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Li W, Li P, Deng Y, Situ J, He Z, Zhou W, Li M, Xi P, Liang X, Kong G, Jiang Z. A plant cell death-inducing protein from litchi interacts with Peronophythora litchii pectate lyase and enhances plant resistance. Nat Commun 2024; 15:22. [PMID: 38167822 PMCID: PMC10761943 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell wall degrading enzymes, including pectate lyases (PeLs), released by plant pathogens, break down protective barriers and/or activate host immunity. The direct interactions between PeLs and plant immune-related proteins remain unclear. We identify two PeLs, PlPeL1 and PlPeL1-like, critical for full virulence of Peronophythora litchii on litchi (Litchi chinensis). These proteins enhance plant susceptibility to oomycete pathogens in a PeL enzymatic activity-dependent manner. However, LcPIP1, a plant immune regulator secreted by litchi, binds to PlPeL1/PlPeL1-like, and attenuates PlPeL1/PlPeL1-like induced plant susceptibility to Phytophthora capsici. LcPIP1 also induces cell death and various immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Conserved in plants, LcPIP1 homologs bear a conserved "VDMASG" motif and exhibit immunity-inducing activity. Furthermore, SERK3 interacts with LcPIP1 and is required for LcPIP1-induced cell death. NbPIP1 participates in immune responses triggered by the PAMP protein INF1. In summary, our study reveals the dual roles of PlPeL1/PlPeL1-like in plant-pathogen interactions: enhancing pathogen virulence through PeL enzymatic activity while also being targeted by LcPIP1, thus enhancing plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoyuan He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhe Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zide Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Pectate Lyase Genes Abundantly Expressed During the Infection Regulate Morphological Development of Colletotrichum camelliae and CcPEL16 Is Required for Full Virulence to Tea Plants. mSphere 2023; 8:e0067722. [PMID: 36692304 PMCID: PMC9942558 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00677-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum camelliae is the dominant species causing foliar diseases of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) in China. Transcriptome data and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis have demonstrated that the pectate lyase genes in C. camelliae (CcPELs) were significantly upregulated during infectious development on tea plants (cv. Longjing43). To further evaluate the biological functions of CcPELs, we established a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation system of C. camelliae and generated targeted deletion mutants of seven CcPELs. Phenotypic assays showed that the genes contribute to mycelial growth, conidiation, and appressorium development. The polypeptides encoded by each CcPEL gene contained a predicted N-terminal signal peptide, and a yeast invertase secretion assay suggested that each CcPEL protein could be secreted. Cell death-suppressive activity assays confirmed that all seven CcPELs did not suppress Bax-induced cell death in tobacco leaf cells. However, deletion of CcPEL16 significantly reduced necrotic lesions on tea leaves. Taken together, these results indicated that CcPELs play essential roles in regulating morphological development, and CcPEL16 is required for full virulence in C. camelliae. IMPORTANCE In this study, we first established a PEG-mediated protoplast transformation system of C. camelliae and used it to investigate the biological functions of seven pectate lyase genes (CcPELs) which were abundantly expressed during infection. The results provided insights into the contributions of pectate lyase to mycelial growth, conidial production, appressorium formation, and the pathogenicity of C. camelliae. We also confirmed the secretory function of CcPEL proteins and their role in suppressing Bax-induced cell death. Overall, this study provides an effective method for generating gene-deletion transformants in C. camelliae and broadens our understanding of pectate lyase in regulating morphological development and pathogenicity.
