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Zhou ZR, Liu F, Li S, Dong CZ, Zhang L. A fungal P450 enzyme from Fusarium equiseti HG18 with 7β-hydroxylase activity in biosynthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 240:106507. [PMID: 38508471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzyme with 7β-hydroxylation capacity has attracted widespread attentions due to the vital roles in the biosynthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a naturally active molecule for the treatment of liver and gallbladder diseases. In this study, a novel P450 hydroxylase (P450FE) was screen out from Fusarium equiseti HG18 and identified by a combination of genome and transcriptome sequencing, as well as heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris. The biotransformation of lithocholic acid (LCA) by whole cells of recombinant Pichia pastoris further confirmed the C7β-hydroxylation with 5.2% UDCA yield. It was firstly identified a fungal P450 enzyme from Fusarium equiseti HG18 with the capacity to catalyze the LCA oxidation producing UDCA. The integration of homology modeling and molecular docking discovered the substrate binding to active pockets, and the key amino acids in active center were validated by site-directed mutagenesis, and revealed that Q112, V362 and L363 were the pivotal residues of P450FE in regulating the activity and selectivity of 7β-hydroxylation. Specifically, V362I mutation exhibited 2.6-fold higher levels of UDCA and higher stereospecificity than wild-type P450FE. This advance provided guidance for improving the catalytic efficiency and selectivity of P450FE in LCA hydroxylation, indicative of the great potential in green synthesis of UDCA from biologically toxic LCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ru Zhou
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fen Liu
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Li
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Zhi Dong
- Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, Cedex 13, Paris 75205, France
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Blood Products, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Chen W, Li X, Wei L, Chen B, Han C, Duan Y, Chen C. Functional Differentiation of the Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunit SdhC Governs the Sensitivity to SDHI Fungicides, ROS Homeostasis, and Pathogenicity in Fusarium asiaticum. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:10314-10327. [PMID: 38661317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is an integral component of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and respiratory electron transport chain (ETC), targeted by succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs). Fusarium asiaticum is a prominent phytopathogen causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat. Here, we characterized the functions of the FaSdhA, FaSdhB, FaSdhC1, FaSdhC2, and FaSdhD subunits. Deletion of FaSdhA, FaSdhB, or FaSdhD resulted in significant growth defects in F. asiaticum. The FaSdhC1 or FaSdhC2 deletion mutants exhibited substantial reductions in fungal growth, conidiation, virulence, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The FaSdhC1 expression was significantly induced by pydiflumetofen (PYD). The ΔFaSdhC1 mutant displayed hypersensitivity to SDHIs, whereas the ΔFaSdhC2 mutant exhibited resistance against most SDHIs. The transmembrane domains of FaSdhC1 are essential for regulating mycelial growth, virulence, and sensitivity to SDHIs. These findings provided valuable insights into how the two SdhC paralogues regulated the functional integrity of SDH, ROS homeostasis, and the sensitivity to SDHIs in phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchan Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingling Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenyang Han
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
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Mao X, Li L, Abubakar YS, Li Y, Luo Z, Chen M, Zheng W, Wang Z, Zheng H. Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase FgNdpk Is Required for DON Production and Pathogenicity by Regulating the Growth and Toxisome Formation of Fusarium graminearum. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:9637-9646. [PMID: 38642053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPKs) are nucleotide metabolism enzymes that play different physiological functions in different species. However, the roles of NDPK in phytopathogen and mycotoxin production are not well understood. In this study, we showed that Fusarium graminearum FgNdpk is important for vegetative growth, conidiation, sexual development, and pathogenicity. Furthermore, FgNdpk is required for deoxynivalenol (DON) production; deletion of FgNDPK downregulates the expression of DON biosynthesis genes and disrupts the formation of FgTri4-GFP-labeled toxisomes, while overexpression of FgNDPK significantly increases DON production. Interestingly, FgNdpk colocalizes with the DON biosynthesis proteins FgTri1 and FgTri4 in the toxisome, and coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays show that FgNdpk associates with FgTri1 and FgTri4 in vivo and regulates their localizations and expressions, respectively. Taken together, these data demonstrate that FgNdpk is important for vegetative growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity and acts as a key protein that regulates toxisome formation and DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhao Mao
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lingping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810281, Nigeria
| | - Yulong Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zenghong Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Meilian Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Yano N, Kondo T, Kusaka K, Arakawa T, Sakamoto T, Fushinobu S. Charge neutralization and β-elimination cleavage mechanism of family 42 L-rhamnose-α-1,4-D-glucuronate lyase revealed using neutron crystallography. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105774. [PMID: 38382672 PMCID: PMC10951650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Gum arabic (GA) is widely used as an emulsion stabilizer and edible coating and consists of a complex carbohydrate moiety with a rhamnosyl-glucuronate group capping the non-reducing ends. Enzymes that can specifically cleave the glycosidic chains of GA and modify their properties are valuable for structural analysis and industrial application. Cryogenic X-ray crystal structure of GA-specific L-rhamnose-α-1,4-D-glucuronate lyase from Fusarium oxysporum (FoRham1), belonging to the polysaccharide lyase (PL) family 42, has been previously reported. To determine the specific reaction mechanism based on its hydrogen-containing enzyme structure, we performed joint X-ray/neutron crystallography of FoRham1. Large crystals were grown in the presence of L-rhamnose (a reaction product), and neutron and X-ray diffraction datasets were collected at room temperature at 1.80 and 1.25 Å resolutions, respectively. The active site contained L-rhamnose and acetate, the latter being a partial analog of glucuronate. Incomplete H/D exchange between Arg166 and acetate suggested that a strong salt-bridge interaction was maintained. Doubly deuterated His105 and deuterated Tyr150 supported the interaction between Arg166 and the acetate. The unique hydrogen-rich environment functions as a charge neutralizer for glucuronate and stabilizes the oxyanion intermediate. The NE2 atom of His85 was deprotonated and formed a hydrogen bond with the deuterated O1 hydroxy of L-rhamnose, indicating the function of His85 as the base/acid catalyst for bond cleavage via β-elimination. Asp83 functions as a pivot between the two catalytic histidine residues by bridging them. This His-His-Asp structural motif is conserved in the PL 24, 25, and 42 families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomine Yano
- Structural Biology Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Kondo
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kusaka
- Neutron Industrial Application Promotion Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Pedersen TB, Nielsen MR, Kristensen SB, Spedtsberg EML, Sørensen T, Petersen C, Muff J, Sondergaard TE, Nielsen KL, Wimmer R, Gardiner DM, Sørensen JL. Speed dating for enzymes! Finding the perfect phosphopantetheinyl transferase partner for your polyketide synthase. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:9. [PMID: 35012550 PMCID: PMC8751348 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathways for the fungal polyketides bikaverin and bostrycoidin, from Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium solani respectively, were reconstructed and heterologously expressed in S. cerevisiae alongside seven different phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) from a variety of origins spanning bacterial, yeast and fungal origins. In order to gauge the efficiency of the interaction between the ACP-domains of the polyketide synthases (PKS) and PPTases, each were co-expressed individually and the resulting production of target polyketides were determined after 48 h of growth. In co-expression with both biosynthetic pathways, the PPTase from Fusarium verticillioides (FvPPT1) proved most efficient at producing both bikaverin and bostrycoidin, at 1.4 mg/L and 5.9 mg/L respectively. Furthermore, the remaining PPTases showed the ability to interact with both PKS's, except for a single PKS-PPTase combination. The results indicate that it is possible to boost the production of a target polyketide, simply by utilizing a more optimal PPTase partner, instead of the commonly used PPTases; NpgA, Gsp and Sfp, from Aspergillus nidulans, Brevibacillus brevis and Bacillus subtilis respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruun Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University Esbjerg, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Rank Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University Esbjerg, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | | | - Eva Mie Lang Spedtsberg
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University Esbjerg, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Trine Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University Aalborg, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Celine Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University Aalborg, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens Muff
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University Esbjerg, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Teis Esben Sondergaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University Aalborg, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kåre Lehmann Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University Aalborg, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University Aalborg, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Donald Max Gardiner
- The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jens Laurids Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University Esbjerg, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark.
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Novy V, Carneiro LV, Shin JH, Larsbrink J, Olsson L. Phylogenetic analysis and in-depth characterization of functionally and structurally diverse CE5 cutinases. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101302. [PMID: 34653507 PMCID: PMC8577158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutinases are esterases that release fatty acids from the apoplastic layer in plants. As they accept bulky and hydrophobic substrates, cutinases could be used in many applications, ranging from valorization of bark-rich side streams to plastic recycling. Advancement of these applications, however, requires deeper knowledge of cutinases' biodiversity and structure-function relationships. Here, we mined over 3000 members from carbohydrate esterase family 5 for putative cutinases and condensed it to 151 genes from known or putative lignocellulose-targeting organisms. The 151 genes were subjected to a phylogenetic analysis, which showed that cutinases with available crystal structures were phylogenetically closely related. We then selected nine phylogenic diverse cutinases for recombinant production and characterized their kinetic activity against para-nitrophenol substrates esterified with consecutively longer alkyl chains (pNP-C2 to C16). Each investigated cutinase had a unique activity fingerprint against the tested pNP substrates. The five enzymes with the highest activity on pNP-C12 and C16, indicative of activity on bulky hydrophobic compounds, were selected for in-depth kinetic and structure-function analysis. All five enzymes showed a decrease in kcat values with increasing substrate chain length, whereas KM values and binding energies (calculated from in silico docking analysis) improved. Two cutinases from Fusarium solani and Cryptococcus sp. exhibited outstandingly low KM values, resulting in high catalytic efficiencies toward pNP-C16. Docking analysis suggested that different clades of the phylogenetic tree may harbor enzymes with different modes of substrate interaction, involving a solvent-exposed catalytic triad, a lipase-like lid, or a clamshell-like active site possibly formed by flexible loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Novy
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leonor Vieira Carneiro
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jae Ho Shin
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Larsbrink
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisbeth Olsson
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Deng Q, Wu H, Gu Q, Tang G, Liu W. Glycosyltransferase FvCpsA Regulates Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Virulence in Fusarium verticillioides. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100718. [PMID: 34679011 PMCID: PMC8539240 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is the major maize pathogen associated with ear rot and stalk rot worldwide. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) produced by F. verticillioides, poses a serious threat to human and animal health. However, our understanding of FB1 synthesis and virulence mechanism in this fungus is still very limited. Glycosylation catalyzed by glycosyltransferases (GTs) has been identified as contributing to fungal infection and secondary metabolism synthesis. In this study, a family 2 glycosyltransferase, FvCpsA, was identified and characterized in F. verticillioides. ΔFvcpsA exhibited significant defects in vegetative growth. Moreover, ΔFvcpsA also increased resistance to osmotic and cell wall stress agents. In addition, expression levels of FUM genes involved in FB1 production were greatly up-regulated in ΔFvcpsA. HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) analysis revealed that ΔFvcpsA significantly increased FB1 production. Interestingly, we found that the deletion of FvCPSA showed penetration defects on cellophane membrane, and thus led to obvious defects in pathogenicity. Characterization of FvCpsA domain experiments showed that conserved DXD and QXXRW domains were vital for the biological functions of FvCpsA. Taken together, our results indicate that FvCpsA is critical for fungal growth, FB1 biosynthesis and virulence in F. verticillioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.D.); (H.W.)
| | - Hanxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.D.); (H.W.)
| | - Qin Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Guangfei Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.D.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (W.L.)
