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Li W, Li P, Deng Y, Zhang Z, Situ J, Huang J, Li M, Xi P, Jiang Z, Kong G. Litchi aspartic protease LcAP1 enhances plant resistance via suppressing cell death triggered by the pectate lyase PlPeL8 from Peronophythora litchii. New Phytol 2024. [PMID: 38622771 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell death is regulated in plant-pathogen interactions. While some aspartic proteases (APs) participate in regulating programmed cell death or defense responses, the defense functions of most APs remain largely unknown. Here, we report on a virulence factor, PlPeL8, which is a pectate lyase found in the hemibiotrophic pathogen Peronophythora litchii. Through in vivo and in vitro assays, we confirmed the interaction between PlPeL8 and LcAP1 from litchi, and identified LcAP1 as a positive regulator of plant immunity. PlPeL8 induced cell death associated with NbSOBIR1 and NbMEK2. The 11 conserved residues of PlPeL8 were essential for inducing cell death and enhancing plant susceptibility. Twenty-three LcAPs suppressed cell death induced by PlPeL8 in Nicotiana benthamiana depending on their interaction with PlPeL8. The N-terminus of LcAP1 was required for inhibiting PlPeL8-triggered cell death and susceptibility. Furthermore, PlPeL8 led to higher susceptibility in NbAPs-silenced N. benthamiana than the GUS-control. Our results indicate the crucial roles of LcAP1 and its homologs in enhancing plant resistance via suppression of cell death triggered by PlPeL8, and LcAP1 represents a promising target for engineering disease resistance. Our study provides new insights into the role of plant cell death in the arms race between plants and hemibiotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Peng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yizhen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zijing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ji Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Minhui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Situ J, Song Y, Feng D, Wan L, Li W, Ning Y, Huang W, Li M, Xi P, Deng Y, Jiang Z, Kong G. Oomycete pathogen pectin acetylesterase targets host lipid transfer protein to reduce salicylic acid signaling. Plant Physiol 2024; 194:1779-1793. [PMID: 38039157 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
During initial stages of microbial invasion, the extracellular space (apoplast) of plant cells is a vital battleground between plants and pathogens. The oomycete plant pathogens secrete an array of apoplastic carbohydrate active enzymes, which are central molecules for understanding the complex plant-oomycete interactions. Among them, pectin acetylesterase (PAE) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of plant pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. Here, we demonstrated that Peronophythora litchii (syn. Phytophthora litchii) PlPAE5 suppresses litchi (Litchi chinensis) plant immunity by interacting with litchi lipid transfer protein 1 (LcLTP1). The LcLTP1-binding activity and virulence function of PlPAE5 depend on its PAE domain but not on its PAE activity. The high expression of LcLTP1 enhances plant resistance to oomycete and fungal pathogens, and this disease resistance depends on BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) and Suppressor of BIR1 (SOBIR1) in Nicotiana benthamiana. LcLTP1 activates the plant salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway, while PlPAE5 subverts the LcLTP1-mediated SA signaling pathway by destabilizing LcLTP1. Conclusively, this study reports a virulence mechanism of oomycete PAE suppressing plant LTP-mediated SA immune signaling and will be instrumental for boosting plant resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Situ
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dinan Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lang Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yue Ning
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weixiong Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Minhui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yizhen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Xing M, Sun T, Liu T, Jiang Z, Xi P. Effectiveness of Volatiles Emitted by Streptomyces abikoensis TJGA-19 for Managing Litchi Downy Blight Disease. Microorganisms 2024; 12:184. [PMID: 38258010 PMCID: PMC10818274 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Litchi is a fruit of significant commercial value; however, its quality and yield are hindered by downy blight disease caused by Peronophythora litchii. In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Streptomyces abikoensis TJGA-19 were investigated for their antifungal effects and studied in vitro and in planta for the suppression of litchi downy blight disease in litchi leaves and fruits. The growth of P. litchii was inhibited by VOCs produced by TJGA-19 cultivated on autoclaved wheat seeds for durations of 10, 20, or 30 days. Volatiles from 20-day-old cultures were more active in inhibition effect against P. litchii than those from 10- or 30-day-old cultures. These volatiles inhibit the growth of mycelia, sporulation, and oospore production, without any significant effect on sporangia germination. Additionally, the VOCs were effective in suppressing disease severity in detached litchi leaf and fruit infection assays. With the increase in the weight of the wheat seed culture of S.abikoensis TJGA-19, the diameters of disease spots on leaves, as well as the incidence rate and disease indices on fruits, decreased significantly. Microscopic results from SEM and TEM investigations showed abnormal morphology of sporangia, mycelia, and sporangiophores, as well as organelle damage in P. litchii caused by VOCs of TJGA-19. Spectroscopic analysis revealed the identification of 22 VOCs produced by TJGA-19, among which the most dominant compound was 2-Methyliborneol. These findings indicated the significant role of TJGA-19 compounds in the control of litchi downy blight disease and in improving fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (M.X.); (T.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (M.X.); (T.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (M.X.); (T.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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Li W, Li P, Deng Y, Situ J, He Z, Zhou W, Li M, Xi P, Liang X, Kong G, Jiang Z. A plant cell death-inducing protein from litchi interacts with Peronophythora litchii pectate lyase and enhances plant resistance. Nat Commun 2024; 15:22. [PMID: 38167822 PMCID: PMC10761943 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell wall degrading enzymes, including pectate lyases (PeLs), released by plant pathogens, break down protective barriers and/or activate host immunity. The direct interactions between PeLs and plant immune-related proteins remain unclear. We identify two PeLs, PlPeL1 and PlPeL1-like, critical for full virulence of Peronophythora litchii on litchi (Litchi chinensis). These proteins enhance plant susceptibility to oomycete pathogens in a PeL enzymatic activity-dependent manner. However, LcPIP1, a plant immune regulator secreted by litchi, binds to PlPeL1/PlPeL1-like, and attenuates PlPeL1/PlPeL1-like induced plant susceptibility to Phytophthora capsici. LcPIP1 also induces cell death and various immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Conserved in plants, LcPIP1 homologs bear a conserved "VDMASG" motif and exhibit