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Zhang L, Ren J, Yu T, Li Y, Li Y, Lu S, Guo X. Supplementation of citrus pectin with whole-cell pectinase PG5 on Pichia pastoris promotes recovery of colitis and enhances intestinal barrier function in DSS-treated mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130476. [PMID: 38428761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
A whole-cell biocatalyst was developed by genetically engineering pectinase PG5 onto the cell surface of Pichia pastoris using Gcw12 as the anchoring protein. Whole-cell PG5 eliminated the need for enzyme extraction and purification, while also exhibiting enhanced thermal stability, pH stability, and resistance to proteases in vitro compared to free PG5. Magnetic resonance mass spectrometry analysis revealed that whole-cell PG5 efficiently degraded citrus pectin, resulting in the production of a mixture of pectin oligosaccharides. The primary components of the mixture were trigalacturonic acid, followed by digalacturonic acid and tetragalacturonic acid. Supplementation of citrus pectin with whole-cell PG5 resulted in a more pronounced protective effect compared to free PG5 in alleviating colitis symptoms and promoting the integrity of the colonic epithelial barrier in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Hence, this study demonstrates the potential of utilizing whole-cell pectinase as an effective biocatalyst to promote intestinal homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Jing Ren
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Tianfei Yu
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Yuanrong Li
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Yanshun Li
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China.
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Abd El-Aziz NM, Moharam ME, El-Gamal NN, Khalil BE. Enhancement of novel Endo-polygalacturonase expression in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PY18: insights from mutagenesis and molecular docking. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:252. [PMID: 38066588 PMCID: PMC10709964 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectinase is a particular type of enzyme that can break down pectin compounds and is extensively utilised in the agricultural field. In this study, twenty yeast isolates were isolated and assayed for pectinase activity. Molecular identification by PCR amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of isolate no. 18 had the highest pectinase activity of 46.35 U/mg, was identified as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PY18, and was submitted under accession no. (OM275426) in NCBI. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PY18 was further enhanced through sequential mutagenesis, resulting in a mutant designated as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa E54 with a specific activity of 114.2 U/mg. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the best culture conditions for the pectinase-producing yeast mutant Rhodotorula mucilaginosa E54 were pH 5, 72-h incubation, 2.5% xylose, and 2.5% malt extract, with a pectinase-specific activity of 156.55 U/mg. Then, the obtained sequences of the endo-polygalacturonase PGI gene from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PY18 and mutant Rhodotorula mucilaginosa E54 were isolated for the first time, sequenced, and submitted to NCBI accession numbers OQ283005 and OQ283006, respectively. The modelled 3D structure of the endo-PGI enzyme (485 residues) was validated using Ramachandran's plot, which showed 87.71, 85.56, and 91.57% in the most favourable region for template Rhodotorula mucilaginosa KR, strain Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PY18, and mutant Rhodotorula mucilaginosa E54, respectively. In molecular docking studies, the results of template Rhodotorula mucilaginosa KR endo-PG1 showed an interaction with an affinity score of - 6.0, - 5.9, and - 5.6 kcal/mol for active sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PY18 endo-PG1 showed an interaction affinity with a score of - 5.8, - 6.0, and - 5.0 kcal/mol for active sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Mutant Rhodotorula mucilaginosa E54 endo-PG1 showed an interaction affinity of - 5.6, - 5.5, - 5.5 and - 5.4 kcal/mol for active sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The endo-PGI genes of both the yeast strain Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PY18 and mutant Rhodotorula mucilaginosa E54 were successfully cloned and expressed in E. coli DH5α, showing significantly higher endo-PG1 activity, which recorded 94.57 and 153.10 U/mg for recombinant Rhodotorula mucilaginosa pGEM-PGI-PY18 and recombinant mutant Rhotorula pGEM-PGI-E54, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa M Abd El-Aziz
- Microbial Genetic Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Maysa E Moharam
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Nora N El-Gamal
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Bigad E Khalil
- Microbial Genetic Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
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Dwivedi S, Yadav K, Gupta S, Tanveer A, Yadav S, Yadav D. Fungal pectinases: an insight into production, innovations and applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:305. [PMID: 37691054 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The fungal system holds morphological plasticity and metabolic versatility which makes it unique. Fungal habitat ranges from the Arctic region to the fertile mainland, including tropical rainforests, and temperate deserts. They possess a wide range of lifestyles behaving as saprophytic, parasitic, opportunistic, and obligate symbionts. These eukaryotic microbes can survive any living condition and adapt to behave as extremophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, or even psychrophile organisms. This behaviour has been exploited to yield microbial enzymes which can survive in extreme environments. The