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.D.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (W.L.)
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Tundo S, Paccanaro MC, Bigini V, Savatin DV, Faoro F, Favaron F, Sella L. The Fusarium graminearum FGSG_03624 Xylanase Enhances Plant Immunity and Increases Resistance against Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10811. [PMID: 34639149 PMCID: PMC8509205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal enzymes degrading the plant cell wall, such as xylanases, can activate plant immune responses. The Fusarium graminearum FGSG_03624 xylanase, previously shown to elicit necrosis and hydrogen peroxide accumulation in wheat, was investigated for its ability to induce disease resistance. To this aim, we transiently and constitutively expressed an enzymatically inactive form of FGSG_03624 in tobacco and Arabidopsis, respectively. The plants were challenged with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci or pv. maculicola and Botrytis cinerea. Symptom reduction by the bacterium was evident, while no reduction was observed after B. cinerea inoculation. Compared to the control, the presence of the xylanase gene in transgenic Arabidopsis plants did not alter the basal expression of a set of defense-related genes, and, after the P. syringae inoculation, a prolonged PR1 expression was detected. F. graminearum inoculation experiments of durum wheat spikes exogenously treated with the FGSG_03624 xylanase highlighted a reduction of symptoms in the early phases of infection and a lower fungal biomass accumulation than in the control. Besides, callose deposition was detected in infected spikes previously treated with the xylanase and not in infected control plants. In conclusion, our results highlight the ability of FGSG_03624 to enhance plant immunity, thus decreasing disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tundo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Maria Chiara Paccanaro
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Valentina Bigini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy; (V.B.); (D.V.S.)
| | - Daniel V. Savatin
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy; (V.B.); (D.V.S.)
| | - Franco Faoro
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, MI, Italy;
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Luca Sella
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (F.F.)
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He Y, Zhou X, Li J, Li H, Li Y, Nie Y. In Vitro Secretome Analysis Suggests Differential Pathogenic Mechanisms between Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 1 and Race 4. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1353. [PMID: 34572566 PMCID: PMC8466104 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is a devastating disease that causes tremendous reductions in banana yield worldwide. Secreted proteins can act as pathogenicity factors and play important roles in the Foc-banana interactions. In this study, a shotgun-based proteomic approach was employed to characterize and compare the secretomes of Foc1 and Foc4 upon banana extract treatment, which detected 1183 Foc1 and 2450 Foc4 proteins. Comprehensive in silico analyses further identified 447 Foc1 and 433 Foc4 proteins in the classical and non-classical secretion pathways, while the remaining proteins might be secreted through currently unknown mechanisms. Further analyses showed that the secretomes of Foc1 and Foc4 are similar in their overall functional characteristics and share largely conserved repertoires of CAZymes and effectors. However, we also identified a number of potentially important pathogenicity factors that are differentially present in Foc1 and Foc4, which may contribute to their different pathogenicity against banana hosts. Furthermore, our quantitative PCR analysis revealed that genes encoding secreted pathogenicity factors differ significantly between Foc1 and Foc4 in their expression regulation in response to banana extract treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental secretome analysis that focused on the pathogenicity mechanism in different Foc races. The results of this study provide useful resources for further exploration of the complicated pathogenicity mechanisms in Foc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu He
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jieling Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huaping Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanfang Nie
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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10
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Westphal KR, Bachleitner S, Severinsen MM, Brundtø ML, Hansen FT, Sørensen T, Wollenberg RD, Lysøe E, Studt L, Sørensen JL, Sondergaard TE, Wimmer R. Cyclic, Hydrophobic Hexapeptide Fusahexin Is the Product of a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase in Fusarium graminearum. J Nat Prod 2021; 84:2070-2080. [PMID: 34292732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum is known to produce a wide array of secondary metabolites during plant infection. This includes several nonribosomal peptides. Recently, the fusaoctaxin (NRPS5/9) and gramilin (NRPS8) gene clusters were shown to be induced by host interactions. To widen our understanding of this important pathogen, we investigated the involvement of the NRPS4 gene cluster during infection and oxidative and osmotic stress. Overexpression of NRPS4 led to the discovery of a new cyclic hexapeptide, fusahexin (1), with the amino acid sequence cyclo-(d-Ala-l-Leu-d-allo-Thr-l-Pro-d-Leu-l-Leu). The structural analyses revealed an unusual ether bond between a proline Cδ to Cβ of the preceding threonine resulting in an oxazine ring system. The comparative genomic analyses showed that the small gene cluster only encodes an ABC transporter in addition to the five-module nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). Based on the structure of fusahexin and the domain architecture of NRPS4, we propose a biosynthetic model in which the terminal module is used to incorporate two leucine units. So far, iterative use of NRPS modules has primarily been described for siderophore synthetases, which makes NRPS4 a rare example of a fungal nonsiderophore NRPS with distinct iterative module usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus R Westphal
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Simone Bachleitner
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Manja M Severinsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mathias L Brundtø
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Frederik T Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Trine Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rasmus D Wollenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Erik Lysøe
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Høgskoleveien 7, NO-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Lena Studt
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Jens L Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, DK-6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Teis E Sondergaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
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11
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Chang HX, Noel ZA, Chilvers MI. A β-lactamase gene of Fusarium oxysporum alters the rhizosphere microbiota of soybean. Plant J 2021; 106:1588-1604. [PMID: 33788336 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rhizosphere is a multitrophic environment, and for soilborne pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum, microbial competition in the rhizosphere is inevitable before reaching and infecting roots. This study established a tritrophic interaction among the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Burkholderia ambifaria, F. oxysporum and Glycine max (soybean) to study the effects of F. oxysporum genes on shaping the soybean microbiota. Although B. ambifaria inhibited mycelial growth and increased bacterial propagation in the presence of F. oxysporum, F. oxysporum still managed to infect soybean in the presence of B. ambifaria. RNA-Seq identified a putative F. oxysporum secretory β-lactamase-coding gene, FOXG_18438 (abbreviated as Fo18438), that is upregulated during soybean infection in the presence of B. ambifaria. The ∆Fo18438 mutants displayed reduced mycelial growth towards B. ambifaria, and the complementation of full Fo18438 and the Fo18438 β-lactamase domain restored mycelial growth. Using the F. oxysporum wild type, ∆Fo18438 mutants and complemented strains with full Fo18438, Fo18438 β-lactamase domain or Fo18438 RTA1-like domain for soil inoculation, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed that the abundance of a Burkholderia operational taxonomic unit (OTU) was increased in the rhizosphere microbiota infested by the strains with Fo18438 β-lactamase domain. Non-metric multidimensional scaling and PICRUSt2 functional analysis revealed differential abundance for the bacterial β-lactam-related functions when contrasting the genotypes of F. oxysporum. These results indicated that the Fo18438 β-lactamase domain provides F. oxysporum with the advantage of growing into the soybean rhizosphere, where β-lactam antibiosis is involved in microbial competition. Accordingly, this study highlights the capability of an F. oxysporum gene for altering the soybean rhizosphere and taproot microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Xun Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Zachary A Noel
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Martin I Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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12
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Zhang L, Yan J, Fu Z, Shi W, Ninkuu V, Li G, Yang X, Zeng H. FoEG1, a secreted glycoside hydrolase family 12 protein from Fusarium oxysporum, triggers cell death and modulates plant immunity. Mol Plant Pathol 2021; 22:522-538. [PMID: 33675158 PMCID: PMC8035634 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is an important soilborne fungal pathogen with many different formae speciales that can colonize the plant vascular system and cause serious crop wilt disease worldwide. We found a glycoside hydrolase family 12 protein FoEG1, secreted by F. oxysporum, that acted as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) targeting the apoplast of plants to induce cell death. Purified FoEG1 protein triggered cell death in different plants and induced the plant defence response to enhance the disease resistance of plants. The ability of FoEG1 to induce cell death was mediated by leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like kinases BAK1 and SOBIR1, and this ability was independent of its hydrolase activity. The mutants of cysteine residues did not affect the ability of FoEG1 to induce cell death, and an 86 amino acid fragment from amino acid positions 144 to 229 of FoEG1 was sufficient to induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. In addition, the expression of FoEG1 was strongly induced in the early stage of F. oxysporum infection of host plants, and FoEG1 deletion or loss of enzyme activity reduced the virulence of F. oxysporum. Therefore, our results suggest that FoEG1 can contribute to the virulence of F. oxysporum depending on its enzyme activity and can also act as a PAMP to induce plant defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianpei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhenchao Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wenjiong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Vincent Ninkuu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guangyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiufen Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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13
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Wu Z, Park HY, Xie D, Yang J, Hou S, Shahzad N, Kim CK, Yang S. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and 3D-QSAR Studies of N-(Substituted pyridine-4-yl)-1-(substituted phenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide Derivatives as Potential Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:1214-1223. [PMID: 33480684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of new fungicides that can inhibit the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) was classified and named as SDH inhibitors by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee in 2009. To develop more potential SDH inhibitors, we designed and synthesized a novel series of N-(substituted pyridine-4-yl)-1-(substituted phenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide derivatives, 4a-4i, namely, 5a-5h, 6a-6h, and 7a-7j. The bioassay results demonstrated that some title compounds exhibited excellent antifungal activity against four tested phytopathogenic fungi (Gibberella zea, Fusarium oxysporum, Cytospora mandshurica, and Phytophthora infestans). The EC50 values were 1.8 μg/mL for 7a against G. zeae, 1.5 and 3.6 μg/mL for 7c against F. oxysporum and C. mandshurica, respectively, and 6.8 μg/mL for 7f against P. infestans. The SDH enzymatic activity testing revealed that the IC50 values of 4c, 5f, 7f, and penthiopyrad were 12.5, 135.3, 6.9, and 223.9 μg/mL, respectively. The molecular docking results of this series of title compounds with SDH model demonstrated that the compounds could completely locate inside of the pocket, the body fragment formed H bonds, and the phenyl ring showed a π-π interaction with Arg59, suggesting that these novel 5-trifluoromethyl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide derivatives might target SDH. These results could provide a benchmark for understanding the antifungal activity against the phytopathogenic fungus P. infestans and prompt us to discover more potent SDH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hyung-Yeon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Design and Applications of Molecular Catalysts, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Dewen Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jingxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shuaitao Hou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Nasir Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Design and Applications of Molecular Catalysts, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Chan Kyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Design and Applications of Molecular Catalysts, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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14