immunity-inducing activity. Furthermore, SERK3 interacts with LcPIP1 and is required for LcPIP1-induced cell death. NbPIP1 participates in immune responses triggered by the PAMP protein INF1. In summary, our study reveals the dual roles of PlPeL1/PlPeL1-like in plant-pathogen interactions: enhancing pathogen virulence through PeL enzymatic activity while also being targeted by LcPIP1, thus enhancing plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoyuan He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhe Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zide Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Li P, Li W, Zhou X, Situ J, Xie L, Xi P, Yang B, Kong G, Jiang Z. Peronophythora litchii RXLR effector P. litchii avirulence homolog 202 destabilizes a host ethylene biosynthesis enzyme. Plant Physiol 2023; 193:756-774. [PMID: 37232407 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens can secrete hundreds of effectors into plant cells to interfere with the plant immune system during infection. Here, we identified a Arg-X-Leu-Arg (RXLR) effector protein from the most destructive pathogen of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), Peronophythora litchii, and named it P. litchii avirulence homolog 202 (PlAvh202). PlAvh202 could suppress cell death triggered by infestin 1 or avirulence protein 3a/resistance protein 3a in Nicotiana benthamiana and was essential for P. litchii virulence. In addition, PlAvh202 suppressed plant immune responses and promoted the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to Phytophthora capsici. Further research revealed that PlAvh202 could suppress ethylene (ET) production by targeting and destabilizing plant S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS), a key enzyme in the ET biosynthesis pathway, in a 26S proteasome-dependent manner without affecting its expression. Transient expression of LcSAMS3 induced ET production and enhanced plant resistance, whereas inhibition of ET biosynthesis promoted P. litchii infection, supporting that litchi SAMS (LcSAMS) and ET positively regulate litchi immunity toward P. litchii. Overall, these findings highlight that SAMS can be targeted by the oomycete RXLR effector to manipulate ET-mediated plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lizhu Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Grassland Science/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Li M, Xie L, Wang M, Lin Y, Zhong J, Zhang Y, Zeng J, Kong G, Xi P, Li H, Ma LJ, Jiang Z. Correction: FoQDE2-dependent milRNA promotes Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense virulence by silencing a glycosyl hydrolase coding gene expression. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011292. [PMID: 36976759 PMCID: PMC10047535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010157.].
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Situ J, Xi P, Lin L, Huang W, Song Y, Jiang Z, Kong G. Signal and regulatory mechanisms involved in spore development of Phytophthora and Peronophythora. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:984672. [PMID: 36160220 PMCID: PMC9500583 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.984672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes cause hundreds of destructive plant diseases, threatening agricultural production and food security. These fungus-like eukaryotes show multiple sporulation pattern including the production of sporangium, zoospore, chlamydospore and oospore, which are critical for their survival, dispersal and infection on hosts. Recently, genomic and genetic technologies have greatly promoted the study of molecular mechanism of sporulation in the genus Phytophthora and Peronophythora. In this paper, we characterize the types of asexual and sexual spores and review latest progress of these two genera. We summarize the genes encoding G protein, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, transcription factors, RNA-binding protein, autophagy-related proteins and so on, which function in the processes of sporangium production and cleavage, zoospore behaviors and oospore formation. Meanwhile, various molecular, chemical and electrical stimuli in zoospore behaviors are also discussed. Finally, with the molecular mechanism of sporulation in Phytophthora and Peronophythora is gradually being revealed, we propose some thoughts for the further research and provide the alternative strategy for plant protection against phytopathogenic oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Situ
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weixiong Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guanghui Kong,
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Xu D, Ling J, Qiao F, Xi P, Zeng Y, Zhang J, Lan C, Jiang Z, Peng A, Li P. Organic mulch can suppress litchi downy blight through modification of soil microbial community structure and functional potentials. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:155. [PMID: 35689202 PMCID: PMC9188084 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Organic mulch is an important management practice in agricultural production to improve soil quality, control crop pests and diseases and increase the biodiversity of soil microecosystem. However, the information about soil microbial diversity and composition in litchi plantation response to organic mulch and its attribution to litchi downy blight severity was limited. This study aimed to investigate the effect of organic mulch on litchi downy blight, and evaluate the biodiversity and antimicrobial potential of soil microbial community of litchi plantation soils under organic mulch. Results Organic mulch could significantly suppress the disease incidence in the litchi plantation, and with a reduction of 37.74% to 85.66%. As a result of high-throughput 16S rRNA and ITS rDNA gene illumine sequencing, significantly higher bacterial and fungal community diversity indexes were found in organic mulch soils, the relative abundance of norank f norank o Vicinamibacterales, norank f Vicinamibacteraceae, norank f Xanthobacteraceae, Unclassified c sordariomycetes, Aspergillus and Thermomyces were significant more than that in control soils. Isolation and analysis of antagonistic microorganism showed that 29 antagonistic bacteria strains and 37 antagonistic fungi strains were unique for mulching soils. Conclusions Thus, we believe that organic mulch has a positive regulatory effect on the litchi downy blight and the soil microbial communities, and so, is more suitable for litchi plantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology/Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Department of Plant Protection/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinfeng Ling
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Fang Qiao
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology/Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Protection/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yani Zeng
- Shenzhen Nanshan Xili Orchard, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianfan Zhang
- Shenzhen Nanshan Xili Orchard, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Cuizhen Lan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology/Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Protection/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Aitian Peng
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Pingdong Li
- Shenzhen Agricultural Technology Promotion Center, Shenzhen, 518040, China.