cost-effective production, stable catalytic behaviour and ease of genetic manipulation make them prominent sources of several industrially important enzymes. Pectinases are a class of pectin-degrading enzymes that show different mechanisms and substrate specificities to release end products. The pectinase family of enzymes is produced by microbial sources such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, plants, and animals. Fungal pectinases having high specificity for natural sources and higher stabilities and catalytic activities make them promising green catalysts for industrial applications. Pectinases from different microbial sources have been investigated for their industrial applications. However, their relevance in the food and textile industries is remarkable and has been extensively studied. The focus of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the current findings on fungal pectinases targeting diverse sources of fungal strains, their production by fermentation techniques, and a summary of purification strategies. Studies on pectinases regarding innovations comprising bioreactor-based production, immobilization of pectinases, in silico and expression studies, directed evolution, and omics-driven approaches specifically by fungal microbiota have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Dwivedi
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India
| | - Kanchan Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India
| | - Supriya Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India
| | - Aiman Tanveer
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India
| | - Sangeeta Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India
| | - Dinesh Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India.
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Song X, Li T, Gu H, Yin H. Space exposure enhanced pectin-degrading enzymes expression and activity in Aspergillus costaricaensis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:295. [PMID: 37658165 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus is a well-studied fungal genus that is widely used in the processing of plant biomass in industries. This study investigated the effects of space exposure on the ability of Aspergillus costaricaensis, a filamentous fungus isolated from rotten orange peel, to degrade pectin. These fungal spores were carried into space by the Long March 5B carrier rocket and exposed to cosmic radiation for 79 h. After the flight, these spores were resuscitated, and then the growing strains were screened with pectin as the sole carbon source, and the pectinase activity was evaluated. A mutant with increased biomass accumulation ability and pectin-degrading activity compared to the ground control strain was obtained. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that several CAZymes genes were significantly upregulated in the mutant, especially those related to pectin degradation. Among the 44 pectinases identified from the annotated genome, 42 were up-regulated. The activities of these pectinases are able to synergistically break down the structure of pectin. In addition, the expression of some genes involved in metabolism, sugar transport, and stress response was altered. These results imply that space exposure might serve as a potential mutagenesis breeding technique, offering the opportunity to acquire biomass-degrading microbial strains with potential for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Song
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tang Li
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hui Gu
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Guo T, Li J, Guo M, Yang Q, Dai X, Qiao X, Song Z, Tian C, Li Y, Ge H, Cheng J, Liang M. Low temperature inhibits pectin degradation by PpCBFs to prolong peach storage time. J Food Sci 2023; 88:3725-3736. [PMID: 37548624 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature storage is a widely used method for peach fruit storage. However, the impact of PpCBFs on pectin degradation during low-temperature storage is unclear. As such, in this study, we stored the melting-flesh peach cultivar "Fuli" at low temperature (LT, 6°C) and room temperature (RT, 25°C) to determine the effect of different temperatures on its physiological and biochemical changes. Low-temperature storage can inhibit the softening of "Fuli" peaches by maintaining the stability of the cell wall. It was found that the contents of water-soluble pectin and ionic-soluble pectin in peach fruit stored at RT were higher than those stored at LT. The enzyme activities of polygalacturonase (PG), pectate lyase (PL), and pectin methylesterase (PME) were all inhibited by LT. The expressions of PpPME3, PpPL2, and PpPG were closely related to fruit firmness, but PpCBF2 and PpCBF3 showed higher expression levels at LT than RT. The promoters of PpPL2 and PpPG contain the DER motif, which suggested that PpCBF2 and PpCBF3 might negatively regulate their expression by directly binding to their promoters. These results indicated that LT may maintain firmness by activating PpCBFs to repress pectin-degradation-related enzyme genes during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Guo
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jianzhao Li
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Meiling Guo
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Linyi Inspection and Testing Center, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaonan Dai
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xuqiang Qiao
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhizhong Song
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Changping Tian
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yanju Li
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hang Ge
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jieshan Cheng