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Zhou Z, Duan Y, Zhang J, Lu F, Zhu Y, Shim WB, Zhou M. Microtubule-assisted mechanism for toxisome assembly in Fusarium graminearum. Mol Plant Pathol 2021; 22:163-174. [PMID: 33201575 PMCID: PMC7814972 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In Fusarium graminearum, a trichothecene biosynthetic complex known as the toxisome forms ovoid and spherical structures in the remodelled endoplasmic reticulum (ER) under mycotoxin-inducing conditions. Previous studies also demonstrated that disruption of actin and tubulin results in a significant decrease in deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis in F. graminearum. However, the functional association between the toxisome and microtubule components has not been clearly defined. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the microtubule network provides key support for toxisome assembly and thus facilitates DON biosynthesis. Through fluorescent live cell imaging, knockout mutant generation, and protein-protein interaction assays, we determined that two of the four F. graminearum tubulins, α1 and β2 tubulins, are indispensable for DON production. We also showed that these two tubulins are directly associated. When the α1 -β2 tubulin heterodimer is disrupted, the metabolic activity of the toxisome is significantly suppressed, which leads to significant DON biosynthesis impairment. Similar phenotypic outcomes were shown when F. graminearum wild type was treated with carbendazim, a fungicide that binds to microtubules and disrupts spindle formation. Based on our results, we propose a model where α1 -β2 tubulin heterodimer serves as the scaffold for functional toxisome assembly in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Zhou
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fei Lu
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuanye Zhu
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Won Bo Shim
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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15
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Wang X, Wang A, Qiu L, Chen M, Lu A, Li G, Yang C, Xue W. Expedient Discovery for Novel Antifungal Leads Targeting Succinate Dehydrogenase: Pyrazole-4-formylhydrazide Derivatives Bearing a Diphenyl Ether Fragment. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:14426-14437. [PMID: 33216530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The pyrazole-4-carboxamide scaffold containing a flexible amide chain has emerged as the molecular skeleton of highly efficient agricultural fungicides targeting succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Based on the above vital structural features of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI), three types of novel pyrazole-4-formylhydrazine derivatives bearing a diphenyl ether moiety were rationally conceived under the guidance of a virtual docking comparison between bioactive molecules and SDH. Consistent with the virtual verification results of a molecular docking comparison, the in vitro antifungal bioassays indicated that the skeleton structure of title compounds should be optimized as an N'-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbohydrazide scaffold. Strikingly, N'-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbohydrazide derivatives 11o against Rhizoctonia solani, 11m against Fusarium graminearum, and 11g against Botrytis cinerea exhibited excellent antifungal effects, with corresponding EC50 values of 0.14, 0.27, and 0.52 μg/mL, which were obviously better than carbendazim against R. solani (0.34 μg/mL) and F. graminearum (0.57 μg/mL) as well as penthiopyrad against B. cinerea (0.83 μg/mL). The relative studies on an in vivo bioassay against R. solani, bioactive evaluation against SDH, and molecular docking were further explored to ascertain the practical value of compound 11o as a potential fungicide targeting SDH. The present work provided a non-negligible complement for the structural optimization of antifungal leads targeting SDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - An Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lingling Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Min Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aimin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guohua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunlong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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16
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Xu L, Wang H, Zhang C, Wang J, Chen A, Chen Y, Ma Z. System-wide characterization of subtilases reveals that subtilisin-like protease FgPrb1 of Fusarium graminearum regulates fungal development and virulence. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 144:103449. [PMID: 32890707 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Subtilases represent the second largest subfamily of serine proteases, and are important for various biological processes. However, the biological function of subtilases has not been systematically characterized in plant pathogens. In present study, 32 subtilases were identified in the genome of wheat scab fungus Fusarium graminearum, a devastating cereal plant pathogen. Deletion mutants of each subtilase were obtained and functionally characterized. Among them, the deletion of FgPrb1 resulted in greatly reduced virulence of F. graminearum. The regulatory mechanisms of FgPrb1 in virulence were investigated in details. Our results showed that the loss of FgPrb1 led to defects in deoxynivalenol (DON) production, responses to environmental stimuli, and lipid metabolism. Additionally, we found that FgPrb1 was involved in autophagy regulation. Taken together, the systematic functional characterization of subtilases showed that the FgPrb1 of F. graminearum is critical for plant infection by regulating multiple different cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luona Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chengqi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jinli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ahai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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17
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Borges JP, Quilles Junior JC, Ohe THK, Ferrarezi AL, Nunes CDCC, Boscolo M, Gomes E, Bocchini DA, da Silva R. Free and Substrate-Immobilised Lipases from Fusarium verticillioides P24 as a Biocatalyst for Hydrolysis and Transesterification Reactions. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:33-51. [PMID: 32808248 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungal enzymes are widely used in technological processes and have some interesting features to be applied in a variety of biosynthetic courses. Here, free and substrate-immobilised lipases from Fusarium verticillioides P24 were obtained by solid-state fermentation using wheat bran as substrate and fungal carrier. Based on their hydrolytic and transesterification activities, the lipases were characterised as pH-dependent in both reactions, with higher substrate conversion in an alkaline environment. Thermally, the lipases performed well from 30 to 45 °C, being more stable in mild conditions. Organic solvents significantly influenced the lipase selectivity using different vegetable oils as fatty acid source. Omega(ω)-3 production in n-hexane achieved 45% using canola oil, against ≈ 18% in cyclohexane. However, ω-6 production was preferably produced for both solvents using linseed oil with significant alterations in the yield (≈ 79% and 49% for n-hexane and cyclohexane, respectively). Moreover, the greatest enzyme selectivity for ω-6 led us to suppose a lipase preference for the Sn1 position of the triacylglycerol. Lastly, a transesterification reaction was performed, achieving 90% of ester conversion in 72 h. This study reports the characterisation and use of free and substrate-immobilised lipases from Fusarium verticillioides P24 as an economic and efficient method for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Pires Borges
- Departament of Biochemistry and Chemical Technology, IQ/UNESP, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, CEP, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Quilles Junior
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, IBILCE/UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, CEP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago Hideyuki Kobe Ohe
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, IBILCE/UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, CEP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Ferrarezi
- Department of Biology, IBILCE/UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, CEP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | | | - Mauricio Boscolo
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, IBILCE/UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, CEP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Eleni Gomes
- Department of Biology, IBILCE/UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, CEP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela Alonso Bocchini
- Departament of Biochemistry and Chemical Technology, IQ/UNESP, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, CEP, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Roberto da Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, IBILCE/UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, CEP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil.
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18
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Dong Z, Luo M, Wang Z. An Exo-Polygalacturonase Pgc4 Regulates Aerial Hyphal Growth and Virulence in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165886. [PMID: 32824317 PMCID: PMC7461583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (Foc4) causes Fusarium wilt that affects banana plants, and hence, the molecular mechanisms of its virulence need to be investigated. We purified an exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG), Pgc4, from Foc4. Pgc4 has an apparent molecular weight of 50.87 kDa based on sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We further performed its sequence analysis and biochemical characterization. The two pgc4 genes encoding Pgc4 from Foc4 and Foc1 were 1434 bp in length and encoded 477 amino acids with differences, due to some nucleotide differences between the two. The Km and Vmax values of Pgc4 purified from Foc4 were determined to be 0.45 mg/mL and 105.26 Units·mg·protein−1 ·min−1, respectively. The recombinant proteins, r-Foc1-Pgc4 and r-Foc4-Pgc4, were expressed and purified from Pichia pastoris and showed optimal Pgc4 activity at 55 °C and pH 4.0; both could induce tissue maceration and necrosis in the “Guangfen-1” and “Baxi” varieties of banana but to a different extent. Phenotypic assays and complementation analyses revealed that, compared to the wild-type, the generated Foc4Δpgc4 mutant strain showed a lower aerial hyphal growth, grew slower, and had a reduced virulence. Therefore, our results demonstrate the function of Pgc4 as a pathogenicity factor of Foc4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Dong
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-89003192
| | - Mei Luo
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Physiological Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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He H, Bian G, Herbst-Gervasoni CJ, Mori T, Shinsky SA, Hou A, Mu X, Huang M, Cheng S, Deng Z, Christianson DW, Abe I, Liu T. Discovery of the cryptic function of terpene cyclases as aromatic prenyltransferases. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3958. [PMID: 32769971 PMCID: PMC7414894 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytic versatility is an inherent property of many enzymes. In nature, terpene cyclases comprise the foundation of molecular biodiversity as they generate diverse hydrocarbon scaffolds found in thousands of terpenoid natural products. Here, we report that the catalytic activity of the terpene cyclases AaTPS and FgGS can be switched from cyclase to aromatic prenyltransferase at basic pH to generate prenylindoles. The crystal structures of AaTPS and FgGS provide insights into the catalytic mechanism of this cryptic function. Moreover, aromatic prenyltransferase activity discovered in other terpene cyclases indicates that this cryptic function is broadly conserved among the greater family of terpene cyclases. We suggest that this cryptic function is chemoprotective for the cell by regulating isoprenoid diphosphate concentrations so that they are maintained below toxic thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing He
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Guangkai Bian
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Corey J Herbst-Gervasoni
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stephen A Shinsky
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA
| | - Anwei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Mu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minjian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - David W Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tiangang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, China.
