stability, self-nanoemulsification efficiency, droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), surface morphology, refractive index (RI), the percent of transmittance (% T) and drug release profile." In vitro dissolution rate of SM was significantly enhanced from an optimized SNEDDS in comparison with SM suspension. The optimized SNEDDS of SM with droplet size of 42.3 nm, PDI value of 0.174, ZP value of -36.4 mV, RI value of 1.339, % T value of 97.3%, and drug release profile of 95.4% (after 24 h via dialysis membrane) was selected for in vitro anticancer efficacy in human colon cancer cells (HT-29) by MTT assay. MTT assay indicated significant anticancer efficacy of optimized SM SNEDDS against HT-29 cells in comparison with free SM. The results of this study showed the great potential of SNEDDS in the enhancement of in vitro dissolution rate and anticancer efficacy of poorly soluble drug such as SM.
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12
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Burazin A, Drapaca CS, Tenti G, Sivaloganathan S. A Poroelasticity Theory Approach to Study the Mechanisms Leading to Elevated Interstitial Fluid Pressure in Solid Tumours. Bull Math Biol 2017; 80:1172-1194. [PMID: 29282596 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-017-0383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the mechanisms responsible for elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) in tumours remain obscure, it seems clear that high IFP represents a barrier to drug delivery (since the resulting adverse pressure gradient implies a reduction in the driving force for transvascular exchange of both fluid and macromolecules). R. Jain and co-workers studied this problem, and although the conclusions drawn from their idealized mathematical models offered useful insights into the causes of elevated IFP, they by no means gave a definitive explanation for this phenomenon. In this paper, we use poroelasticity theory to also develop a macroscopic mathematical model to describe the time evolution of a solid tumour, but focus our attention on the mechanisms responsible for the rise of the IFP, from that for a healthy interstitium to that measured in malignant tumours. In particular, we discuss a number of possible time scales suggested by our mathematical model and propose a tumour-dependent time scale that leads to results in agreement with experimental observations. We apply our mathematical model to simulate the effect of "vascular normalization" (as proposed by Jain in Nat Med 7:987-989, 2001) on the IFP profile and discuss and contrast our conclusions with those of previous work in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrijana Burazin
- Mathematical and Computational Sciences, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, L5M 5G9, Canada
| | - Corina S Drapaca
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Giuseppe Tenti
- Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Siv Sivaloganathan
- Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Lamont L, Baumert M, Ogrinc Potočnik N, Allen M, Vreeken R, Heeren RMA, Porta T. Integration of Ion Mobility MS E after Fully Automated, Online, High-Resolution Liquid Extraction Surface Analysis Micro-Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11143-11150. [PMID: 28945354 PMCID: PMC5677252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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Direct
analysis by mass spectrometry (imaging) has become increasingly
deployed in preclinical and clinical research due to its rapid and
accurate readouts. However, when it comes to biomarker discovery or
histopathological diagnostics, more sensitive and in-depth profiling
from localized areas is required. We developed a comprehensive, fully
automated online platform for high-resolution liquid extraction surface
analysis (HR-LESA) followed by micro–liquid chromatography
(LC) separation and a data-independent acquisition strategy for untargeted
and low abundant analyte identification directly from tissue sections.
Applied to tissue sections of rat pituitary, the platform demonstrated
improved spatial resolution, allowing sample areas as small as 400
μm to be studied, a major advantage over conventional LESA.
The platform integrates an online buffer exchange and washing step
for removal of salts and other endogenous contamination that originates
from local tissue extraction. Our carry over–free platform
showed high reproducibility, with an interextraction variability below
30%. Another strength of the platform is the additional selectivity
provided by a postsampling gas-phase ion mobility separation. This
allowed distinguishing coeluted isobaric compounds without requiring
additional separation time. Furthermore, we identified untargeted
and low-abundance analytes, including neuropeptides deriving from
the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor protein and localized a specific
area of the pituitary gland (i.e., adenohypophysis) known to secrete
neuropeptides and other small metabolites related to development,
growth, and metabolism. This platform can thus be applied for the
in-depth study of small samples of complex tissues with histologic
features of ∼400 μm or more, including potential neuropeptide
markers involved in many diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases,
obesity, bulimia, and anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke Lamont
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nina Ogrinc Potočnik
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Allen
- Advion , Harlow CM20 2NQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Vreeken
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Janssen Pharmaceutica , Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tiffany Porta
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands
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14
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Jin G, Lee J, Lee K. Chemical genetics-based development of small molecules targeting hepatitis C virus. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:1021-1036. [PMID: 28856597 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major worldwide problem that has emerged as one of the most significant diseases affecting humans. There are currently no vaccines or efficient therapies without side effects, despite today's advanced medical technology. Currently, the common therapy for most patients (i.e. genotype 1) is combination of HCV-specific direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Up to 2011, the standard of care (SOC) was a combination of peg-IFNα with ribavirin (RBV). After approval of NS3/4A protease inhibitor, SOC was peg-IFNα and RBV with either the first-generation DAAs boceprevir or telaprevir. In the past several years, various novel small molecules have been discovered and some of them (i.e., HCV polymerase, protease, helicase and entry inhibitors) have undergone clinical trials. Between 2013 and 2016, the second-generation DAA drugs simeprevir, asunaprevir, daclatasvir, dasabuvir, sofosbuvir, and elbasvir were approved, as well as the combinational drugs Harvoni®, Zepatier®, Technivie®, and Epclusa®. A number of reviews have been recently published describing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) in the development of HCV inhibitors and outlining current therapeutic approaches to hepatitis C infection. Target identification involves studying a drug's mechanism of action (MOA), and a variety of target identification methods have been developed in the past few years. Chemical biology has emerged as a powerful tool for studying biological processes using small molecules. The use of chemical genetic methods is a valuable strategy for studying the molecular mechanisms of the viral lifecycle and screening for anti-viral agents. Two general screening approaches have been employed: forward and reverse chemical genetics. This review reveals information on the small molecules in HCV drug discovery by using chemical genetics for targeting the HCV protein and describes successful examples of targets identified with these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghai Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Ho YN, Shu LJ, Yang YL. Imaging mass spectrometry for metabolites: technical progress, multimodal imaging, and biological