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Li M, Xie L, Wang M, Lin Y, Zhong J, Zhang Y, Zeng J, Kong G, Xi P, Li H, Ma LJ, Jiang Z. FoQDE2-dependent milRNA promotes Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense virulence by silencing a glycosyl hydrolase coding gene expression. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010157. [PMID: 35512028 PMCID: PMC9113603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate protein-coding gene expression primarily found in plants and animals. Fungi produce microRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) that are structurally similar to miRNAs and functionally important in various biological processes. The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is the causal agent of Banana Fusarium vascular wilt that threatens global banana production. It remains uncharacterized about the biosynthesis and functions of milRNAs in Foc. In this study, we investigated the biological function of milRNAs contributing to Foc pathogenesis. Within 24 hours post infecting the host, the Argonaute coding gene FoQDE2, and two Dicer coding genes FoDCL1 and FoDCL2, all of which are involved in milRNA biosynthesis, were significantly induced. FoQDE2 deletion mutant exhibited decreased virulence, suggesting the involvement of milRNA biosynthesis in the Foc pathogenesis. By small RNA sequencing, we identified 364 small RNA-producing loci in the Foc genome, 25 of which were significantly down-regulated in the FoQDE2 deletion mutant, from which milR-87 was verified as a FoQDE2-depedent milRNA based on qRT-PCR and Northern blot analysis. Compared to the wild-type, the deletion mutant of milR-87 was significantly reduced in virulence, while overexpression of milR-87 enhanced disease severity, confirming that milR-87 is crucial for Foc virulence in the infection process. We furthermore identified FOIG_15013 (a glycosyl hydrolase-coding gene) as the direct target of milR-87 based on the expression of FOIG_15013-GFP fusion protein. The FOIG_15013 deletion mutant displayed similar phenotypes as the overexpression of milR-87, with a dramatic increase in the growth, conidiation and virulence. Transient expression of FOIG_15013 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves activates the host defense responses. Collectively, this study documents the involvement of milRNAs in the manifestation of the devastating fungal disease in banana, and demonstrates the importance of milRNAs in the pathogenesis and other biological processes. Further analyses of the biosynthesis and expression regulation of fungal milRNAs may offer a novel strategy to combat devastating fungal diseases. The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is the causal agent of Banana Fusarium vascular wilt that threatens global banana production. However, knowledge about pathogenesis of Foc is limited. In particular, pathogenic regulatory mechanism of the microRNA like small RNAs (milRNAs) found in Foc is unknown. Here, we found that FoQDE2, an Argonaute coding gene, and two Dicer coding genes FoDCL1 and FoDCL2, which are involved in milRNA biosynthesis, are significantly induced during the early infection stage of Foc. The results suggested that the milRNAs biosynthesis mediated by these genes may play an active role in the infection process of Foc. Based on this assumption, we subsequently found a FoQDE2-dependent milRNA (milR-87) and identified its target gene. Functional analysis showed that FoQDE2, milR-87 and its target gene were involved in the pathogenicity of Foc in different degree. The studies help us gain insight into the pathogenesis with FoQDE2, milR-87, and its target gene as central axis in Foc. The identified pathogenicity-involved milRNA provides an active target for developing novel and efficient biocontrol agents against Banana Fusarium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
- * E-mail: (ML); (LJM); (ZJ)
| | - Lifei Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yilian Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Zhong
- Department of Plant Pathology / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Bioinformatics section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Pathology / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Huaping Li
- Department of Plant Pathology / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ML); (LJM); (ZJ)
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
- * E-mail: (ML); (LJM); (ZJ)
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10
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Li W, Li P, Zhou X, Situ J, Lin Y, Qiu J, Yuan Y, Xi P, Jiang Z, Kong G. A Cytochrome B 5-Like Heme/Steroid Binding Domain Protein, PlCB5L1, Regulates Mycelial Growth, Pathogenicity and Oxidative Stress Tolerance in Peronophythora litchii. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:783438. [PMID: 34899811 PMCID: PMC8655872 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.783438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an electron transport component, cytochrome b5 is an essential component of the Class II cytochrome P450 monooxygenation system and widely present in animals, plants, and fungi. However, the roles of Cyt-b5 domain proteins in pathogenic oomycetes remain unknown. Peronophythora litchii is an oomycete pathogen that causes litchi downy blight, the most destructive disease of litchi. In this study, we identified a gene, designated PlCB5L1, that encodes a Cyt-b5 domain protein in P. litchii, and characterized its function. PlCB5L1 is highly expressed in the zoospores, cysts, germinated cysts, and during early stages of infection. PlCB5L1 knockout mutants showed reduced growth rate and β-sitosterol utilization. Importantly, we also found that PlCB5L1 is required for the full pathogenicity of P. litchii. Compared with the wild-type strain, the PlCB5L1 mutants exhibited significantly higher tolerance to SDS and sorbitol, but impaired tolerance to cell wall stress, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress. Further, the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress tolerance, including peroxidase, cytochrome P450, and laccase genes, were down-regulated in PlCB5L1 mutants under oxidative stress. This is the first report that a Cyt-b5 domain protein contributes to the development, stress response, and pathogenicity in plant pathogenic oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Qiu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Yuan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Ling JF, Peng A, Jiang Z, Xi P, Song X, Cheng B, Cui Y, Chen X. First Report of Anthracnose Fruit Rot Caused by Colletotrichum fioriniae on Litchi in China. Plant Dis 2020; 105:1225-1225. [PMID: 33185520 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-20-1539-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose fruit rot of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), caused by Colletotrichum spp., has been mainly associated with the C. acutatum species complex and C. gloeosporioides species complex (Farr and Rossman 2020). In June 2010, isolates of the C. acutatum species complex were isolated together with the C. gloeosporioides species complex from anthracnose lesions on litchi fruits (cv. Nuomici) obtained from a litchi orchard in Shenzhen (N 22.36°, E 113.58°), China. The symptoms typically appeared as brown lesions up to 25 mm in diameter, causing total fruit rot and sometimes fruit cracking. Based on the number of isolates we collected, the C. acutatum species complex appears less frequently on infected fruit compared to the C. gloeosporioides species complex. Since only the C. gloeosporioides species complex has been reported in China (Qi 2000; Ann et al. 2004), we focused on the C. acutatum species complex in this study. Pure cultures of fungal isolates were obtained by single-spore isolation. The isolate GBLZ10CO-001 was used for morphological characterization, molecular and phylogenetic analysis, and pathogenicity testing. Colonies were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25 ℃ for 7 days, circular, raised, cottony, gray or pale orange, with reverse carmine, and 39.6 to 44.7 mm in diameter. Conidia were 13.5 to 19 × 4 to 6 µm (mean ± SD = 15.9 ± 1.1 × 5.2 ± 0.3 µm, n = 50) in size, hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, fusiform to cylindrical with both ends acute. Appressoria were 5.5 to 13.5 × 4.5 to 7.5 µm (mean ± SD = 7.6 ± 1.6 × 6.0 ± 0.7 µm, n = 50) in size, subglobose to elliptical, sometimes clavate or irregular, smooth-walled, with entire edge, sometimes undulate, pale to medium brown. These morphological characteristics were consistent with the descriptions of several Colletotrichum species belonging to the C. acutatum species complex, including C. fioriniae (Shivas and Tan 2009; Damm et al. 2012). For molecular identification, genomic DNA was extracted and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), partial sequences of the β-tubulin (TUB2), actin (ACT), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), chitin synthase 1 (CHS-1), and histone3 (HIS3) genes were amplified and sequenced using the primer pairs ITS4/ITS5, T1/Bt2b, ACT512F/ACT783R, GDF1/GDR1, CHS-79F/CHS-354R, and CYLH3F/CYLH3R, respectively (White et al. 1990; Damm et al. 2012). The resulting sequences were submitted to GenBank (ITS: MN527186, TUB2: MT740310, ACT: MN532321, GAPDH: MN532427, CHS-1: MT740311, HIS3: MT740312). BLAST searches showed 98.70%-100% identity to the sequences of the C. fioriniae ex-holotype culture CBS 128517. The phylogram reconstructed from the combined dataset using MrBayes 3.2.6 (Ronquist et al. 2012) showed that isolate GBLZ10CO-001 clustered with C. fioriniae with high posterior probability. Koch's postulates were performed in the field to confirm pathogenicity. Isolate GBLZ10CO-001 was grown on PDA (25 ℃ for 7 days) to produce conidia. In June 2014, litchi fruits (cv. Nuomici) were sprayed with conidial suspensions (106 conidia/ml), with sterile water as blank controls, and each treatment inoculated at least 15 fruits. Inoculated fruits were covered by an adhesive-bonded fabric bag until the trial ended. After 31 days, typical symptoms were observed, while control fruits remained asymptomatic. The fungus was re-isolated from diseased fruits and identified as C. fioriniae according to the methods described above. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose fruit rot on litchi caused by C. fioriniae, one species of the C. acutatum species complex, in China. For the difficulty in distinguishing anthracnose caused by C. fioriniae from the C. gloeosporioides species complex just by the symptoms, and mixed infection usually occurring in the field, further investigations are required to reliably assess the potential threat posed by C. fioriniae for litchi production in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Ling
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 117866, Plant Protection Research Institute and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, No. 7 Jinying Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China, 510640;
| | - Aitian Peng
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 117866, Plant Protection Research Institute and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510642;
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Labrotary of Mycology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Xiaobing Song
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinying Street No.7, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510640;
| | - Baoping Cheng
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China, 510640;
| | - Yiping Cui
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 117866, Plant Protection Research , fruit disease research, 501, Guangzhou, China, 510640;
| | - Xia Chen
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 117866, Plant Protection Research Institute and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
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12
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Situ J, Jiang L, Fan X, Yang W, Li W, Xi P, Deng Y, Kong G, Jiang Z. An RXLR effector PlAvh142 from Peronophythora litchii triggers plant cell death and contributes to virulence. Mol Plant Pathol 2020; 21:415-428. [PMID: 31912634 PMCID: PMC7036370 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Litchi downy blight, caused by the phytopathogenic oomycete Peronophythora litchii, results in tremendous economic loss in litchi production every year. To successfully colonize the host cell, Phytophthora species secret hundreds of RXLR effectors that interfere with plant immunity and facilitate the infection process. Previous work has already predicted 245 candidate RXLR effector-encoding genes in P. litchii, 212 of which have been cloned and tested for plant cell death-inducing activity in this study. We found three such RXLR effectors could trigger plant cell death through transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Further experiments demonstrated that PlAvh142 could induce cell death and immune responses in several plants. We also found that PlAvh142 localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of plant cells. The cytoplasmic localization was critical for its cell death-inducing activity. Moreover, deletion either of the two internal repeats in PlAvh142 abolished the cell death-inducing activity. Virus-induced gene silencing assays showed that cell death triggered by PlAvh142 was dependent on the plant transduction components RAR1 (require for Mla12 resistance), SGT1 (suppressor of the G2 allele of skp1) and HSP90 (heat shock protein 90). Finally, knockout of PlAvh142 resulted in significantly attenuated P. litchii virulence on litchi plants, whereas the PlAvh142-overexpressed mutants were more aggressive. These data indicated that PlAvh142 could be recognized in plant cytoplasm and is an important virulence RXLR effector of P. litchii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Situ
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Liqun Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding/Rice Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoning Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wensheng Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yizhen Deng
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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13
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Zhu G, Deng Y, Cai E, Yan M, Cui G, Wang Z, Zou C, Zhang B, Xi P, Chang C, Chen B, Jiang Z. Identification and Functional Analysis of the Pheromone Response Factor Gene of Sporisorium scitamineum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2115. [PMID: 31552011 PMCID: PMC6747018 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sugarcane smut fungus Sporisorium scitamineum is bipolar and produces sporidia of two different mating types. During infection, haploid cells of opposite mating types can fuse to form dikaryotic hyphae that can colonize plant tissue. Mating and filamentation are therefore essential for S. scitamineum pathogenesis. In this study, we obtained one T-DNA insertion mutant disrupted in the gene encoding the pheromone response factor (Prf1), hereinafter named SsPRF1, of S. scitamineum, via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) mutagenesis. Targeted deletion of SsPRF1 resulted in mutants with phenotypes similar to the T-DNA insertion mutant, including failure to mate with a compatible wild-type partner strain and being non-pathogenic on its host sugarcane. qRT-PCR analyses showed that SsPRF1 was essential for the transcription of pheromone-responsive mating type genes of the a1 locus. These results show that SsPRF1 is involved in mating and pathogenicity and plays a key role in pheromone signaling and filamentous growth in S. scitamineum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guining Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yizhen Deng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Enping Cai
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meixin Yan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Guobing Cui