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Lima AM, Barros NLF, Freitas ACO, Tavares LSC, Pirovani CP, Siqueira AS, Gonçalves EC, de Souza CRB. A new Piper nigrum cysteine proteinase inhibitor, PnCPI, with antifungal activity: molecular cloning, recombinant expression, functional analyses and molecular modeling. Planta 2020; 252:16. [PMID: 32661769 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new Piper nigrum cysteine proteinase inhibitor, PnCPI, belonging to group I of phytocystatins, with inhibitory activity against papain and growth of Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis, was isolated and characterized. Previous studies (de Souza et al. 2011) have identified a partial cDNA sequence of putative cysteine proteinase inhibitor differentially expressed in roots of black pepper (P. nigrum L.) infected by F. solani f. sp. piperis. Here, we aimed to isolate the full-length cDNA and genomic sequences of the P. nigrum cysteine proteinase inhibitor gene, named PnCPI. Sequence analyses showed that the PnCPI gene encodes a deduced protein of 108 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 12.3 kDa and isoelectric point of 6.51. Besides the LARFAV-like sequence, common to all phytocystatins, PnCPI contains three conserved motifs of the superfamily cystatin: a glycine residue at the N-terminal region, the QxVxG reactive site more centrally positioned, and one tryptophan in the C-terminal region. PnCPI, belonging to group I of phytocystatins, showed high identity with cystatins isolated from several plant species. Sequence analyses also revealed no putative signal peptide at the N-terminal of PnCPI, as well as no introns within the genomic sequence corresponding to the PnCPI coding region. Molecular modeling showed the ability of PnCPI to interact with papain, while its inhibitory activity against this protease was confirmed after heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. The effects of heat treatments on the inhibitory activity of recombinant PnCPI, rPnCPI, were evaluated. In addition, rPnCPI exhibited in vitro activity against F. solani f. sp. piperis, revealing a new cystatin with the potential antifungal application. The identification of PnCPI as a functional cystatin able to inhibit the in vitro growth of F. solani f. sp. piperis indicates other factors contributing to in vivo susceptibility of black pepper to root rot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Medeiros Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Tomé-Açu, PA, 68680-000, Brazil
| | - Nicolle Louise Ferreira Barros
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Ana Camila Oliveira Freitas
- Laboratório de Proteômica, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Laboratório de Proteômica, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Andrei Santos Siqueira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
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Zhou Y, Zhou XE, Gong Y, Zhu Y, Cao X, Brunzelle JS, Xu HE, Zhou M, Melcher K, Zhang F. Structural basis of Fusarium myosin I inhibition by phenamacril. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008323. [PMID: 32163521 PMCID: PMC7100991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium is a genus of filamentous fungi that includes species that cause devastating diseases in major staple crops, such as wheat, maize, rice, and barley, resulting in severe yield losses and mycotoxin contamination of infected grains. Phenamacril is a novel fungicide that is considered environmentally benign due to its exceptional specificity; it inhibits the ATPase activity of the sole class I myosin of only a subset of Fusarium species including the major plant pathogens F. graminearum, F. asiaticum and F. fujikuroi. To understand the underlying mechanisms of inhibition, species specificity, and resistance mutations, we have determined the crystal structure of phenamacril-bound F. graminearum myosin I. Phenamacril binds in the actin-binding cleft in a new allosteric pocket that contains the central residue of the regulatory Switch 2 loop and that is collapsed in the structure of a myosin with closed actin-binding cleft, suggesting that pocket occupancy blocks cleft closure. We have further identified a single, transferable phenamacril-binding residue found exclusively in phenamacril-sensitive myosins to confer phenamacril selectivity. Phenamacril is a recently identified myosin I inhibitor that is a potent and highly species-specific and myosin subtype-selective fungicide. We report the high-resolution structure of the phenamacril-bound myosin I motor domain of the major crop pathogen Fusarium graminearum, providing insight into the molecular mechanism of phenamacril action and resistance. These results are of broad significance for understanding the mode of actions of myosin-based fungicides and for designing novel myosin I inhibitors for crop protection and for treatment of human myosin dysfunction diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - X. Edward Zhou
- Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yuanping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanye Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoman Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Joseph S. Brunzelle
- Northwestern University Synchrotron Research Center, Life Sciences Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern University, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - H. Eric Xu
- Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (MZ); (KM); (FZ)
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MZ); (KM); (FZ)
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (MZ); (KM); (FZ)
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Minerdi D, Sadeghi SJ, Pautasso L, Morra S, Aigotti R, Medana C, Gilardi G, Gullino ML, Gilardi G. Expression and role of CYP505A1 in pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom 2020; 1868:140268. [PMID: 31491588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are monooxygenases present in every domain of life. In fungi CYPs are involved in virulence. Fusarium wilt of lettuce, caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, is the most serious disease of lettuce. F. oxysporum f.sp. lactucae MSA35 is an antagonistic fungus. Pathogenic formae specialis of F. oxysporum possess a CYP belonging to the new family CYP505. This enzyme hydroxylates saturated fatty acids that play a role in plant defence. METHODS Molecular tools were adopted to search for cyp505 gene in MSA35 genome. cyp505 gene expression analysis in pathogenic and antagonistic Fusarium was performed. The enzyme was expressed in its recombinant form and used for catalytic reactions with fatty acids, the products of which were characterized by mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS A novel MSA35 self-sufficient CYP505 is differentially expressed in antagonistic and pathogenic F. oxysporum. Its expression is induced by the host plant lettuce in both pathogenesis and antagonism during the early phase of the interaction, while it is silenced during the late phase only in antagonistic Fusarium. Mass-spectrometry investigations proved that CYP505A1 mono-hydroxylates lauric, palmitic and stearic acids. CONCLUSIONS The ability of CYP505A1 to oxidize fatty acids present in the cortical cell membranes together with its differential expression in its Fusarium antagonistic form point out to the possibility that this enzyme is associated with Fusarium pathogenicity in lettuce. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The CYP505 clan is present in pathogenic fungal phyla, making CYP505A1 enzyme a putative candidate as a new target for the development of novel antifungal molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Minerdi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sheila J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lara Pautasso
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Morra
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Riccardo Aigotti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Medana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gilardi
- Agroinnova, Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- Agroinnova, Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Angarita-Rodríguez A, Quiroga D, Coy-Barrera E. Indole-Containing Phytoalexin-Based Bioisosteres as Antifungals: In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation against Fusarium oxysporum. Molecules 2019; 25:E45. [PMID: 31877731 PMCID: PMC6982726 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a continuous search for more reliable and effective alternatives to control phytopathogens through different strategies. In this context, indole-containing phytoalexins are stimuli-induced compounds implicated in plant defense against plant pathogens. However, phytoalexins' efficacy have been limited by fungal detoxifying mechanisms, thus, the research on bioisosteres-based analogs can be a friendly alternative regarding the control of Fusarium phytopathogens, but there are currently few studies on it. Thus, as part of our research on antifungal agents, a set of 21 synthetic indole-containing phytoalexin analogs were evaluated as inhibitors against the phyopathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Results indicated that analogs of the N,N-dialkylthiourea, N,S-dialkyldithiocarbamate and substituted-1,3-thiazolidin-5-one groups exhibited the best docking scores and interaction profiles within the active site of Fusarium spp. enzymes. Vina scores exhibited correlation with experimental mycelial growth inhibition using supervised statistics, and this antifungal dataset correlated with molecular interaction fields after CoMFA. Compound 24 (tert-butyl (((3-oxo-1,3-diphenylpropyl)thio)carbonothioyl)-l-tryptophanate), a very active analog against F. oxysporum, exhibited the best interaction with lanosterol 14α-demethylase according to molecular docking, molecular dynamics and molecular mechanic/poisson-boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) binding energy performance. After data analyses, information on mycelial growth inhibitors, structural requirements and putative enzyme targets may be used in further antifungal development based on phytoalexin analogs for controlling phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ericsson Coy-Barrera
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Campus Nueva Granada, Cajicá 250247, Colombia; (A.A.-R.); (D.Q.)
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Wu YY, Shao WB, Zhu JJ, Long ZQ, Liu LW, Wang PY, Li Z, Yang S. Novel 1,3,4-Oxadiazole-2-carbohydrazides as Prospective Agricultural Antifungal Agents Potentially Targeting Succinate Dehydrogenase. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:13892-13903. [PMID: 31774673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel simple 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-carbohydrazide was reported to discover low-cost and versatile antifungal agents. Bioassay results suggested that a majority of the designed compounds were extremely bioactive against four types of fungi and two kinds of oomycetes. This extreme bioactivity was highlighted by the applausive inhibitory effects of compounds 4b, 4h, 5c, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5m, 5p, 5t, and 5v against Gibberella zeae, affording EC50 values ranging from 0.486 to 0.799 μg/mL, which were superior to that of fluopyram (2.96 μg/mL) and comparable to those of carbendazim (0.947 μg/mL) and prochloraz (0.570 μg/mL). Meanwhile, compounds 4g, 5f, 5i, and 5t showed significant actions against Fusarium oxysporum with EC50 values of 0.652, 0.706, 0.813, and 0.925 μg/mL, respectively. Pharmacophore exploration suggested that the N'-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-carbohydrazide pattern is necessary for the bioactivity. Molecular docking of 5h with succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) indicated that it can completely locate the inside of the binding pocket via hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions, revealing that this novel framework might target SDH. This result was further verified by the significant inhibitory effect on SDH activity. In addition, scanning electron microscopy patterns were performed to elucidate the anti-G. zeae mechanism. Given these features, this type of framework is a suitable template for future exploration of alternative SDH inhibitors against plant microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Wu-Bin Shao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Jian-Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Zhou-Qing Long
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Li-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Pei-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Zhong Li
- College of Pharmacy , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R & D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
- College of Pharmacy , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
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Gao F, Zhang BS, Zhao JH, Huang JF, Jia PS, Wang S, Zhang J, Zhou JM, Guo HS. Deacetylation of chitin oligomers increases virulence in soil-borne fungal pathogens. Nat Plants 2019; 5:1167-1176. [PMID: 31636399 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Soil-borne fungal pathogens that cause crop disease are major threats to agriculture worldwide. Here, we identified a secretory polysaccharide deacetylase (PDA1) from the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae, the most notorious plant pathogen of the Verticillium genus, that facilitates virulence through direct deacetylation of chitin oligomers whose N-acetyl group contributes to host lysine motif (LysM)-containing receptor perception for ligand-triggered immunity. Polysaccharide deacetylases are widely present in fungi, bacteria, insects and marine invertebrates and have been reported to possess diverse functions in developmental processes rather than virulence. A phylogenetics analysis of more than 5,000 fungal proteins with conserved polysaccharide deacetylase domains showed that the V. dahliae PDA1-containing subtree includes a large number of proteins from the Verticillium genus as well as the Fusarium genus, another group of characterized soil-borne fungal pathogens, suggesting that soil-borne fungal pathogens have adopted chitin deacetylation as a major virulence strategy. We showed that a Fusarium PDA1 is required for virulence in cotton plants. This study reveals a substantial virulence function role of polysaccharide deacetylases in pathogenic fungi and demonstrates a subtle mechanism whereby deacetylation of chitin oligomers converts them to ligand-inactive chitosan, representing a common strategy of preventing chitin-triggered host immunity by soil-borne fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Bo-Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Feng Huang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory at Universities of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resource Utilization, Shihezi, China