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da Silva LL, Morgan T, Garcia EA, Rosa RO, de Oliveira Mendes TA, de Queiroz MV. Pectinolytic arsenal of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and other fungi with different lifestyles. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1857-1871. [PMID: 35766136 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify and analyze genes that encode pectinases in the genome of the fungus C. lindemuthianum, evaluate the expression of these genes, and compare putative pectinases found in C. lindemuthianum with pectinases produced by other fungi and oomycetes with different lifestyles. METHODS AND RESULTS Genes encoding pectinases in the genome of C. lindemuthianum were identified and analyzed. The expression of these genes was analyzed. Pectinases from C. lindemuthianum were compared with pectinases from other fungi that have different lifestyles, and the pectinase activity in some of these fungi was quantified. Fifty-eight genes encoding pectinases were identified in C. lindemuthianum. At least six types of enzymes involved in pectin degradation were identified, with pectate lyases and polygalacturonases being the most abundant. Twenty-seven genes encoding pectinases were differentially expressed at some point in C. lindemuthianum during their interactions with their host. For each type of pectinase, there were at least three isoenzyme groups. The number of pectinases present in fungi with different lifestyles seemed to be related more to the lifestyle than to the taxonomic relationship between them. Only phytopathogenic fungi showed pectate lyase activity. CONCLUSIONS The collective results demonstrate the pectinolytic arsenal of C. lindemuthianum, with many and diverse genes encoding pectinases more than that found in other phytopathogens, which suggests that at least part of these pectinases must be important for the pathogenicity of the fungus C. lindemuthianum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Knowledge of these pectinases could further the understanding of the importance of this broad pectinolytic arsenal in the common bean infection, and could be exploited for biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Lopes da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-, MG, Brasil
| | - Túlio Morgan
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-, MG, Brasil
| | - Ediones Amaro Garcia
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-, MG, Brasil
| | - Rafael Oliveira Rosa
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-, MG, Brasil
| | - Tiago Antônio de Oliveira Mendes
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-, MG, Brasil
| | - Marisa Vieira de Queiroz
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-, MG, Brasil
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Gene deletion and constitutive expression of the pectate lyase gene 1 (MoPL1) lead to diminished virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae. J Microbiol 2021; 60:79-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Huang K, Tang J, Zou Y, Sun X, Lan J, Wang W, Xu P, Wu X, Ma R, Wang Q, Wang Z, Liu J. Whole Genome Sequence of Alternaria alternata, the Causal Agent of Black Spot of Kiwifruit. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:713462. [PMID: 34616379 PMCID: PMC8488381 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.713462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is a pathogen in a wide range of agriculture crops and causes significant economic losses. A strain of A. alternata (Y784-BC03) was isolated and identified from “Hongyang” kiwifruit and demonstrated to cause black spot infections on fruits. The genome sequence of Y784-BC03 was obtained using Nanopore MinION technology. The assembled genome is composed of 33,869,130bp (32.30Mb) comprising 10 chromosomes and 11,954 genes. A total of 2,180 virulence factors were predicted to be present in the obtained genome sequence. The virulence factors comprised genes encoding secondary metabolites, including non-host-specific toxins, cell wall-degrading enzymes, and major transcriptional regulators. The predicted gene clusters encoding genes for the biosynthesis and export of secondary metabolites in the genome of Y784-BC03 were associated with non-host-specific toxins, including cercosporin, dothistromin, and versicolorin B. Major transcriptional regulators of different mycotoxin biosynthesis pathways were identified, including the transcriptional regulators, polyketide synthase, P450 monooxygenase, and major facilitator superfamily transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Microbial Ecology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianming Tang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zou
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangcheng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,West China Biopharm Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianbin Lan
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Microbial Ecology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Panpan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | | | - Rui Ma
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenshuo Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
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Sun M, Jing Y, Zhao X, Teng W, Qiu L, Zheng H, Li W, Han Y. Genome-wide association study of partial resistance to sclerotinia stem rot of cultivated soybean based on the detached leaf method. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233366. [PMID: 32421759 PMCID: PMC7233537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) is a devastating fungal disease that causes severe yield losses of soybean worldwide. In the present study, a representative population of 185 soybean accessions was selected and utilized to identify the quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN) of partial resistance to soybean SSR via a genome-wide association study (GWAS). A total of 22,048 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with minor allele frequencies (MAF) > 5% and missing data < 3% were used to assess linkage disequilibrium (LD) levels. Association signals associated with SSR partial resistance were identified by two models, including compressed mixed linear model (CMLM) and multi-locus random-SNP-effect mixed linear model (mrMLM). Finally, seven QTNs with major effects (a known locus and six novel loci) via CMLM and nine novel QTNs with minor effects via mrMLM were detected in relation to partial resistance to SSR, respectively. One of all the novel loci (Gm05:14834789 on Chr.05), which was co-located by these two methods, might be a stable one that showed high significance in SSR partial resistance. Additionally, a total of 71 major and 85 minor candidate genes located in the 200-kb genomic region of each peak SNP detected by CMLM and mrMLM were found, respectively. By using a gene-based association, a total of six SNPs from three major effects genes and eight SNPs from four minor effects genes were identified. Of them, Glyma.18G012200 has been characterized as a significant element in controlling fungal disease in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Journal Press of Agricultural Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Jing