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Chengwu Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changqing Chang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Xu D, Deng Y, Xi P, Yu G, Wang Q, Zeng Q, Jiang Z, Gao L. Fulvic acid-induced disease resistance to Botrytis cinerea in table grapes may be mediated by regulating phenylpropanoid metabolism. Food Chem 2019; 286:226-233. [PMID: 30827600 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is a major postharvest disease of table grapes that leads to enormous economic losses during storage and transportation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of fulvic acid on controlling gray mold of table grapes and explore its mechanism of action. The results showed that fulvic acid application significantly reduced downy blight severity in table grapes without exhibiting any antifungal activity in vitro. Fulvic acid induced phenylpropanoid metabolism, as evidenced by accumulation of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, higher activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), up-regulation of genes related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (PAL, C4H, 4CL, STS, ROMT and CHS). Our results suggested that fulvic acid induces resistance to B. cinerea mainly through the activation of phenylpropanoid pathway and can be used as a new activator of plant defense responses to control postharvest gray mold in table grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yizhen Deng
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ge Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qingqian Zeng
- Guangdong Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lingwang Gao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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15
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Zhao M, Wang G, Leng Y, Wanjugi H, Xi P, Grosz MD, Mergoum M, Zhong S. Molecular Mapping of Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in the Spring Wheat Line ND2710. Phytopathology 2018; 108:972-979. [PMID: 29561710 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-17-0392-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ND2710 is a hard red spring wheat line with a very high level of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB). It was selected from the progeny of a cross between ND2603 (an advanced breeding line derived from the Sumai 3/Wheaton cross) and Grandin (a spring wheat cultivar). The FHB resistance of ND2710 is presumably derived from Sumai 3 because the other parents (Grandin and Wheaton) are very susceptible to FHB. To identify and map the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FHB resistance in ND2710, we developed a mapping population consisting of 233 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross between ND2710 and the spring wheat cultivar Bobwhite. These RILs along with their parents and checks were evaluated for reactions to FHB in three greenhouse experiments and one field experiment during 2013 to 2014. The population was also genotyped with the wheat 90K iSelect single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay, and a genetic linkage map was developed with 1,373 non-cosegregating SNP markers, which were distributed on all 21 wheat chromosomes spanning 914.98 centimorgans of genetic distance. Genetic analyses using both phenotypic and genotypic data identified one major QTL (Qfhb.ndwp-3B) on the short arm of chromosome 3B, and three minor QTL (Qfhb.ndwp-6B, Qfhb.ndwp-2A, and Qfhb.ndwp-6A) on 6B, 2A, and 6A, respectively. The major QTL on 3B was detected in all experiments and explained 5 to 20% of the phenotypic variation, while the three minor QTL on 6B, 2A, and 6A explained 5 to 12% phenotypic variation in at least two experiments, except for Qfhb.ndwp-2A, which was only detected in the field experiment. Qfhb.ndwp-3B and Qfhb.ndwp-6B were mapped to the genomic regions containing Fhb1 and Fhb2, respectively, confirming that they originated from Sumai 3. The additive effect of the major and minor QTL may contribute to the high level of FHB resistance in ND2710. The SNP markers closely linked to the FHB resistance QTL will be useful for marker-assisted selection of FHB resistance in wheat breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Zhao
- First, third, fifth, and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; second, fourth, and sixth authors: Monsanto Company, St. Louis 63104; and seventh author: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin 30223
| | - Guomei Wang
- First, third, fifth, and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; second, fourth, and sixth authors: Monsanto Company, St. Louis 63104; and seventh author: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin 30223
| | - Yueqiang Leng
- First, third, fifth, and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; second, fourth, and sixth authors: Monsanto Company, St. Louis 63104; and seventh author: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin 30223
| | - Humphrey Wanjugi
- First, third, fifth, and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; second, fourth, and sixth authors: Monsanto Company, St. Louis 63104; and seventh author: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin 30223
| | - Pinggen Xi
- First, third, fifth, and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; second, fourth, and sixth authors: Monsanto Company, St. Louis 63104; and seventh author: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin 30223
| | - Michael D Grosz
- First, third, fifth, and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; second, fourth, and sixth authors: Monsanto Company, St. Louis 63104; and seventh author: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin 30223
| | - Mohamed Mergoum
- First, third, fifth, and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; second, fourth, and sixth authors: Monsanto Company, St. Louis 63104; and seventh author: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin 30223
| | - Shaobin Zhong
- First, third, fifth, and eighth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; second, fourth, and sixth authors: Monsanto Company, St. Louis 63104; and seventh author: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin 30223
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16
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Xu D, Yu G, Xi P, Kong X, Wang Q, Gao L, Jiang Z. Synergistic Effects of Resveratrol and Pyrimethanil against Botrytis cinerea on Grape. Molecules 2018; 23:E1455. [PMID: 29914082 PMCID: PMC6099729 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is the pathogen of gray mold disease affecting a wide range of plant hosts, with consequential economic losses worldwide. The increased frequency of fungicide resistance of the pathogen challenges its disease management, and thus the development of alternative control strategies are urgently required. In this study, we showed excellent synergistic interactions between resveratrol and pyrimethanil. Significant synergistic values were recorded by the two-drug combination on the suppression of mycelial growth and conidia germination of B. cinerea. The combination of resveratrol and pyrimethanil caused malformation of mycelia. Moreover, the inoculation assay was conducted on table grape and consistent synergistic suppression of the two-drug combination was found in vivo. Our findings first revealed that the combination of resveratrol and pyrimethanil has synergistic effects against resistant B. cinerea and support the potential use of resveratrol as a promising adjuvant on the control of gray mold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ge Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lingwang Gao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Jiang L, Situ J, Deng YZ, Wan L, Xu D, Chen Y, Xi P, Jiang Z. PlMAPK10, a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) in Peronophythora litchii, Is Required for Mycelial Growth, Sporulation, Laccase Activity, and Plant Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:426. [PMID: 29568294 PMCID: PMC5852060 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are ubiquitous and evolutionarily conserved signal transduction modules directing cellular respond to a diverse array of stimuli, in the eukaryotic organisms. In this study, PlMAPK10 was identified to encode a MAPK in Peronophythora litchii, the oomycete pathogen causing litchi downy blight disease. PlMAPK10, containing a specific and highly conserved dual phosphorylation lip sequence SEY (Serine-Glutamic-Tyrosine), represents a novel group of MAPKs as previously reported. Transcriptional profiling showed that PlMAPK10 expression was up-regulated in zoospore and cyst stages. To elucidate its function, the PlMAPK10 gene was silenced by stable transformation. PlMAPK10 silence did not impair oospore production, sporangium germination, zoospore encyst, or cyst germination but hindered hyphal growth, sporulation, pathogenicity, likely due to altering laccase activity. Over all, our results indicated that a MAPK encoded by PlMAPK10 gene in P. litchii is important for pathogenic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhen Deng