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Meixia Liang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Hu F, Dong J, Zhang S, Song Z, Guan W, Yuan F, Zhong J, Liu J, Hu K, Cheng J. Fine mapping and gene silencing pinpoint Capana10g002229 as a strong candidate gene regulating the deciduous character of ripe pepper fruit (Capsicum spp.). Theor Appl Genet 2023; 136:107. [PMID: 37037971 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The pepper S locus, which controls the deciduous character of ripe fruit, was first fine mapped into an interval with a physical length of ~ 38.03 kb on chromosome P10. Capana10g002229, encoding a polygalacturonase, was proposed as a strong candidate gene based on sequence comparison, expression pattern analysis and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). The deciduous character of ripe fruit, which is controlled by the dominant S locus, is a domesticated trait with potential value in the pepper processing industry (Capsicum spp.). However, the gene associated with the S locus has not been identified. Here, one major QTL designated S10.1 was detected by using the F2 population (n = 155) derived from BA3 (Capsicum annuum) × YNXML (Capsicum frutescens) and was further verified in an intraspecific backcross population (n = 254) derived from the cross between BB3 (C. annuum) and its wild relative Chiltepin (C. annuum var. glabriusculum) with BB3 as the recurrent parent. Then, a large BC1F2 population derived from the self-pollination of BB3 × (BB3 × Chiltepin) individuals and comprising 4217 individuals was used to screen the recombinants, and the S locus was ultimately delimited into a 38.03-kb region on chromosome P10 harbouring four annotated genes. Capana10g002229, encoding a polygalacturonase (PG), was proposed as the best candidate gene for S based on sequence comparison and expression pattern analyses. Downregulation of Capana10g002229 in fruits through VIGS significantly delayed fruit softening and abscission from the fruit-receptacle junction. Taken together, the results show that Capana10g002229 could be regarded as a strong candidate gene associated with the S locus in pepper. These findings not only lay a foundation for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying pepper domestication but also provide a strategy for genetic improvement of the deciduous character of ripe fruit using a marker-assisted selection approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Vegetables Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Henry Fok School of Biology and Agricultural, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512023, Guangdong, China
| | - Jichi Dong
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Vegetables Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaobin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Henry Fok School of Biology and Agricultural, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512023, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao Song
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Wendong Guan
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Vegetables Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Fanchong Yuan
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Vegetables Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jian Zhong
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Vegetables Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Vegetables Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Kailin Hu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Vegetables Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jiaowen Cheng
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Vegetables Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Kim JS, Lee J, Ezura H. SlMBP3 Knockout/down in Tomato: Normal-Sized Fruit with Increased Dry Matter Content through Non-Liquefied Locular Tissue by Altered Cell Wall Formation. Plant Cell Physiol 2022; 63:1485-1499. [PMID: 35904273 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic effect of the knockdown/out of AGAMOUS clade MADS-box gene SlMBP3 in tomato was evaluated using a transferred DNA (T-DNA)-tagged mutant of SlMBP3 and SlMBP3-RNA interference lines. SlMBP3 was preferentially expressed in the locular tissue of fruit and the seed coat combined with the endoderm. Consistent with where SlMBP3 is expressed, the SlMBP3-knockout/down lines showed non-liquefied locular tissues and increased number of seed hairs than the wild type (WT). The early cell degradation of the locular tissue was not observed in the fruits of the SlMBP3-knockout/down lines, and the cells were elongated like placental cells resulting in non-liquefied locular tissues. As the result, the fruits of the SlMBP3-knockout/down lines exhibited higher dry matter contents and titratable acidity than those of the WT. During locular tissue cell development under the SlMBP3 knockout/down, the expression of cell-enlargement-related genes (beta-expansin gene SlEXPB1 and endo-beta-1,4-D-glucanase gene Cel8) and pectinase-inhibitor-related genes (pectin esterase inhibitor gene PE inhibitor and polygalacturonase inhibitor gene PG inhibitor) was upregulated and that of pectinase-encoding genes (polygalacturonase gene QRT3-like and pectin lyase gene PL2) was downregulated. In the seed coat of the SlMBP3-knockout/down lines, tomato trichome-formation-related genes such as MYB genes containing R2 and R3 repeats (R2R3-MYB) transcription factor SlMYB75, B-type cyclin SlCycB2 and Homeodomain Leucine Zipper (HD-Zip) IV transcription factor Woolly were downregulated. Our results demonstrate that SlMBP3 is involved in the liquefaction of the locular tissue through the modification of cell development and degradation processes and seed hair formation in tomato fruits, and the SlMBP3 knockout/down results in normal-sized fruit with increased dry matter content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Seong Kim
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea
| | - Jeongeun Lee