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Weili Teng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- Institute of Crop Science, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongkun Zheng
- Bioinformatics Division, Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingpeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Schmitz K, Protzko R, Zhang L, Benz JP. Spotlight on fungal pectin utilization-from phytopathogenicity to molecular recognition and industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2507-2524. [PMID: 30694345 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pectin is a complex polysaccharide with D-galacturonic acid as its main component that predominantly accumulates in the middle lamella of the plant cell wall. Integrity and depolymerization of pectic structures have long been identified as relevant factors in fungal phytosymbiosis and phytopathogenicity in the context of tissue penetration and carbon source supply. While the pectic content of a plant cell wall can vary significantly, pectin was reported to account for up to 20-25% of the total dry weight in soft and non-woody tissues with non- or mildly lignified secondary cell walls, such as found in citrus peel, sugar beet pulp, and apple pomace. Due to their potential applications in various industrial sectors, pectic sugars from these and similar agricultural waste streams have been recognized as valuable targets for a diverse set of biotechnological fermentations.Recent advances in uncovering the molecular regulation mechanisms for pectinase expression in saprophytic fungi have led to a better understanding of fungal pectin sensing and utilization that could help to improve industrial, pectin-based fermentations. Related research in phytopathogenic fungi has furthermore added to our knowledge regarding the relevance of pectinases in plant cell wall penetration during onset of disease and is therefore highly relevant for agricultural sciences and the agricultural industry. This review therefore aims at summarizing (i) the role of pectinases in phytopathogenicity, (ii) the global regulation patterns for pectinase expression in saprophytic filamentous fungi as a highly specialized class of pectin degraders, and (iii) the current industrial applications in pectic sugar fermentations and transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schmitz
- Holzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Ryan Protzko
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - J Philipp Benz
- Holzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
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Torres MF, Ghaffari N, Buiate EAS, Moore N, Schwartz S, Johnson CD, Vaillancourt LJ. A Colletotrichum graminicola mutant deficient in the establishment of biotrophy reveals early transcriptional events in the maize anthracnose disease interaction. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:202. [PMID: 26956617 PMCID: PMC4782317 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colletotrichum graminicola is a hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen that causes maize anthracnose disease. It progresses through three recognizable phases of pathogenic development in planta: melanized appressoria on the host surface prior to penetration; biotrophy, characterized by intracellular colonization of living host cells; and necrotrophy, characterized by host cell death and symptom development. A "Mixed Effects" Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was developed and applied to an existing Illumina transcriptome dataset, substantially increasing the statistical power of the analysis of C. graminicola gene expression during infection and colonization. Additionally, the in planta transcriptome of the wild-type was compared with that of a mutant strain impaired in the establishment of biotrophy, allowing detailed dissection of events occurring specifically during penetration, and during early versus late biotrophy. RESULTS More than 2000 fungal genes were differentially transcribed during appressorial maturation, penetration, and colonization. Secreted proteins, secondary metabolism genes, and membrane receptors were over-represented among the differentially expressed genes, suggesting that the fungus engages in an intimate and dynamic conversation with the host, beginning prior to penetration. This communication process probably involves reception of plant signals triggering subsequent developmental progress in the fungus, as well as production of signals that induce responses in the host. Later phases of biotrophy were more similar to necrotrophy, with increased production of secreted proteases, inducers of plant cell death, hydrolases, and membrane bound transporters for the uptake and egress of potential toxins, signals, and nutrients. CONCLUSIONS This approach revealed, in unprecedented detail, fungal genes specifically expressed during critical phases of host penetration and biotrophic establishment. Many encoded secreted proteins, secondary metabolism enzymes, and receptors that may play roles in host-pathogen communication necessary to promote susceptibility, and thus may provide targets for chemical or biological controls to manage this important disease. The differentially expressed genes could be used as 'landmarks' to more accurately identify developmental progress in compatible versus incompatible interactions involving genetic variants of both host and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Torres
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA.
- Present Address: Functional Genomics Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Noushin Ghaffari
- AgriLife Genomics and Bioinformatics, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
| | - Ester A S Buiate
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA.
- Present Address: Monsanto Company Brazil, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Neil Moore
- Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Davis Marksbury Building, 328 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40506-0633, USA.
| | - Scott Schwartz
- AgriLife Genomics and Bioinformatics, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
- Present Address: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Charles D Johnson
- AgriLife Genomics and Bioinformatics, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
| | - Lisa J Vaillancourt
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA.
- Present Address: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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