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Wan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yubin Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Xing M, Zheng L, Deng Y, Xu D, Xi P, Li M, Kong G, Jiang Z. Antifungal Activity of Natural Volatile Organic Compounds against Litchi Downy Blight Pathogen Peronophythora litchii. Molecules 2018; 23:E358. [PMID: 29419754 PMCID: PMC6017977 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a commercially important fruit but its production and quality are restricted by litchi downy blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Peronophythora litchii Chen. Volatile substances produced by a biocontrol antinomycetes Streptomyces fimicarius BWL-H1 could inhibited P. litchii growth and development both in vitro and in detached litchi leaf and fruit infection assay. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses indicated that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from BWL-H1 resulted in severe damage to the endomembrane system and cell wall of P. litchii cells in vitro and abnormal morphology of appressoria, as well as deformed new hyphae in infection process. VOCs could suppress mycelial growth, sporulation, while with no obvious effect on sporangia germination. Based on gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometric analyses, 32 VOCs were identified from S. fimicarius BWL-H1, the most abundant of which was phenylethyl alcohol. Eight VOCs, including phenylethyl alcohol, ethyl phenylacetate, methyl anthranilate, α-copaene, caryophyllene, humulene, methyl salicylate and 4-ethylphenol, that are commercially available, were purchased and their bioactivity was tested individually. Except for humulene, the other seven tested volatile compounds shown strong inhibitory activity against mycelial growth, sporulation, sporangia germination and germ-tube growth of P. litchii. Especially, 4-ethylphenol showed the highest inhibitory effect on sporulation at a very low concentration of 2 µL/L. Overall, our results provided a better understanding of the mode of action of volatiles from BWL-H1 on P. litchii, and showed that volatiles from BWL-H1 have the potential for control of postharvest litchi downy blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Xing
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Guangzhou Experimental Station, Guangzhou 510140, China.
| | - Yizhen Deng
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Dandan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Minhui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Xu B, Song J, Xi P, Li M, Hsiang T, Jiang Z. A Destructive Leaf Spot and Blight Caused by Alternaria kareliniae sp. nov. on a Sand-Stabilizing Plant, Caspian Sea Karelinia. Plant Dis 2018; 102:172-178. [PMID: 30673470 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-17-0842-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf spots and stem lesions causing widespread mortality of Caspian Sea karelinia (Karelinia caspia) were observed in desert regions of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Fifteen samples were collected from five widely distributed counties of Tarim and Junggar Basins in 2016. The pathogen was identified using morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses based on combined partial sequences from seven genes (Alt a 1, ATPase, calmodulin, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, internal transcribed spacer, RNA polymerase II, and translation elongation factor 1), and placed as a new species: Alternaria kareliniae sp. nov. in section Dianthicola. The fungus has a small conidium (24.3 to) 29.1 to 64.8 (to 75.8) by (9.3 to) 12.4 to 16.5 (to 21.7) μm with a long beak (130 to) 183.9 to 350.4 (to 378.2) μm, as well as four to eight transverse septa, which differs significantly from other species of Alternaria section Dianthicola. On potato carrot agar, it grew significantly more slowly than others of this section. Pathogenicity tests showed that the fungus could infect leaves and stems of K. caspia and cause the same symptoms as those observed in the field. The fungus was reisolated from inoculated leaves and stems of the host. The disease in desert regions appears to be increasing, and it may have future negative implications for desert ecology in these areas. Future research should concentrate on elucidating the disease cycle and disease management alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; and Department of Biology, Tarim University, Aral, 843300, China
| | - Jiage Song
- Department of Biology, Tarim University, Aral, 843300, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University
| | - Minhui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University
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Wood S, Klapatch L, Xi P, Liu M. AGE EFFECTS ON CONSUMER’S EVALUATION OF RISK AND BENEFITS IN SWEEPSTAKES SCAMS. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Wood
- Psychology, Scripps College, Claremont, California,
| | - L. Klapatch
- Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California,
| | - P. Xi
- Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California,
| | - M. Liu
- U California, San Fransisco, San Fransisco, California
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21
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Xiao YY, Yuan MK, Xi P, Gao B. [Relationship between carotid plaque and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017. [PMID: 28648011 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2017.24.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the relevant factors for diabetic retinopathy. Methods: The data of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients undergoing general examination and ophthalmology specialist consultation were collected from the inpatients of Department of Endocrinology in Beijing Airport Hospital between 2013 and 2016, and the relevant factors of diabetic retinopathy were retrospectively analyzed. Results: A total of 432 cases were analyzed, including 168 cases of non-diabetic retinopathy and 264 cases of diabetic retinopathy. In the non-diabetic retinopathy group, there were 88 cases of male and 80 cases of female, with an mean age of (57.0± 13.6) years old. Meanwhile, the diabetic group had 142 cases of male and 122 cases of female, with an mean age of (62.7±10.4) years old. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that age and glycosylated hemoglobin value were significantly higher in the diabetic retinopathy group than those of the non-diabetic retinopathy group, and the incidence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, carotid plaque and central retinal thickness was significantly higher than that of the non-diabetic retinopathy group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis displayed that carotid plaque (OR=9.922, 95%CI: 3.700-26.603, P<0.001) and thinning of central retinal thickness (OR=9.639, 95%CI: 3.604-25.781, P<0.001) were independently associated with diabetic retinopathy. Conclusions: Carotid plaque is an independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy, and thinning of central retinal thickness may indicate the progression of retinopathy. Therefore, patients with these two signs need to be observed more closely in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Airport Hospital, Beijing 101318, China
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22