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Xu L, Zhang X, Zheng D, Chang Y, Zhang F, Wang Y, Huang L. VmMon1-Ccz1 Complex Is Required for Conidiation, Autophagy, and Virulence in Valsa mali. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2022; 35:906-916. [PMID: 35793146 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-22-0071-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Apple Valsa canker caused by Valsa mali is a serious disease in eastern Asia, especially in China. In our previous proteomics study, monensin sensitivity 1 protein in Valsa mali (VmMon1) was identified to be significantly upregulated during V. mali infection. It was reported Mon1 protein formed a heterodimer called MC (Mon1-Ccz1) complex with caffeine, calcium, and zinc sensitivity 1 protein (Ccz1) in yeast. However, Ccz1 had not been identified in plant-pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium graminearum and Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we identified a Ccz1 ortholog VmCcz1 in V. mali, by using DELTA-BLAST. The interaction of VmMon1 and VmCcz1 were verified using yeast two-hybrid assay, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Further yeast three-hybrid screenings determined that VmRab7 (Ras-related protein in V. mali) interacted with the MC complex. Targeted gene deletion showed that the ∆VmMon1 and ∆VmCcz1 mutants were defective in vegetative growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity. In addition, both mutants were more sensitive to osmotic and oxidative stresses and intracellular protein transport inhibitors. Cytological examination revealed that the ∆VmMon1 and ∆VmCcz1 mutants were impaired in vacuole fusion and autophagy. More importantly, expression of pectinase genes decreased in both mutants compared with those of the wild type during infection. Overall, our study identified Mon1 and Ccz1 genes in V. mali and provided evidence that VmMon1 and VmCcz1 are critical components that modulate vacuole fusion and autophagy, thereby affecting the development, conidiation, and pathogenicity of V. mali. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yali Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feiran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Rathnayaka Gamage SI, Kaewwongwal A, Laosatit K, Yimram T, Lin Y, Chen X, Nakazono M, Somta P. Tandemly duplicated genes encoding polygalacturonase inhibitors are associated with bruchid (Callosobruchus chinensis) resistance in moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia). Plant Sci 2022; 323:111402. [PMID: 35905896 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bruchids are stored-grain insect pests responsible for serious seed loss in legume crops. A previous study using an F2 population (F2OA) derived from a cross between wild moth-bean (Vigna aconitifolia [Jacq.] Maréchal) accession TN67 (resistant) and cultivated moth-bean accession ICPMO056 (susceptible) revealed that resistance to the azuki bean weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) in TN67 was regulated by a single gene located in the major quantitative trait locus-qVacBrc2.1. In this study, qVacBrc2.1 was finely mapped and candidate genes in this locus were identified using F2OA and another large F2 population (F2NB) derived from the cross mentioned previously. In contrast to the previous study, segregation analysis in the F2NB population revealed that resistance against this pest was controlled by two genes. Furthermore, the addition of novel markers to qVacBrc2.1 and reanalysis of the QTL in the F2OA population demonstrated that qVacBrc2.1 constituted two linked QTLs-qVacBrc2.1-A and qVacBrc2.1-B. The presence of qVacBrc2.1-B was verified using the population F2NB. Comparative genomics using three Vigna spp. strongly suggested the presence of two tandemly duplicated genes, VacPGIP1 and VacPGIP2, which encoded polygalacturonase inhibitors (polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins) as the candidates for conferring resistance, but only VacPGIP1 could be successfully cloned and sequenced. The alignment of VacPGIP1 coding sequences of TN67 and ICPMO056 revealed eight single nucleotide polymorphisms, three of which altered the amino-acid sequence of the predicted domains of polygalacturonase inhibitors in ICPMO056. Overall, these findings indicate that VacPGIP1 and VacPGIP2 regulated C. chinensis resistance in TN67.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyali Iroshani Rathnayaka Gamage
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Anochar Kaewwongwal
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Kularb Laosatit
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Tarika Yimram
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Yun Lin
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Prakit Somta
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
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10
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Gao H, Wu X, Yang X, Sun M, Xiao Y, Peng F. Silicon inhibits gummosis in peach via ethylene and PpERF-PpPG1 pathway. Plant Sci 2022; 322:111362. [PMID: 35753620 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is abundant in nature, and it has been proved to be beneficial for the healthy growth and development of many plant species, improve plant stress resistance. Gummosis in peach is an invasive disease that causes widespread and serious damage. Mechanical damage and ethylene (ETH) can induce gummosis in peach shoots in the field. In this research, we found that Si as a chemical substance or signal to enhance plant resistance can reduce the synthesis of ETH, thereby inhibiting gummosis in peach. The results showed that Si can decrease the rate of gummosis, reduce the expression level of PpACS1 (1-aminocyclopropane -1-carboxylate synthase gene) and reduce the enzyme activity of polygalacturonase (PG). It was further discovered that Si can regulate the gene expression of PpERF21 and PpERF27. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that PpERF21 and PpERF27, through direct interaction with the promoter of PpPG1, inhibited the transcriptional activation of PpPG1. Overexpression of PpERF21 and PpERF27 effectively reduced fruit colloid production when bacterial cells harbouring the expression vector were used to instantaneously infect peach fruit. These results show that Si can inhibit the synthesis of ETH and mediate PpERF21 and PpERF27 expression to inhibit the expression of PpPG1, thereby inhibiting gummosis in peach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaifeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, China