| | - Pei-Song Jia
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory at Universities of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resource Utilization, Shihezi, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Koga S, Rieder A, Ballance S, Uhlen AK, Veiseth-Kent E. Gluten-Degrading Proteases in Wheat Infected by Fusarium graminearum-Protease Identification and Effects on Gluten and Dough Properties. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:11025-11034. [PMID: 31502841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have observed a relationship between poor breadmaking quality and protease activities related to fungal infection. This study aims to identify potential gluten-degrading proteases secreted by fungi and to analyze effects of these proteases on rheological properties of dough and gluten. Fusarium graminearum-infected grain was used as a model system. Zymography showed that serine-type proteases secreted by F. graminearum degrade gluten proteins. Zymography followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS analysis predicted one serine carboxypeptidase and seven serine endo-peptidases to be candidate fungal proteases involved in gluten degradation. Effects of fungal proteases on the time-dependent rheological properties of dough and gluten were analyzed by small amplitude oscillatory shear rheology and large deformation extensional rheology. Our results indicate that fungal proteases degrade gluten proteins not only in the grain itself, but also during dough preparation and resting. Our study gives new insights into fungal proteases and their potential role in weakening of gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Koga
- Nofima AS , P.O. Box 210, NO-1431 Ås , Norway
| | - Anne Rieder
- Nofima AS , P.O. Box 210, NO-1431 Ås , Norway
| | | | - Anne Kjersti Uhlen
- Nofima AS , P.O. Box 210, NO-1431 Ås , Norway
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås , Norway
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Tang L, Yu X, Zhang L, Zhang L, Chen L, Zou S, Liang Y, Yu J, Dong H. Mitochondrial FgEch1 is responsible for conidiation and full virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Curr Genet 2019; 66:361-371. [PMID: 31463774 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-01028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Enoyl-CoA hydratase (Ech) is an important and well-recognized enzyme that functions in the degradation of fatty acids by β-oxidation. However, its functions in plant pathogenic fungi are not well known. We characterized an Ech1 orthologue, FgEch1, in Fusarium graminearum. The FgEch1 deletion mutant was defective in the utilization of short-chain fatty acids and conidiation, but not in hyphal growth on glucose-rich media or in perithecium formation. The FgEch1 deletion mutant showed reduced deoxynivalenol (DON) production and virulence in plants. Deletion of FgEch1 also led to increased production of lipid droplets and autophagy. FgEch1, which was localized in the mitochondrion, required the MTS domain for mitochondrial localization and function in F. graminearum. Taken together, these data indicate that mitochondrial FgEch1 is important for conidiation, DON production, and plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xiaoyang Yu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Shenshen Zou
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Yuancun Liang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Jinfeng Yu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Hansong Dong
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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Cohen R, Milo S, Sharma S, Savidor A, Covo S. Ribonucleotide reductase from Fusarium oxysporum does not Respond to DNA replication stress. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 83:102674. [PMID: 31375409 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) catalyzes the rate limiting step in dNTP biosynthesis and is tightly regulated at the transcription and activity levels. One of the best characterized responses of yeast to DNA damage is up-regulation of RNR transcription and activity and consequently, elevation of the dNTP pools. Hydroxyurea is a universal inhibitor of RNR that causes S phase arrest. It is used in the clinic to treat certain types of cancers. Here we studied the response of the fungal plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum to hydroxyurea in order to generate hypotheses that can be used in the future in development of a new class of pesticides. F. oxysporum causes severe damage to more than 100 agricultural crops and specifically threatens banana cultivation world-wide. Although the recovery of F. oxysporum from transient hydroxyurea exposure was similar to the one of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, colony formation was strongly inhibited in F. oxysporum in comparison with S. cerevisiae. As expected, genomic and phosphoproteomic analyses of F. oxysporum conidia (spores) exposed to hydroxyurea showed hallmarks of DNA replication perturbation and activation of recombination. Unexpectedly and strikingly, RNR was not induced by either hydroxyurea or the DNA-damaging agent methyl methanesulfonate as determined at the RNA and protein levels. Consequently, dNTP concentrations were significantly reduced, even in response to a low dose of hydroxyurea. Methyl methanesulfonate treatment did not induce dNTP pools in F. oxysporum, in contrast to the response of RNR and dNTP pools to DNA damage and hydroxyurea in several tested organisms. Our results are important because the lack of a feedback mechanism to increase RNR expression in F. oxysporum is expected to sensitize the pathogen to a fungal-specific ribonucleotide inhibitor. The potential impact of our observations on F. oxysporum genome stability and genome evolution is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Cohen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Shira Milo
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Sushma Sharma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alon Savidor
- de Botton Institute for Protein Profiling, the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Shay Covo
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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Baldwin T, Baldwin S, Klos K, Bregitzer P, Marshall J. Deletion of the benzoxazinoid detoxification gene NAT1 in Fusarium graminearum reduces deoxynivalenol in spring wheat. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214230. [PMID: 31299046 PMCID: PMC6625701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzoxazinoid (Bx) metabolites produced by wheat and other members of the Poaceae have activity against Fusarium sp. that cause cereal diseases including Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat and barley. Certain Bx metabolites can be detoxified by Fusarium sp. with the arylamine N-acetyltransferase NAT1. Investigation of this pathway may reveal strategies for increasing FHB resistance, such as selection for higher levels of Bx metabolites within existing germplasm and/or engineering fungal susceptibility via host induced silencing of NAT1. We assessed the reactions of fifteen wheat cultivars or breeding lines adapted to the Northwestern United States to infection with F. graminearum Δnat1 mutants that should be sensitive to Bx metabolites. Significant differences were noted in disease severity and deoxynivalenol (DON) among the cultivars 21 d after inoculation with either mutant or wildtype (PH1) strains. Mutant vs. wildtype strains did not result in significant variation for infection severity (as measured by % infected florets), but inoculation with Δnat1 mutants vs. wildtype resulted in significantly lower DON concentrations in mature kernels (p < 0.0001). Of the cultivars tested, HRS3419 was the most resistant cultivar to PH1 (severity = 62%, DON = 45 ppm) and Δnat1 mutants (severity = 61%, DON = 30 ppm). The cultivar most susceptible to infection was Kelse with PH1 (severity = 100%, DON = 292 ppm) and Δnat1 mutants (severity = 100%, DON = 158 ppm). We hypothesized that sub-lethal Bx metabolite levels may suppress DON production in F. graminearum Δnat1 mutants. In vitro assays of Bx metabolites BOA, MBOA, and DIMBOA at 30 μM did not affect growth, but did reduce DON production by Δnat1 and PH1. Although the levels of Bx metabolites are likely too low in the wheat cultivars we tested to suppress FHB, higher levels of Bx metabolites may contribute towards reductions in DON and FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Baldwin
- National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, USDA-ARS, Aberdeen, Idaho, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TB); (JM)
| | - Suzette Baldwin
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences University of Idaho Research and Extension, Idaho Falls, ID, United States of America
| | - Kathy Klos
- National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, USDA-ARS, Aberdeen, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Phil Bregitzer
- National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, USDA-ARS, Aberdeen, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Juliet Marshall
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences University of Idaho Research and Extension, Idaho Falls, ID, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TB); (JM)
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Liu N, Yun Y, Yin Y, Hahn M, Ma Z, Chen Y. Lipid droplet biogenesis regulated by the FgNem1/Spo7-FgPah1 phosphatase cascade plays critical roles in fungal development and virulence in Fusarium graminearum. New Phytol 2019; 223:412-429. [PMID: 30767239 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) control lipid metabolism in eukaryotic cells in general. However, the biogenesis regulation and biological functions of LDs are largely unknown in pathogenic fungi. Rapamycin treatment results in a significant increase of LD biogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. Molecular mechanisms of the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway in regulating LD biogenesis and the functions of LD in virulence of F. graminearum were investigated in depth by combining genetic, cytological and phenotypic strategies. TOR in Fusarium graminearum (FgTOR) inhibition by rapamycin induces LD biogenesis through the FgPpg1/Sit4 signaling branch. FgPpg1 promotes phosphorylation of protein phosphatase FgNem1 by the protein kinase FgCak1. The phosphorylated FgNem1 dephosphorylates the phosphatidate phosphatase FgPah1. Dephosphorylated FgPah1 is active and stimulates LD biogenesis. Moreover, deletion of FgNem1/Spo7 or FgPah1 leads to serious defects in vegetative growth, sexual development and virulence. The results of this study provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanism and biological functions of the LDs in the devastating pathogenic fungus F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yingzi Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanni Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Department of Biology, Kaiserslautern University, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Zhang A, Yue Y, Yang Y, Yang J, Tao K, Jin H, Hou T. Discovery of N-(4-fluoro-2-(phenylamino)phenyl)-pyrazole-4-carboxamides as potential succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2019; 158:175-184. [PMID: 31378354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an essential component of cellular respiratory chain and tricarboxylic acid (or Krebs) cycle, has been identified as one of the most significant targets for pharmaceutical and agrochemical. Herein, with the aim of discovery of new antifungal lead structures, a class of novel N-(4-fluoro-2-(phenylamino)phenyl)-pyrazole-4-carboxamides were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their biological activities. They were bioassayed against seven phytopathogenic fungi, Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora infestans, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Gibberella zeae, Alternaria alternate and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. The results indicated that most of the compounds displayed good antifungal activities, especially against R. solani. Among them, compounds 7 and 12 exhibited higher antifungal activities against R. solani in vitro with EC50 value of 0.034 mg/L and 0.021 mg/L, being superior to the commercially available fungicide bixafen (EC50 = 0.043 mg/L). Pot tests against R. solani showed that in vivo EC50 values of compounds 7 (2.694 mg/L) and 12 (2.331 mg/L) were higher than that of bixafen (3.724 mg/L). In addition, inhibitory activity of compound 12 against SDH indicated compound 12 (IC50 = 1.836 mg/L) showed good inhibitory activity against SDH, being close to bixafen's inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.222 mg/L). And, molecular modeling of the SDH-compound 12 complex suggested that compound 12 could strongly bind to and interact with the binding site of the SDH. The results of the present work showed that N-(4-fluoro-2-(phenylamino)phenyl)-pyrazole-4-carboxamides were a new fungicides for discovery of SDH inhibitors and worth further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ying Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ke Tao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Taiping Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China.
