1
|
Zhang Q, Zhao L, Shen M, Liu J, Li Y, Xu S, Chen L, Shi G, Ding Z. Establishment of an Efficient Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Mediated Transformation System in Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae Using Comprehensive Optimization and Multiple Endogenous Promoters. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020186. [PMID: 35205941 PMCID: PMC8876744 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae, a fungus of the genus Pleurotus, efficiently degrades lignin, especially during co-cultivation with other fungi. However, low transformation efficiency and heterologous gene expression restrict systematic studies of the molecular mechanisms and metabolic control of natural products in this mushroom. In this study, the homologous resistance marker carboxin (cbx) was used to establish a polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation (PMT) system in P. eryngii var. ferulae. Optimization of the transformation process greatly improved the number of positive transformants. In particular, we optimized: (i) protoplast preparation and regeneration; (ii) screening methods; and (iii) transformation-promoting factors. The optimized transformation efficiency reached 72.7 CFU/μg, which is higher than the average level of Pleurotus sp. (10–40 CFU/μg). Moreover, three endogenous promoters (Ppfgpd1, Ppfgpd2, and Ppfsar1) were screened and evaluated for different transcription initiation characteristics. A controllable overexpression system was established using these three promoters that satisfied various heterologous gene expression requirements, such as strong or weak, varied, or stable expression levels. This study lays the foundation for recombinant protein expression in P. eryngii var. ferulae and provides a method to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms and secondary metabolic pathway modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mengye Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jingyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Youran Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Sha Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-511-85918221
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Yang X, Chen P, Yang S, Zhang H. Homologous overexpression of genes in Cordyceps militaris improves the production of polysaccharides. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110452. [PMID: 34399454 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The maximum yield of EPS produced by mutant CM-pgm-H was 4.63 ± 0.23 g/L, whereas the yield of wild-type strain was 3.43 ± 0.26 g/L. In addition, the data obtained in the present study indicated that the yield of EPS produced by the engineered strain treated with the co-overexpression of phosphoglucomutase and UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase genes achieved 6.11 ± 0.21 g/L, which was increased by 78.13% compared with that by the wild-type strain. CM-pgm-H obtained the highest EPS content than that of gk, ugp, and ugdh mutants. This result indicated that the content of protein phosphoglucomutase was an important influencing factor on the CP production of C. militaris. Furthermore, the EPS production of CM-ugdh-pgm-M was significantly improved by 1.78-fold by co-overexpression. Therefore, our engineering strategies will play an important role in the development of C. militaris for the sustainable production of Cordyceps polysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wang
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Yang
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Chen
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengli Yang
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lim FH, Rasid OA, Idris AS, As'wad AWM, Vadamalai G, Parveez GKA, Wong MY. Enhanced polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation system for the phytopathogenic fungus, Ganoderma boninense. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:677-688. [PMID: 34041694 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00852-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The basidiomycete fungus, Ganoderma boninense, has been identified as the main causal agent of oil palm basal stem rot (BSR) disease which has caused significant economic losses to the industry especially in Malaysia and Indonesia. Various efforts have been initiated to understand the disease and this plant pathogen especially at the molecular level. This is the first study of its kind on the development of a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation system for G. boninense. Based on the minimal inhibitory concentration study, 60 µg/mL and above of hygromycin were effective to completely inhibit G. boninense growth. Approximately 5.145 × 107 cells/mL of protoplasts with the viability of 97.24% was successfully obtained from G. boninense mycelium tissue. The PEG-mediated G. boninense