| | - Xuelian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, China
| | - Maoxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, China
| | - Yuansong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, China.
| | - Futian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, China.
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11
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Wu Y, Li X, Li Y, Ma H, Chi H, Ma Y, Yang J, Xie S, Zhang R, Liu L, Su X, Lv R, Khan AH, Kong J, Guo X, Lindsey K, Min L, Zhang X. Degradation of de-esterified pctin/homogalacturonan by the polygalacturonase GhNSP is necessary for pollen exine formation and male fertility in cotton. Plant Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1054-1068. [PMID: 35114063 PMCID: PMC9129075 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The pollen wall exine provides a protective layer for the male gametophyte and is largely composed of sporopollenin, which comprises fatty acid derivatives and phenolics. However, the biochemical nature of the external exine is poorly understood. Here, we show that the male sterile line 1355A of cotton mutated in NO SPINE POLLEN (GhNSP) leads to defective exine formation. The GhNSP locus was identified through map-based cloning and confirmed by genetic analysis (co-segregation test and allele prediction using the CRISPR/Cas9 system). In situ hybridization showed that GhNSP is highly expressed in tapetum. GhNSP encodes a polygalacturonase protein homologous to AtQRT3, which suggests a function for polygalacturonase in pollen exine formation. These results indicate that GhNSP is functionally different from AtQRT3, the latter has the function of microspore separation. Biochemical analysis showed that the percentage of de-esterified pectin was significantly increased in the 1355A anthers at developmental stage 8. Furthermore, immunofluorescence studies using antibodies to the de-esterified and esterified homogalacturonan (JIM5 and JIM7) showed that the Ghnsp mutant exhibits abundant of de-esterified homogalacturonan in the tapetum and exine, coupled with defective exine formation. The characterization of GhNSP provides new understanding of the role of polygalacturonase and de-esterified homogalacturonan in pollen exine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlong Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yanlong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Huanhuan Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Huabin Chi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yizan Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Economic CropsXinjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesXinjiangChina
| | - Sai Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Linying Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xiaojun Su
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Rongjie Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Aamir Hamid Khan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Jie Kong
- Institute of Economic CropsXinjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesXinjiangChina
| | - Xiaoping Guo
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | | | - Ling Min
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
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12
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Wang F, Sun X, Liu B, Kong F, Pan X, Zhang H. A polygalacturonase gene PG031 regulates seed coat permeability with a pleiotropic effect on seed weight in soybean. Theor Appl Genet 2022; 135:1603-1618. [PMID: 35233649 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A QTL gene PG031 regulates the seed coat permeability and seed weight. The critical SNP that can explain the variation of permeability in soybean population can be used for seed improvement. Seed coat permeability is a critical trait for soybean and is tightly associated with seed storage longevity, germination, soy-food processing, and other commercially important traits. However, the molecular mechanism of such an important trait in soybean is largely unclear. In the present study, we uncovered a polygalacturonase (PG) gene, PG031, which controls seed coat permeability in soybean. PG031 exhibited tissue expression specificity in flowers while it was strongly induced in the seed coat and radical upon imbibition. Subcellular localization localized PG031 to the cell wall, suggesting its role specific to the cell wall of the seed coat. Natural variation analysis reveals three haplotypes (PG031289H, PG031289Y, and PG031Hap3) and the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation for H289Y may explain the variation in permeability in cultivated soybean population. Overexpression of impermeable allele PG031289H significantly reduced the seed coat permeability and 100-seed weight in transgenic seeds through decreasing intracellular spaces of the osteosclereid layer and parenchyma of the seed coat to decline water accessing the seed. PG031 was also located within a quantitative trait locus (QTL) explaining ~ 15% of total phenotypic variation in permeability, nominating it the QTL gene controlling permeability. PG031289Y allele associated with high permeability and high seed weight is experiencing ongoing artificial selection. The results provide insight into the genetic mechanism of seed coat permeability and indicate its potential for the improvement of permeability-associated seed traits in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiangwen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Hengyou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China.