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Hao G, McCormick S, Vaughan MM, Naumann TA, Kim HS, Proctor R, Kelly A, Ward TJ. Fusarium graminearum arabinanase (Arb93B) Enhances Wheat Head Blight Susceptibility by Suppressing Plant Immunity. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2019; 32:888-898. [PMID: 30759350 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-18-0170-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat and barley caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum reduces crop yield and contaminates grain with mycotoxins. In this study, we investigated two exo-1,5-α-L-arabinanases (Arb93A and Arb93B) secreted by F. graminearum and their effect on wheat head blight development. Arabinan is an important component of plant cell walls but it was not known whether these arabinanases play a role in FHB. Both ARB93A and ARB93B were induced during the early stages of infection. arb93A mutants did not exhibit a detectable change in ability to cause FHB, whereas arb93B mutants caused lower levels of FHB symptoms and deoxynivalenol contamination compared with the wild type. Furthermore, virulence and deoxynivalenol contamination were restored to wild-type levels in ARB93B complemented mutants. Fusion proteins of green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the predicted chloroplast peptide or the mature protein of Arb93B were not observed in the chloroplast. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was reduced in the infiltrated zones of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves expressing ARB93B-GFP. Coexpression of ARB93B-GFP and Bax in N. benthamiana leaves significantly suppressed Bax-programmed cell death. Our results indicate that Arb93B enhances plant disease susceptibility by suppressing ROS-associated plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixia Hao
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, U.S.A
| | - Susan McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, U.S.A
| | - Martha M Vaughan
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, U.S.A
| | - Todd A Naumann
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, U.S.A
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, U.S.A
| | - Robert Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, U.S.A
| | - Amy Kelly
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, U.S.A
| | - Todd J Ward
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, U.S.A
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Funnell-Harris DL, Graybosch RA, O'Neill PM, Duray ZT, Wegulo SN. Amylose-Free (" waxy") Wheat Colonization by Fusarium spp. and Response to Fusarium Head Blight. Plant Dis 2019; 103:972-983. [PMID: 30840842 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-18-0726-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hexaploid waxy wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has null mutations in Wx genes and grain lacking amylose with increased digestibility and usability for specialty foods. The waxy cultivar Mattern is susceptible to Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum species complex, which produces the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). In experiment 1, conducted during low natural FHB, grain from waxy breeding lines, Mattern, and wild-type breeding lines and cultivars were assessed for Fusarium infection and DON concentration. Nine Fusarium species and species complexes were detected from internally infected (disinfested) grain; F. graminearum infections were not different between waxy and wild-type. Surface- and internally infected grain (nondisinfested) had greater numbers of Fusarium isolates across waxy versus wild-type, but F. graminearum-like infections were similar; however, DON levels were higher in waxy. In experiment 2, conducted during a timely epidemic, disease severity, Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK), and DON were assessed for waxy breeding lines, Mattern, and wild-type cultivars. Disease severity and FDK were not significantly different from wild-type, but DON was higher in waxy than wild-type lines. Across both experiments, waxy breeding lines, Plant Introductions 677876 and 677877, responded similarly to FHB as moderately resistant wild-type cultivar Overland, showing promise for breeding advanced waxy cultivars with reduced FHB susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna L Funnell-Harris
- 1 Wheat, Sorghum and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE 68583
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583; and
| | - Robert A Graybosch
- 1 Wheat, Sorghum and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE 68583
- 3 Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Patrick M O'Neill
- 1 Wheat, Sorghum and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE 68583
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583; and
| | - Zachary T Duray
- 1 Wheat, Sorghum and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE 68583
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583; and
| | - Stephen N Wegulo
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583; and
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Guo Y, Yao S, Yuan T, Wang Y, Zhang D, Tang W. The spatiotemporal control of KatG2 catalase-peroxidase contributes to the invasiveness of Fusarium graminearum in host plants. Mol Plant Pathol 2019; 20:685-700. [PMID: 30919582 PMCID: PMC6637876 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the pathogen-host interactions, and play a Janus-faced role in the resistance and susceptibility of plants to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. The ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum causes hazardous wheat Fusarium head blight worldwide. Deletion of the putative secreted catalase-peroxidase gene in F. graminearum, KatG2, reduced the virulence in wheat spike infection. However, it remains unclear when and where KatG2 scavenges ROS during the invasion of wheat. In this study, we delineate the change in ROS levels in the transition of the infection phase under microscopic observation. Correspondingly, the pathogen switches its strategy of infection with temporal and spatial regulation of KatG2 to counteract oxidative stress generated by host plant cells. With the native promoter-driven KatG2-mRFP strain, we show that KatG2-mRFP expression was induced in planta and accumulated in the infection front region at the early infection stage. In contrast to its ubiquitous cellular localization in runner hyphae, KatG2-mRFP is exclusively located on the cell wall of invading hyphal cells, especially at the pathogen-host cellular interface. Using posttranslational modification analysis, we found that asparagine residues at the 238 and 391 positions of KatG2 could be modified by N-glycosylation and that these two residues are required for KatG2 accumulation and cell wall localization in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesChina
| | - Shenghua Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
- School of Life ScienceEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200062China
- Shanghai High School International DivisionShanghai200231China
| | - Tinglu Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
| | - Yanzhang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
| | - Dong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
| | - Weihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
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González-Márquez A, Loera-Corral O, Santacruz-Juárez E, Tlécuitl-Beristain S, García-Dávila J, Viniegra-González G, Sánchez C. Biodegradation patterns of the endocrine disrupting pollutant di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate by Fusarium culmorum. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 170:293-299. [PMID: 30530181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer, which is considered an endocrine disrupting pollutant. Growth kinetics and esterases activity by biochemical tests and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were characterized for Fusarium culmorum grown in DEHP-supplemented (1000 mg/L) medium as the only carbon source and in control medium with glucose. Intermediate compounds of biodegraded DEHP were identified by GC-MS. F. culmorum degraded 92% of DEHP within 36 h. DEHP was degraded to butanol, hexanal, catechol and acetic acid. It is suggested that the first two compounds would transform into butanediol and the last two would enter into the Krebs cycle and would be mineralized to CO2 and H2O. DEHP induced eight esterase isoforms, which were different to those constitutive isoforms produced in the control medium. It is suggested that five enzymes (25.7, 29.5, 31.8, 97.6 and 144.5 kDa) detected during the first 36 h be involved in the primary biodegradation of DEHP. The rest of the enzymes (45.9, 66.6 and 202.9 kDa) might be involved in the final steps for DEHP metabolism. F. culmorum has a promising practical application in the treatment of DEHP-contaminated environments because it can secrete specific esterase to breakdown high concentrations of DEHP in a short period of time. This research represents the first approach for the study of esterase involved in the DEHP degradation by fungi using this phthalate as the sole source of carbon and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel González-Márquez
- Doctorado en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco N° 186, Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340 Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Octavio Loera-Corral
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco N° 186, Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340 Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Ericka Santacruz-Juárez
- Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, San Pedro Xalcatzinco, Tepeyanco, Tlaxcala C.P. 90180, Mexico
| | - Saúl Tlécuitl-Beristain
- Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, San Pedro Xalcatzinco, Tepeyanco, Tlaxcala C.P. 90180, Mexico
| | - Jorge García-Dávila
- Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, San Pedro Xalcatzinco, Tepeyanco, Tlaxcala C.P. 90180, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Viniegra-González
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco N° 186, Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340 Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Carmen Sánchez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Ixtacuixtla C.P. 90062, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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Zheng B, Yan L, Liang W, Yang Q. Paralogous Cyp51s mediate the differential sensitivity of Fusarium oxysporum to sterol demethylation inhibitors. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:396-404. [PMID: 29931739 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a soilborne fungus, Fusarium oxysporum can cause vascular wilt in numerous economically important crops. Application of antifungal drugs is the primary method for the control of F. oxysporum. Cyp51, a key enzyme of sterol biosynthesis is the main target of sterol demethylation inhibitors. RESULTS The F. oxysporum genome contains three paralogous CYP51 genes (named FoCYP51A, FoCYP51B and FoCYP51C) that putatively encode sterol 14α-demethylase enzymes. Each of the three genes was able to partially complement the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ERG11 mutant. Growth assays demonstrated that deletion mutants of FoCYP51B, but not FoCYP51A and FoCYP51C were significantly retarded in hyphal growth. Deletion of FoCYP51A (ΔFoCyp51A and ΔFoCyp51AC) led to increased sensitivity to 11 sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). Interestingly, FoCYP51B deletion mutants (ΔFoCyp51B and ΔFoCyp51BC) exhibited significantly increased sensitivity to only four DMIs (two of which are in common with the 11 DMIs mentioned earlier). Deletion of FoCYP51C did not change DMI sensitivity of F. oxysporum. None of the three FoCYP51s are involved in F. oxysporum virulence. The sensitivity of F. oxysporum isolates increased significantly when subjected to a mixture of different subgroups of DMIs classified based on the different sensitivities of FoCYP51 mutants to DMIs compared to the individual components. CONCLUSIONS FoCYP51A and FoCYP51B are responsible for sensitivity to different azoles. These findings have direct implications for fungicide application strategies of plant and human diseases caused by F. oxysporum. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangxian Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Leiyan Yan
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Vegetables, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
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Liu Z, Liu N, Jiang H, Yan L, Ma Z, Yin Y. The Activators of Type 2A Phosphatases (PP2A) Regulate Multiple Cellular Processes Via PP2A-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms in Fusarium graminearum. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2018; 31:1121-1133. [PMID: 29877164 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-18-0056-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The type 2A protein phosphatases (PP2As) are holoenzymes in all eukaryotes but their activators remain unknown in filamentous fungi. Fusarium graminearum contains three PP2As (FgPp2A, FgSit4, and FgPpg1), which play critical roles in fungal growth, development, and virulence. Here, we identified two PP2A activators (PTPAs), FgRrd1 and FgRrd2, and found that they control PP2A activity in a PP2A-specific manner. FgRrd1 interacts with FgPpg1, but FgRrd2 interacts with FgPp2A and very weakly with FgSit4. Furthermore, FgRrd2 activates FgPp2A via regulating FgPp2A methylation. Phenotypic assays showed that FgRrd1 and FgRrd2 regulate mycelial growth, conidiation, sexual development, and lipid droplet biogenesis. More importantly, both FgRrd1 and FgRrd2 interact with RNA polymerase II, subsequently modulating its enrichments at the promoters of mycotoxin biosynthesis genes, which is independent on PP2A. In addition, FgRrd2 modulates response to phenylpyrrole fungicide, via regulating the phosphorylation of kinase FgHog1 in the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway, and to caffeine, via modulating FgPp2A methylation. Taken together, results of this study indicate that FgRrd1 and FgRrd2 regulate multiple physiological processes via different regulatory mechanisms in F. graminearum, which provides a novel insight into understanding the biological functions of PTPAs in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunyong Liu
- 1 Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Na Liu
- 1 Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huixian Jiang
- 1 Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Leiyan Yan
- 2 Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, 315040, China; and
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- 1 Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- 3 State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University
| | - Yanni Yin
- 1 Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Ren W, Tao J, Shi D, Chen W, Chen C. Involvement of a dihydrodipicolinate synthase gene (FaDHDPS1) in fungal development, pathogenesis and stress responses in Fusarium asiaticum. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:128. [PMID: 30290767 PMCID: PMC6173861 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) is an allosteric enzyme, which catalyzes the first unique step of lysine biosynthesis in prokaryotes, higher plants and some fungi. To date, the biological roles of DHDPS in filamentous fungi are poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, on the basis of comparative genome resequencing, a DHDPS gene was found to be specific in Fusarium asiaticum, named FaDHDPS1, which showed high amino acid identity to that of entomopathogenic fungus. Subcellular localization of the FaDHDPS1-GFP fusion protein was mainly concentrated in the cytoplasm of conidia and dispersed in the cytoplasm during conidial germination. To reveal the biological functions, both deletion and complementation mutants of FaDHDPS1 were generated. The results showed that the FaDHDPS1 deletion mutant was defective in conidiation, virulence and DON biosynthesis. In addition, deletion of FaDHDPS1 resulted in tolerance to sodium pyruvate, lysine, low temperature and Congo red. CONCLUSION Results of this study indicate that FaDHDPS1 plays an important role in the regulation of vegetative differentiation, pathogenesis and adaption to multiple stresses in F. asiaticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Jiting Tao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Dongya Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Wenchan Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Changjun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
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Westphal KR, Muurmann AT, Paulsen IE, Nørgaard KTH, Overgaard ML, Dall SM, Aalborg T, Wimmer R, Sørensen JL, Sondergaard TE. Who Needs Neighbors? PKS8 Is a Stand-Alone Gene in Fusarium graminearum Responsible for Production of Gibepyrones and Prolipyrone B. Molecules 2018; 23:E2232. [PMID: 30200525 PMCID: PMC6225250 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing of the genus Fusarium has revealed a great capacity for discovery of new natural products of potential economical and therapeutic importance. Several of these are unknown. In this study, we investigated the product of the PKS8 gene in Fusarium graminearum, which was recently linked to gibepyrones in F. fujikuroi. Genomic analyses showed that PKS8 constitutes a stand-alone gene in F. graminearum and related species. Overexpression of PKS8 resulted in production of gibepyrones A, B, D, G and prolipyrone B, which could not be detected in the wild type strain. Our results suggest that PKS8 produces the entry compound gibepyrone A, which is subsequently oxidized by one or several non-clustering cytochrome P450 monooxygenases ending with prolipyrone B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iben Engell Paulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | | | - Marie Lund Overgaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | | | - Trine Aalborg
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark.