protoplast transformation using 1 µg of transformation vector, 25% of PEG solution, 10 min of pre-transformation incubation, and 30 min of post-transformation incubation has improved the transformation rate as compared with the previous reported protocols for other basidiomycete fungi. Optimization of four transformation parameters has improved the transformation efficiency of G. boninense from an average of 2 to 67 putative transformants. The presence of hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) genes in the putative transformants was detected by PCR and verified by gene sequence analysis. Southern hybridization result further confirmed the integration of hpt gene in G. boninense transformants, and the green fluorescent signal was detected in the G. boninense transformants under the microscopic analysis. The establishment of this transformation system will accelerate the gene function studies of G. boninense especially those genes that may contribute to the pathogenesis of this fungus in oil palm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fook-Hwa Lim
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Omar Abd Rasid
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Seman Idris
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Wahab Mohd As'wad
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ganesan Vadamalai
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Mui-Yun Wong
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fang X, Qu Y. Metabolic Engineering of Fungal Strains for Efficient Production of Cellulolytic Enzymes. FUNGAL CELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES 2018:27-41. [PMCID: PMC7120360 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0749-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are widely used for production of cellulase and other cellulolytic enzymes. Metabolic engineering of filamentous fungal strains has been applied to improve enzyme production, and rapid progress has been made in the recent years. In this chapter, genetic tools and methods to develop superior enzyme producers are summarized, which includes establishment of genetic modification systems, selection and redesign of promoters, and metabolic engineering using either native transcription factors or artificial ones. In addition, enhancement of cellulase production through morphology engineering was also discussed. Emerging tools including CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing and synthetic biology are highlighted, which are speeding up mechanisms elucidation and strain development, and will further facilitate economic cellulolytic enzyme production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Efficient transformation of Pleurotus eryngii with a safe selective marker mutated from the Pesdi1 gene. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 152:7-9. [PMID: 30017848 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We introduced a site-directed mutation in the sdi1 gene and used it as a selective marker for the polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation of Pleurotus eryngii monokaryon protoplasts. The transformants displayed obvious and stable resistance to the fungicide carboxin indicating that the mutant Pesdi1 gene is an efficient selective marker.
Collapse
|
6
|
Poyedinok NL, Blume YB. Advances, Problems, and Prospects of Genetic Transformation of Fungi. CYTOL GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.3103/s009545271802007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
7
|
Molecular tools for gene manipulation in filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:8063-8075. [PMID: 28965220 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Functional genomics of filamentous fungi has gradually uncovered gene information for constructing 'cell factories' and controlling pathogens. Available gene manipulation methods of filamentous fungi include random integration methods, gene targeting technology, gene editing with artificial nucleases and RNA technology. This review describes random gene integration constructed by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI); Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (AMT); transposon-arrayed gene knockout (TAGKO); gene targeting technology, mainly about homologous recombination; and modern gene editing strategies containing transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/associated protein system (CRISPR/Cas) developed in filamentous fungi and RNA technology including RNA interference (RNAi) and ribozymes. This review describes historical and modern gene manipulation methods in filamentous fungi and presents the molecular tools available to researchers investigating filamentous fungi. The biggest difference of this review from the previous ones is the addition of successful application and details of the promising gene editing tool CRISPR/Cas9 system in filamentous fungi.