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13
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Zhang F, Labourel A, Haon M, Kemppainen M, Da Silva Machado E, Brouilly N, Veneault-Fourrey C, Kohler A, Rosso MN, Pardo A, Henrissat B, Berrin JG, Martin F. The ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor releases a GH28 polygalacturonase that plays a key role in symbiosis establishment. New Phytol 2022; 233:2534-2547. [PMID: 34942023 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In ectomycorrhiza, root penetration and colonization of the intercellular space by symbiotic hyphae is thought to rely on the mechanical force that results from hyphal tip growth, enhanced by the activity of secreted cell-wall-degrading enzymes. Here, we characterize the biochemical properties of the symbiosis-induced polygalacturonase LbGH28A from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. The transcriptional regulation of LbGH28A was measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR). The biological relevance of LbGH28A was confirmed by generating RNA interference (RNAi)-silenced LbGH28A mutants. We localized the LbGH28A protein by immunofluorescence confocal and immunogold cytochemical microscopy in poplar ectomycorrhizal roots. Quantitative PCR confirmed the induced expression of LbGH28A during ectomycorrhiza formation. Laccaria bicolor RNAi mutants have a lower ability to establish ectomycorrhiza, confirming the key role of this enzyme in symbiosis. The purified recombinant LbGH28A has its highest activity towards pectin and polygalacturonic acid. In situ localization of LbGH28A indicates that this endopolygalacturonase is located in both fungal and plant cell walls at the symbiotic hyphal front. These findings suggest that the symbiosis-induced pectinase LbGH28A is involved in the Hartig net formation and is an important determinant for successful symbiotic colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems & Institute of Innovation Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, China
- UMR 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Université de Lorraine, INRAE, INRAE Grand Est - Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Aurore Labourel
- UMR 1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Mireille Haon
- UMR 1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Minna Kemppainen
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), B1876BXD, Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilie Da Silva Machado
- UMR 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Université de Lorraine, INRAE, INRAE Grand Est - Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | | | - Claire Veneault-Fourrey
- UMR 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Université de Lorraine, INRAE, INRAE Grand Est - Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Annegret Kohler
- UMR 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Université de Lorraine, INRAE, INRAE Grand Est - Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Rosso
- UMR 1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Alejandro Pardo
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), B1876BXD, Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- CNRS, UMR 7257 & Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13009, Marseille, France
- INRAE, USC 1408 AFMB, 13288, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- UMR 1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Francis Martin
- UMR 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Université de Lorraine, INRAE, INRAE Grand Est - Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 152000, Beijing, China
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Yang Y, Lu L, Sun D, Wang J, Wang N, Qiao L, Guo Q, Wang C. Fungus Polygalacturonase-Generated Oligogalacturonide Restrains Fruit Softening in Ripening Tomato. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:759-769. [PMID: 34932342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fruit softening exacerbates mechanical damage incurred during shipping and handling and the increase in pathogen susceptibility. Here, oligogalacturonides (OGs) produced by fungal polygalacturonase (PG) delayed fruit softening in tomato and maintained fruit firmness at 8.37 ± 0.45 N at 13 d of storage, which was consistent with the fruit firmness level of 5 d in the control groups. From RNA sequencing data in line production of phytohormones, we confirmed ethylene and jasmonic acid signals, the MAPK signaling cascade, and calmodulin involved in the OG-mediated firmness response of whole fruit. SlPG2, SlPL3, and SlPL5 were the major contributing factors for fruit softening, and their expression decreased continuously upon OG application. Suppression of the expression of ethylene response factors using a virus-induced gene-silencing strategy revealed that SlERF6 was negatively involved in OG-restrained fruit softening. Taken together, these results indicated that fungal PG-generated OGs have potential application value in controlling tomato fruit softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Laifeng Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Jinghao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Nifei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Liping Qiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Qingbin Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Changlu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