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Jiang L, Ye W, Situ J, Chen Y, Yang X, Kong G, Liu Y, Tinashe RJ, Xi P, Wang Y, Jiang Z. A Puf RNA-binding protein encoding gene PlM90 regulates the sexual and asexual life stages of the litchi downy blight pathogen Peronophythora litchii. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 98:39-45. [PMID: 27939344 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sexual and asexual reproduction are two key processes in the pathogenic cycle of many filamentous pathogens. However in Peronophythora litchii, the causal pathogen for the litchi downy blight disease, critical regulator(s) of sexual or asexual differentiation has not been elucidated. In this study, we cloned a gene named PlM90 from P. litchii, which encodes a putative Puf RNA-binding protein. We found that PlM90 was highly expressed during asexual development, and much higher than that during sexual development, while relatively lower during cyst germination and plant infection. By polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation, we generated three PlM90-silenced transformants and found a severely impaired ability in sexual spore production and a delay in stages of zoospore release and encystment. However, the pathogenicity of P. litchii was not affected by PlM90-silencing. Therefore we conclude that PlM90 specifically regulates the sexual and asexual differentiation of P. litchii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Junjian Situ
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yubin Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yaya Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Runyanga J Tinashe
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zide Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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23
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Yan M, Cai E, Zhou J, Chang C, Xi P, Shen W, Li L, Jiang Z, Deng YZ, Zhang LH. A Dual-Color Imaging System for Sugarcane Smut Fungus Sporisorium scitamineum. Plant Dis 2016; 100:2357-2362. [PMID: 30686163 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-16-0257-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle of the sugarcane smut fungus Sporisorium scitamineum is a multistep process. Haploid sporidia of compatible (MAT-1 versus MAT-2) mating types fuse to generate pathogenic dikaryotic hyphae to infect the host. Within the host tissues, diploid teliospores are formed and induce a characteristic sorus that looks like a black whip. The diploid teliospores germinate to form haploid sporidia by meiosis. In order to monitor fungal development throughout the whole life cycle, we expressed the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and red fluorescent protein (RFP) in S. scitamineum MAT-1 and MAT-2 sporidia, respectively. Observation by epifluorescence microscope showed that conjugation tube formation and sporidia fusion occurred at 4 to 8 h, and formation of dikaryotic filaments was detected at 12 h after mating. The resultant teliospores, with diffused GFP and RFP, underwent meiosis as demonstrated by septated hypha with single fluorescent signal. We demonstrated that GFP- and RFP-tagged strains can be used to study the life cycle development of the fungal pathogen S. scitamineum, including the sexual mating and meiosis events. This dual-color imaging system would be a valuable tool for investigation of biotic and abiotic factors that might affect the fungal life cycle development and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixin Yan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China, and Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Enping Cai
- Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team of Sociomicrobiology Basic Science and Frontier Technology
| | - Jianuan Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Changqing Chang
- Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team of Sociomicrobiology Basic Science and Frontier Technology, and Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wankuan Shen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team of Sociomicrobiology Basic Science and Frontier Technology
| | - Zide Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhen Deng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lian-Hui Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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24
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Yan M, Zhu G, Lin S, Xian X, Chang C, Xi P, Shen W, Huang W, Cai E, Jiang Z, Deng YZ, Zhang LH. The mating-type locus b of the sugarcane smut Sporisorium scitamineum is essential for mating, filamentous growth and pathogenicity. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 86:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Jian W, He D, Xi P, Li X. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel fluorine-containing stilbene derivatives as fungicidal agents against phytopathogenic fungi. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:9963-9. [PMID: 26515556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The rising development of resistance to conventional fungicides is driving the search for new alternative candidates to control plant diseases. In this study, a series of new fluorine-containing stilbene derivatives was synthesized on the basis of our previous quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis results. Bioassays in vivo revealed that the title compounds exhibited potent fungicidal activities against phytopathogenic fungi (Colletotrichum lagenarium and Pseudoperonospora cubensis) from cucumber plants. In comparison to the previous results, the introduction of a fluorine moiety showed improved activities of some compounds against those fungi. Notably, compound 9 exhibited a control efficacy against C. lagenarium (83.4 ± 1.3%) comparable to that of commercial fungicide (82.7 ± 1.7%). For further understanding the possible mode of action of the stilbene against C. lagenarium, the effects on hyphal morphology, electrolyte leakage, and respiration of mycelial cell suspension were studied. Microscopic observation showed considerably deformed mycelial morphology. The conductivity of mycelial suspension increased in the presence of compound 9, whereas no significantly inhibitory effect on respiration was observed. Taken together, the fungicidal mechanism of this stilbene is associated with its membrane disruption effect, resulting in increased membrane permeability. These results provide important clues for mechanistic study and derivatization of stilbenes as alternative sources of fungicidal agents for plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Jian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Daohang He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
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26
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Ding Z, Li M, Sun F, Xi P, Sun L, Zhang L, Jiang Z. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are associated with the regulation of physiological traits and virulence in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122634. [PMID: 25849862 PMCID: PMC4388850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC) is an important soil-borne fungal pathogen causing devastating vascular wilt disease of banana plants and has become a great concern threatening banana production worldwide. However, little information is known about the molecular mechanisms that govern the expression of virulence determinants of this important fungal pathogen. In this study, we showed that null mutation of three mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase genes, designated as FoSlt2, FoMkk2 and FoBck1, respectively, led to substantial attenuation in fungal virulence on banana plants. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the MAP kinase signaling pathway plays a key role in regulation of the genes encoding production of chitin, peroxidase, beauvericin and fusaric acid. Biochemical analysis further confirmed the essential role of MAP kinases in modulating the production of fusaric acid, which was a crucial phytotoxin in accelerating development of Fusarium wilt symptoms in banana plants. Additionally, we found that the MAP kinase FoSlt2 was required for siderophore biosynthesis under iron-depletion conditions. Moreover, disruption of the MAP kinase genes resulted in abnormal hypha and increased sensitivity to Congo Red, Calcofluor White and H2O2. Taken together, these results depict the critical roles of MAP kinases in regulation of FOC physiology and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojian Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Longhua Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lianhui Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- * E-mail: (ZDJ); (LHZ)