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Hernández-Monjaraz WS, Caudillo-Pérez C, Salazar-Sánchez PU, Macías-Sánchez KL. Influence of iron and copper on the activity of laccases in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49 Suppl 1:269-275. [PMID: 30145263 PMCID: PMC6328805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes vascular wilt in tomato plants. In this work we analyze the influence of metal salts such as iron and copper sulphate, as well as that of bathophenanthrolinedisulfonic acid (iron chelator) and bathocuproinedisulfonic acid (copper chelator) on the activity of laccases in the intra (IF) and extracellular fractions (EF) of the wild-type and the non-pathogenic mutant strain (rho1::hyg) of F. oxysporum. The results show that laccase activity in the IF fraction of the wild and mutant strain increased with the addition of iron chelator (53.4 and 114.32%; respectively). With copper, it is observed that there is an inhibition of the activity with the addition of CuSO4 for the EF of the wild and mutant strain (reduction of 82 and 62.6%; respectively) and for the IF of the mutant strain (54.8%). With the copper chelator a less laccase activity in the IF of the mutant strain was observed (reduction of 53.9%). The results obtained suggest a different regulation of intracellular laccases in the mutant strain compared with the wild type in presence of CuSO4 and copper chelator which may be due to the mutation in the rho gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Susana Hernández-Monjaraz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería campus Guanajuato, Silao de la Victoria, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - César Caudillo-Pérez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería campus Guanajuato, Silao de la Victoria, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Pedro Ulises Salazar-Sánchez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería campus Guanajuato, Silao de la Victoria, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Karla Lizbeth Macías-Sánchez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería campus Guanajuato, Silao de la Victoria, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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Zouraris D, Dimarogona M, Karnaouri A, Topakas E, Karantonis A. Direct electron transfer of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and determination of their formal potentials by large amplitude Fourier transform alternating current cyclic voltammetry. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 124:149-155. [PMID: 30032096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MtLPMO9 and FoLPMO9 are two lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), from the filamentous fungi Thermothelomyces thermophila and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively. In the present study an attempt has been made to achieve direct electron transfer between these enzymes and a glassy carbon electrode by immobilization in Nafion polyelectrolyte. The method used to ascertain the feasibility of direct electron transfer was large amplitude Fourier transform alternating current voltammetry (FTacV) and the formal potentials of these enzymes were determined at different temperatures. The findings of this paper indicate that LPMOs can be studied by direct electron transfer, which could be exploited in the near future for their biochemical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zouraris
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Applied Electrochemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - M Dimarogona
- Section of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - A Karnaouri
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - E Topakas
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - A Karantonis
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Applied Electrochemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Athens, Greece.
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Qian H, Du J, Chi M, Sun X, Liang W, Huang J, Li B. The Y137H mutation in the cytochrome P450 FgCYP51B protein confers reduced sensitivity to tebuconazole in Fusarium graminearum. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1472-1477. [PMID: 29274114 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium graminearum is the main pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB), a worldwide plant disease and one of the most significant wheat diseases in China. Demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, such as tebuconazole (TEC), are widely used to control FHB, but long-term use leads to low efficacy against FHB. Earlier studies showed that DMI resistance is associated with the fungal sterol 14α-demethylase (cytochrome P450 CYP51) gene, and that point mutations in the CYP51 gene are the primary mechanism of resistance to DMI fungicides. The aims of this study were to clarify the molecular mechanisms of resistance to TEC and identify the binding sites on the FgCYP51B protein. RESULTS Site-directed mutagenesis was used to change the FgCYP51B gene of wild-type strain PH-1 from tyrosine to histidine at residue 137 (Y137H) to generate a mutant transformant, which was confirmed to be resistant to TEC compared with the parental strains. A three-dimensional FgCYP51B model was constructed, and molecular docking simulation studies were conducted to identify the optimum binding mode with TEC. The wild-type FgCYP51B protein displayed stronger affinity to TEC than that of the mutated FgCYP51B in the molecular docking analysis. CONCLUSION These results indicate that a Tyr137 amino acid mutation in the cytochrome P450 FgCYP51B could lead to resistance to TEC and that Y137 forms part of the tebuconazole-binding pocket. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Qian
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Juan Du
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Mengyu Chi
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- College of Animation and Communication, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Jinguang Huang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Baodu Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
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Lee Y, Son H, Shin JY, Choi GJ, Lee Y. Genome-wide functional characterization of putative peroxidases in the head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum. Mol Plant Pathol 2018; 19:715-730. [PMID: 28387997 PMCID: PMC6638050 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with various developmental processes and host-pathogen interactions in pathogenic fungi. Peroxidases are a group of ROS-detoxifying enzymes that are involved in the oxidative stress response and in a variety of physiological processes. In this study, we performed a genome-wide functional characterization of putative peroxidase genes in Fusarium graminearum, a head blight pathogen of cereal crops. We identified 31 putative peroxidase genes and generated deletion mutants for these genes. Twenty-six of the deletion mutants showed developmental phenotypes indistinguishable from that of the wild-type, and five deletion mutants exhibited phenotypic changes in at least one phenotypic category. Four deletion mutants, fca6, fca7, fpx1 and fpx15, showed increased sensitivity to extracellular H2 O2 . Deletion mutants of FCA7 also exhibited reduced virulence and increased trichothecene production compared with those of the wild-type strain, suggesting that Fca7 may play an important role in the host-pathogen interaction in F. graminearum. To identify the transcription factors (TFs) regulating FCA6, FCA7, FPX1 and FPX15 in response to oxidative stress, we screened an F. graminearum TF mutant library for growth in the presence of H2 O2 and found that multiple TFs co-regulated the expression of FCA7 under oxidative stress conditions. These results demonstrate that a complex network of transcriptional regulators of antioxidant genes is involved in oxidative stress responses in this fungus. Moreover, our study provides insights into the roles of peroxidases in developmental processes and host-pathogen interactions in plant-pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonji Lee
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Center for Food and BioconvergenceSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
| | - Ji Young Shin
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Eco‐friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical TechnologyDaejeon34114South Korea
| | - Yin‐Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
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Hernández C, Milagres AMF, Vázquez-Marrufo G, Muñoz-Páez KM, García-Pérez JA, Alarcón E. An ascomycota coculture in batch bioreactor is better than polycultures for cellulase production. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 63:467-478. [PMID: 29423709 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Efficient hydrolysis of holocellulose depends on a proper balance between cellulase (endoglucanase, exoglucanase, β-glucosidase) and xylanase activities. The present study aimed to induce the production of cellulases and xylanases using liquid cultures (one, two, three, and four fungal strains on the same bioreactor) of wild strains of Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium oxysporum. The strains were identified by amplification and analysis of the ITS rDNA region and the obtained sequences were deposited in Genbank. Enzymes (endoglucanase, exoglucansae, β-glucosidase, and xylanase activities) and the profile of extracellular protein isoforms (SDS-PAGE) produced by different fungal combinations (N = 14) were analyzed by Pearson's correlation matrix and principal component analysis (PCA). According to our results, induction of endoglucanase (19.02%) and β-glucosidase (6.35%) were obtained after 4 days when A. niger and F. oxysporum were cocultured. The combination of A. niger-T. harzianum produced higher endoglucanase in a shorter time than monocultures. On the contrary, when more than two strains were cultured in the same reactor, the relationships of competition were established, trending to diminish the amount of enzymes and the extracellular protein isoforms produced. The xylanase production was sensible to stress produced by mixed cultures, decreasing their activity. This is important when the aim is to produce cellulase-free xylanase. In addition, exoglucanase activity did not change in the combinations tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hernández
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida de las culturas veracruzanas no. 101, colonia Emiliano Zapata, 91090, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Adriane M F Milagres
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Escola de engenharia de Lorena (EEL), Universidade de São Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho s/n - Pte Nova, Lorena, SP, 12602-810, Brazil
| | - Gerardo Vázquez-Marrufo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología (CMEB), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Calle Morelia-Zinapecuaro Km 9.5, colonia La Palma, 58262, Tarímbaro, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Karla María Muñoz-Páez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Procesos Avanzados de Tratamiento de Aguas, Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - José Antonio García-Pérez
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Veracruzana, Circuito Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán, Zona Universitaria, 91090, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Enrique Alarcón
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida de las culturas veracruzanas no. 101, colonia Emiliano Zapata, 91090, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
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Paccanaro MC, Sella L, Castiglioni C, Giacomello F, Martínez-Rocha AL, D'Ovidio R, Schäfer W, Favaron F. Synergistic Effect of Different Plant Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes Is Important for Virulence of Fusarium graminearum. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2017; 30:886-895. [PMID: 28800710 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0179-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Endo-polygalacturonases (PGs) and xylanases have been shown to play an important role during pathogenesis of some fungal pathogens of dicot plants, while their role in monocot pathogens is less defined. Pg1 and xyr1 genes of the wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum encode the main PG and the major regulator of xylanase production, respectively. Single- and double-disrupted mutants for these genes were obtained to assess their contribution to fungal infection. Compared with wild-type strain, the ∆pg mutant showed a nearly abolished PG activity, slight reduced virulence on soybean seedlings, but no significant difference in disease symptoms on wheat spikes; the ∆xyr mutant was strongly reduced in xylanase activity and moderately reduced in cellulase activity but was as virulent as wild type on both soybean and wheat plants. Consequently, the ΔpgΔxyr double mutant was impaired in xylanase, PG, and cellulase activities but, differently from single mutants, was significantly reduced in virulence on both plants. These findings demonstrate that the concurrent presence of PG, xylanase, and cellulase activities is necessary for full virulence. The observation that the uronides released from wheat cell wall after a F. graminearum PG treatment were largely increased by the fungal xylanases suggests that these enzymes act synergistically in deconstructing the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Paccanaro