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Development of a transformation system for the edible mushroom Grifola frondosa: Demonstrating heterologous gene expression and RNAi-mediated gene silencing. MYCOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
10
|
Ha BS, Kim S, Ro HS. Isolation and Characterization of Monokaryotic Strains of Lentinula edodes Showing Higher Fruiting Rate and Better Fruiting Body Production. MYCOBIOLOGY 2015; 43:24-30. [PMID: 25892911 PMCID: PMC4397376 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2015.43.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of monokaryotic strains on fruiting body formation of Lentinula edodes were examined through mating and cultivation of the mated dikaryotic mycelia in sawdust medium. To accomplish this, monokaryotic strains of L. edodes were isolated from basidiospores of the commercial dikaryotic strains, Chamaram (Cham) and Sanjo701 (SJ701). A total of 703 matings (538 self-matings and 165 outcrosses) were performed, which generated 133 self-mates and 84 outcross mates. The mating rate was 25% and 50% for self-mating and outcross, respectively. The bipolarity of the outcross indicated the multi-allelic nature of the mating type genes. The mating was only dependent on the A mating type locus, while the B locus showed no effect, implying that the B locus is multi-allelic. Next, 145 selected dikaryotic mates were cultivated in sawdust medium. The self-mated dikaryotic progenies showed 51.3% and 69.5% fruiting rates for Cham and SJ701, respectively, while the fruiting rate of the outcross mates was 63.2%. The dikaryotic mates generated by mating with one of the monokaryotic strains, including A20, B2, E1, and E3, showed good fruiting performance and tended to yield high fruiting body production, while many of the monokaryotic strains failed to form fruiting bodies. Overall, these findings suggest that certain monokaryotic strains have traits enabling better mating and fruiting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Suk Ha
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute for Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Sinil Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute for Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Su Ro
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute for Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim S, Ha BS, Ro HS. Current technologies and related issues for mushroom transformation. MYCOBIOLOGY 2015; 43:1-8. [PMID: 25892908 PMCID: PMC4397374 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2015.43.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mushroom transformation requires a series of experimental steps, including generation of host strains with a desirable selective marker, design of vector DNA, removal of host cell wall, introduction of foreign DNA across the cell membrane, and integration into host genomic DNA or maintenance of an autonomous vector DNA inside the host cell. This review introduces limitations and obstacles related to transformation technologies along with possible solutions. Current methods for cell wall removal and cell membrane permeabilization are summarized together with details of two popular technologies, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and restriction enzyme-mediated integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinil Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute for Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Byeong-Suk Ha
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute for Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Su Ro
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute for Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Cell Factories of Higher Fungi for Useful Metabolite Production. BIOREACTOR ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS I 2015; 155:199-235. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
14
|
Molecular tools for functional genomics in filamentous fungi: recent advances and new strategies. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1562-74. [PMID: 23988676 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genetic transformation techniques have made important contributions to molecular genetics. Various molecular tools and strategies have been developed for functional genomic analysis of filamentous fungi since the first DNA transformation was successfully achieved in Neurospora crassa in 1973. Increasing amounts of genomic data regarding filamentous fungi are continuously reported and large-scale functional studies have become common in a wide range of fungal species. In this review, various molecular tools used in filamentous fungi are compared and discussed, including methods for genetic transformation (e.g., protoplast transformation, electroporation, and microinjection), the construction of random mutant libraries (e.g., restriction enzyme mediated integration, transposon arrayed gene knockout, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation), and the analysis of gene function (e.g., RNA interference and transcription activator-like effector nucleases). We also focused on practical strategies that could enhance the efficiency of genetic manipulation in filamentous fungi, such as choosing a proper screening system and marker genes, assembling target-cassettes or vectors effectively, and transforming into strains that are deficient in the nonhomologous end joining pathway. In summary, we present an up-to-date review on the different molecular tools and latest strategies that have been successfully used in functional genomics in filamentous fungi.
Collapse
|
15
|
Yin Y, Liu Y, Jin H, Wang S, Zhao S, Geng X, Li M, Xu F. Polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation of fused egfp-hph gene under the control of gpd promoter in Pleurotus eryngii. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:1895-900. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
Ishibashi S, Love NR, Amaya E. A simple method of transgenesis using I-SceI meganuclease in Xenopus. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 917:205-218. [PMID: 22956090 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-992-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a protocol for generating transgenic embryos in Xenopus using I-SceI meganuclease. This method relies on integration of DNA constructs, containing one or two I-SceI meganuclease sites. It is a simpler method than the REMI method of transgenesis, and it is ideally suited for generating transgenic lines in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. In addition to it being simpler than the REMI method, this protocol also results in single copy integration events rather than tandem concatemers. Although the protocol we describe is for X. tropicalis, the method can also be used to generate transgenic lines in X. laevis. We also describe a convenient method for designing and generating complex constructs for transgenesis, named pTransgenesis, based on the Multisite Gateway(®) cloning, which include I-SceI sites and Tol2 elements to facilitate genome integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Ishibashi
- The Healing Foundation Centre, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|