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- * E-mail: (ZDJ); (LHZ)
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27
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Sun L, Yan M, Ding Z, Liu Y, Du M, Xi P, Liao J, Ji L, Jiang Z. Improved dominant selection markers and co-culturing conditions for efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Ustilago scitaminea. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1309-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Zhou J, Zhang H, Wu J, Liu Q, Xi P, Lee J, Liao J, Jiang Z, Zhang LH. A novel multidomain polyketide synthase is essential for zeamine production and the virulence of Dickeya zeae. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2011; 24:1156-64. [PMID: 21899437 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-11-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dickeya zeae is the causal agent of the rice foot rot disease, but its mechanism of infection remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel gene designated as zmsA. The gene encodes a large protein of 2,346 amino acids in length, which consists of multidomains arranged in the order of N-terminus, β-ketoacyl synthase, acyl transferase, acyl carrier protein, β-ketoacyl reductase, dehydratase. This multidomain structure and sequence alignment analysis suggest that ZmsA is a member of the polyketide synthase family. Mutation of zmsA abolished antimicrobial activity and attenuated the virulence of D. zeae. To determine the relationship between antimicrobial activity and virulence, active compounds were purified from D. zeae EC1 and were structurally characterized. This led to identification of two polyamino compounds, i.e., zeamine and zeamine II, that were phytotoxins and potent antibiotics. These results have established the essential role of ZmsA in zeamine biosynthesis and presented a new insight on the molecular mechanisms of D. zeae pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianuan Zhou
- Department of plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 51642, People's Republich of China
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29
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Yue-Sheng H, Fengjun W, Haitao L, Yaping Z, Xi P, Jun W. A serial experimental and clinical studies of new measures for treatment of severe burns. Burns 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Abstract
The number of phase levels of a Talbot array illuminator is an important factor in the estimation of practical fabrication complexity and cost. We show that the number (L) of phase levels of a Talbot array illuminator has a simple relationship to the prime number. When there is an alternative pi-phase modulation in the output array, the relations are similar.
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31
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Zhao S, Zhou C, Xi P, Wang H, Liu L. Number of phase levels in a two-dimensional separable Talbot array illuminator. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2001; 18:103-107. [PMID: 11151985 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.18.000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The number of phase levels in a Talbot array illuminator (TAIL) is an important factor for estimation of practical fabrication complexity and cost. We show that the number of phase levels in a two-dimensional TAIL (2D-TAIL) has a simple relation to the prime number. When the output array is alternatively pi phase modulated, there are similar simple relations. These simple relations should be highly interesting for practical use. An experiment with the 2D-TAIL based on the joint-Talbot effect is given as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Academia Sinica, China.
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Wu H, Kong L, Wu M, Xi P. [Effects of different processed products of radix Angelica sinensis on clearing out oxygen free radicals and anti-lipid peroxidation]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1996; 21:599-601, 639. [PMID: 9772627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Different processed products of Radix Angelica Sinensis could clear out superoxide radical (O2.-) generated through hypoxanthinexanthine oxidase system and hydroxyl radical (.OH) generated through Fenton action, and inhibit lipid peroxidation of supernatant hepati homogenate in mice induced by free radical generation system. There exist significant differences among the different processed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wu
- Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Guo Z, Zhu Y, Yan Y, Xi P. [The damaging effect of activated human neutrophils on isolated perfused rat lungs--the role of elastase]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 1995; 17:104-8. [PMID: 7656388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human neutrophil and its elastase play an important role in the pathogenesis of various lung diseases. We investigated the damaging effect of human neutrophils stimulated with PMA (phorbol myristate acetate 10ng/ml) or calcium ionophase A23187 (2ng/ml) on isolated perfused rat lungs. The study specimens consisted of 4 groups of animals. A control, B perfused with human neutrophils, C perfused with human neutrophils stimulated with PMA, and D perfused with human neutrophils stimulated with A23187. By using the ELISA method, we found that the level of human neutrophil elastase (HNE) in perfusate increased significantly at 30min (1.68 +/- 0.79ng/ml P < 0.05) and 60min (2.35 +/- 0.87 ng/ml P < 0.01) after PMA stimulating, but the HNE in the lung lavage fluid of the same group only slightly increased and the concentration of protein in lavage fluid did not change. After stimulating with A23187, the concentration of HNE in perfusate increased markedly at 30min (4.03 +/- 1.96ng/ml P < 0.01) and maintained at high level (P < 0.01). There was a significant increase of HNE level in lung lavage fluid (2.49 +/- 0.61ng/ml) from group D rat lungs, compared with group A, B or C, and the protein as well (1.61 +/- 0.58mg/ml P < 0.05). All the results indicate that the stimulated human neutrophils can release elastase in perfused rat lung. Neutrophil stimulated with A23187 can increase pulmonary permeability and injure the lung. We suggest that the lung damage, caused by human neutrophils, may be the effect of neutrophil elastase or the synergistic effect with some other substances derived from neutrophil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Guo
- PUMC Hospital, CAMS, Beijing
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Zhang L, Zhu Y, Luo W, Xi P, Yan Y. The protective effect of colchicine on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Chin Med Sci J 1992; 7:58-60. [PMID: 1384784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With the purpose of evaluating the therapeutic effect of colchicine on lung fibrosis in rats, bleomycin A5 (BLM-A5) was injected intratracheally to produce a lung fibrosis model. The animals were then treated with colchicine, 50 micrograms/d i.m. One month later, collagen fiber deposition scores (stained by Masson trichrome) were significantly lower in the treated group than in the untreated group (P less than 0.01). This result was proved further by assaying total lung hydroxyproline content (P less than 0.05). Histopathologic findings showed that the proliferation of fibroblasts dropped slightly in the treated group as compared with the untreated group. From this study, we conclude that colchicine has certain antifibrotic effects and may be used in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- PUMC Hospital, CAMS, Beijing
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