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
- 2 Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18-22609, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Luca Sella
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Carla Castiglioni
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Francesca Giacomello
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Ana Lilia Martínez-Rocha
- 2 Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18-22609, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- 2 Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18-22609, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Francesco Favaron
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Segorbe D, Di Pietro A, Pérez‐Nadales E, Turrà D. Three Fusarium oxysporum mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have distinct and complementary roles in stress adaptation and cross-kingdom pathogenicity. Mol Plant Pathol 2017; 18:912-924. [PMID: 27301316 PMCID: PMC6638227 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades mediate cellular responses to environmental signals. Previous studies in the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum have revealed a crucial role of Fmk1, the MAPK orthologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fus3/Kss1, in vegetative hyphal fusion and plant infection. Here, we genetically dissected the individual and combined contributions of the three MAPKs Fmk1, Mpk1 and Hog1 in the regulation of development, stress response and virulence of F. oxysporum on plant and animal hosts. Mutants lacking Fmk1 or Mpk1 were affected in reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and impaired in hyphal fusion and aggregation. Loss of Mpk1 also led to increased sensitivity to cell wall and heat stress, which was exacerbated by simultaneous inactivation of Fmk1, suggesting that both MAPKs contribute to cellular adaptation to high temperature, a prerequisite for mammalian pathogens. Deletion of Hog1 caused increased sensitivity to hyperosmotic stress and resulted in partial rescue of the restricted colony growth phenotype of the mpk1Δ mutant. Infection assays on tomato plants and the invertebrate animal host Galleria mellonella revealed distinct and additive contributions of the different MAPKs to virulence. Our results indicate that positive and negative cross-talk between the three MAPK pathways regulates stress adaptation, development and virulence in the cross-kingdom pathogen F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Segorbe
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3Universidad de Córdoba14071CórdobaSpain
- Present address:
Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3Universidad de Córdoba14071CórdobaSpain
| | - Elena Pérez‐Nadales
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3Universidad de Córdoba14071CórdobaSpain
- Present address:
Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad deCórdobaEspaña
| | - David Turrà
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3Universidad de Córdoba14071CórdobaSpain
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Sevastos A, Labrou NE, Flouri F, Malandrakis A. Glutathione transferase-mediated benzimidazole-resistance in Fusarium graminearum. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017; 141:23-28. [PMID: 28911737 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum laboratory mutants moderately (MR) and highly (HR) benzimidazole-resistant, carrying or not target-site mutations at the β2-tubulin gene were utilized in an attempt to elucidate the biochemical mechanism(s) underlying the unique BZM-resistance paradigm of this fungal plant pathogen. Relative expression analysis in the presence or absence of carbendazim (methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate) using a quantitative Real Time qPCR (RT-qPCR) revealed differences between resistant and the wild-type parental strain although no differences in expression levels of either β1- or β2-tubulin homologue genes were able to fully account for two of the highly resistant phenotypes. Glutathione transferase (GST)-mediated detoxification was shown to be -at least partly- responsible for the elevated resistance levels of a HR isolate bearing the β2-tubulin Phe200Tyr resistance mutation compared with another MR isolate carrying the same mutation. This benzimidazole-resistance mechanism is reported for the first time in F. graminearum. No indications of detoxification involved in benzimidazole resistance were found for the rest of the isolates as revealed by GST and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and bioassays using monoxygenase and hydrolase detoxification enzyme inhibiting synergists. Interestingly, besides the Phe200Tyr mutation-carrying HR isolate, the remaining highly-carbendazim resistant phenotypes could not be associated with any of the target site modification/overproduction, detoxification or reduced uptake-increased efflux mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sevastos
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Votanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - N E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855-Athens, Greece
| | - F Flouri
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Votanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - A Malandrakis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Votanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece.
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Islam KT, Bond JP, Fakhoury AM. FvSNF1, the sucrose non-fermenting protein kinase gene of Fusarium virguliforme, is required for cell-wall-degrading enzymes expression and sudden death syndrome development in soybean. Curr Genet 2017; 63:723-738. [PMID: 28132080 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium virguliforme is a soil-borne pathogenic fungus that causes sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soybean. Its pathogenicity is believed to require the activity of cell-wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs). The sucrose non-fermenting protein kinase 1 gene (SNF1) is a key component of the glucose de-repression pathway in yeast, and a regulator of gene expression for CWDEs in some plant pathogenic fungi. To elucidate the functional role of the SNF1 homolog in F. virguliforme, FvSNF1 was disrupted using a split-marker strategy. Disruption of FvSNF1 in F. virguliforme abolishes galactose utilization and causes poor growth on xylose, arabinose and sucrose. However, the resulting Fvsnf1 mutant grew similar to wild-type and ectopic transformants on glucose, fructose, maltose, or pectin as the main source of carbon. The Fvsnf1 mutant displayed no expression of the gene-encoding galactose oxidase (GAO), a secretory enzyme that catalyzes oxidation of D-galactose. It also exhibited a significant reduction in the expression of several CWDE-coding genes in contrast to the wild-type strain. Greenhouse pathogenicity assays revealed that the Fvsnf1 mutant was severely impaired in its ability to cause SDS on challenged soybean plants. Microscopy and microtome studies on infected roots showed that the Fvsnf1 mutant was defective in colonizing vascular tissue of infected plants. Cross and longitudinal sections of infected roots stained with fluorescein-labeled wheat germ agglutinin and Congo red showed that the Fvsnf1 mutant failed to colonize the xylem vessels and phloem tissue at later stages of infection. Quantification of the fungal biomass in inoculated roots further confirmed a reduced colonization of roots by the Fvsnf1 mutant when compared to the wild type. These findings suggest that FvSNF1 regulates the expression of CWDEs in F. virguliforme, thus affecting the virulence of the fungus on soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi T Islam
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agriculture Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Jason P Bond
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agriculture Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Ahmad M Fakhoury
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agriculture Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
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Etzerodt T, Wetterhorn K, Dionisio G, Rayment I. Functional characterization of a soluble NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase from Fusarium graminearum. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 138:69-75. [PMID: 28690182 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight is a devastating disease in wheat caused by some fungal pathogens of the Fusarium genus mainly F. graminearum, due to accumulation of toxic trichothecenes. Most of the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway has been mapped, although some proteins of the pathway remain uncharacterized, including an NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. We subcloned a F. graminearum cytochrome P450 reductase that might be involved in the trichothecene biosynthesis. It was expressed heterologously in E. coli as N-terminal truncated form with an octahistidine tag for purification. The construct yielded a soluble apoprotein and its incubation with flavins yielded the corresponding monomeric holoprotein. It was characterized for activity in the pH range 5.5-9.5, using thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) or cytochrome c as substrates. Binding of the small molecule MTT was weaker than for cytochrome c, however, the rate of MTT reduction was faster. Contrary to other studies of cytochrome reductase proteins, MTT reduction proceeded in a cooperative manner in our studies. Optimum kinetic activity was found at pH 7.5-8.5 for bothMTT and cytochrome c. This is the first paper presenting characterization of a cytochrome P450 reductase from F. graminearum which most likely is involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis or some primary metabolic pathway such as sterol biosynthesis in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Etzerodt
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
| | - Karl Wetterhorn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Giuseppe Dionisio
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Ivan Rayment
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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Nikolaivits E, Makris G, Topakas E. Immobilization of a Cutinase from Fusarium oxysporum and Application in Pineapple Flavor Synthesis. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:3505-3511. [PMID: 28403608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the immobilization of a cutinase from Fusarium oxysporum was carried out as cross-linked enzyme aggregates. Under optimal immobilization conditions, acetonitrile was selected as precipitant, utilizing 9.4 mg protein/mL and 10 mM glutaraldehyde as cross-linker. The immobilized cutinase (imFocut5a) was tested in isooctane for the synthesis of short-chain butyrate esters, displaying enhanced thermostability compared to the free enzyme. Pineapple flavor (butyl butyrate) synthesis was optimized, leading to a conversion yield of >99% after 6 h, with an initial reaction rate of 18.2 mmol/L/h. Optimal reaction conditions were found to be 50 °C, a vinyl butyrate/butanol molar ratio of 3:1, vinyl butyrate concentration of 100 mM, and enzyme loading of 11 U. Reusability studies of imFocut5a showed that after four consecutive runs, the reaction yield reaches 54% of the maximum. The efficient bioconversion offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly process for the production of "natural" aroma compounds essential for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Nikolaivits
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens , 9 Heroon Polytechniou Street, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Makris
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens , 9 Heroon Polytechniou Street, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens , 9 Heroon Polytechniou Street, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
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