interactions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 9. [PMID: 28488813 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) allows the study of the spatial distribution of small molecules in biological samples. IMS is able to identify and quantify chemicals in situ from whole tissue sections to single cells. Both vacuum mass spectrometry (MS) and ambient MS systems have advanced considerably over the last decade; however, some limitations are still hard to surmount. Sample pretreatment, matrix or solvent choices, and instrument improvement are the key factors that determine the successful application of IMS to different samples and analytes. IMS with innovative MS analyzers, powerful MS spectrum databases, and analysis tools can efficiently dereplicate, identify, and quantify natural products. Moreover, multimodal imaging systems and multiple MS-based systems provide additional structural, chemical, and morphological information and are applied as complementary tools to explore new fields. IMS has been applied to reveal interactions between living organisms at molecular level. Recently, IMS has helped solve many previously unidentifiable relations between bacteria, fungi, plants, animals, and insects. Other significant interactions on the chemical level can also be resolved using expanding IMS techniques. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1387. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1387 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ning Ho
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Jie Shu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Arentz G, Mittal P, Zhang C, Ho YY, Briggs M, Winderbaum L, Hoffmann MK, Hoffmann P. Applications of Mass Spectrometry Imaging to Cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2017; 134:27-66. [PMID: 28110654 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pathologists play an essential role in the diagnosis and prognosis of benign and cancerous tumors. Clinicians provide tissue samples, for example, from a biopsy, which are then processed and thin sections are placed onto glass slides, followed by staining of the tissue with visible dyes. Upon processing and microscopic examination, a pathology report is provided, which relies on the pathologist's interpretation of the phenotypical presentation of the tissue. Targeted analysis of single proteins provide further insight and together with clinical data these results influence clinical decision making. Recent developments in mass spectrometry facilitate the collection of molecular information about such tissue specimens. These relatively new techniques generate label-free mass spectra across tissue sections providing nonbiased, nontargeted molecular information. At each pixel with spatial coordinates (x/y) a mass spectrum is acquired. The acquired mass spectrums can be visualized as intensity maps displaying the distribution of single m/z values of interest. Based on the sample preparation, proteins, peptides, lipids, small molecules, or glycans can be analyzed. The generated intensity maps/images allow new insights into tumor tissues. The technique has the ability to detect and characterize tumor cells and their environment in a spatial context and combined with histological staining, can be used to aid pathologists and clinicians in the diagnosis and management of cancer. Moreover, such data may help classify patients to aid therapy decisions and predict outcomes. The novel complementary mass spectrometry-based methods described in this chapter will contribute to the transformation of pathology services around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arentz
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - P Mittal
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - C Zhang
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Y-Y Ho
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M Briggs
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; ARC Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - L Winderbaum
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M K Hoffmann
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - P Hoffmann
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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17
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Malm J, Marko-Varga G. Clinical protein science developments for patient monitoring in hospital central laboratories. Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:47. [PMID: 27995592 PMCID: PMC5167681 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient care relies heavily on standardized tests performed in hospital laboratories, typically including clinical chemistry, pathology and microbiology. With the introduction of personalized medicine tremendous efforts have been made to identify new biomarkers of disease with various omics technologies, often including mass spectrometry. In order to validate new biomarkers and perform clinical studies high quality biobank samples are of key importance. In this editorial different aspects of mass spectrometry in future personalized medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Malm
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section for Clinical Chemistry, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.,Center of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry, Lund University, BMC D13, 22100, Lund, Sweden.,Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Center of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry, Lund University, BMC D13, 22100, Lund, Sweden. .,Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden. .,First Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjiku Shinjiku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
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18
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Nakayama N, Bando Y, Fukuda T, Kawamura T, Nakamura H, Marko-Varga G, Nishimura T. Developments of mass spectrometry-based technologies for effective drug development linked with clinical proteomes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 31:3-11. [PMID: 26782309 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A strong demand in drug discovery and development today is to overcome "Big Gaps" encountered by differences in species and races, to accelerate effective developments in cost and time, and to meet medical needs. Moreover, drugs of various types have emerged which cover middle-size molecules and polymers rather than conventional small molecules. Upon those challenges, mass spectrometry (MS)-based technologies, which will be described in this paper, will play an increasingly important role, among which the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) platform will be powerful as rapid and molecule-based analysis more than ever. nanoPore Optical Interferometry (nPOI) newly introduced can detect even weak interactions in protein-protein and protein-compound, and can be connected directly to LC/MS/MS for identification of binding molecular species, which will be quite useful for affinity ranking and high-throughput interaction screening. Imaging MS provides the molecular information and spatial distribution of targeted molecules within a tissue specimen. MS-based clinical proteomics utilizing clinical specimens and empowered by advanced bioinformatics can attain both key protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks with major protein players responsible for functional mechanisms of a disease subtype. An integration of those MS-based technologies will deliver a seamless platform of drug development from molecules identified in human clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Takeshi Kawamura
- Proteomics Laboratory, Radioisotope Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Nakamura
- Department of Chest Surgery, St. Mariana University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Center of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry, Lund University, BMC, Lund, Sweden
| | - Toshihide Nishimura
- Biosys Technologies, Inc., Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Thoracic and Thyroid Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Center of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry, Lund University, BMC, Lund, Sweden
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