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15
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Rafique N, Bashir S, Khan MZ, Hayat I, Orts W, Wong DWS. Metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis with an endopolygalacturonase gene isolated from Pectobacterium. carotovorum; a plant pathogenic bacterial strain. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256562. [PMID: 34936645 PMCID: PMC8694468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectinolytic enzymes or pectinases are synthesized naturally by numerous microbes and plants. These enzymes degrade various kinds of pectin which exist as the major component of the cell wall in plants. A pectinase gene encoding endo-polygalacturonase (endo-PGase) enzyme was isolated from Pectobacterium carotovorum a plant pathogenic strain of bacteria and successfully cloned into a secretion vector pHT43 having σA-dependent promoter for heterologous expression in Bacillus subtilis (WB800N).The desired PCR product was 1209bp which encoded an open reading frame of 402 amino acids. Recombinant proteins showed an estimated molecular weight of 48 kDa confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Transformed B. subtilis competent cells harbouring the engineered pHT43 vector with the foreign endo-PGase gene were cultured in 2X-yeast extract tryptone medium and subsequently screened for enzyme activity at various temperatures and pH ranges. Optimal activity of recombinant endo-PGase was found at 40°C and pH 5.0. To assay the catalytic effect of metal ions, the recombinant enzyme was incubated with 1 mM concentration of various metal ions. Potassium chloride increased the enzyme activity while EDTA, Zn++ and Ca++, strongly inhibited the activity. The chromatographic analysis of enzymatic hydrolysates of polygalacturonic acid (PGA) and pectin substrates using HPLC and TLC revealed tri and tetra-galacturonates as the end products of recombinant endo-PGase hydrolysis. Conclusively, endo-PGase gene from the plant pathogenic strain was successfully expressed in Bacillus subtilis for the first time using pHT43 expression vector and could be assessed for enzyme production using a very simple medium with IPTG induction. These findings proposed that the Bacillus expression system might be safer to escape endotoxins for commercial enzyme production as compared to yeast and fungi. Additionally, the hydrolysis products generated by the recombinant endo-PGase activity offer their useful applications in food and beverage industry for quality products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagina Rafique
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Centre, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Saiqa Bashir
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Khan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Imran Hayat
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Willium Orts
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Centre, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Dominic W. S. Wong
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Centre, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, United States of America
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Peng M, de Vries RP. Machine learning prediction of novel pectinolytic enzymes in Aspergillus niger through integrating heterogeneous (post-) genomics data. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34874247 PMCID: PMC8767319 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectinolytic enzymes are a variety of enzymes involved in breaking down pectin, a complex and abundant plant cell-wall polysaccharide. In nature, pectinolytic enzymes play an essential role in allowing bacteria and fungi to depolymerize and utilize pectin. In addition, pectinases have been widely applied in various industries, such as the food, wine, textile, paper and pulp industries. Due to their important biological function and increasing industrial potential, discovery of novel pectinolytic enzymes has received global interest. However, traditional enzyme characterization relies heavily on biochemical experiments, which are time consuming, laborious and expensive. To accelerate identification of novel pectinolytic enzymes, an automatic approach is needed. We developed a machine learning (ML) approach for predicting pectinases in the industrial workhorse fungus, Aspergillus niger. The prediction integrated a diverse range of features, including evolutionary profile, gene expression, transcriptional regulation and biochemical characteristics. Results on both the training and the independent testing dataset showed that our method achieved over 90 % accuracy, and recalled over 60 % of pectinolytic genes. Application of the ML model on the A. niger genome led to the identification of 83 pectinases, covering both previously described pectinases and novel pectinases that do not belong to any known pectinolytic enzyme family. Our study demonstrated the tremendous potential of ML in discovery of new industrial enzymes through integrating heterogeneous (post-) genomimcs data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Peng
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Mao Peng,
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Zhai Z, Feng C, Wang Y, Sun Y, Peng X, Xiao Y, Zhang X, Zhou X, Jiao J, Wang W, Du B, Wang C, Liu Y, Li T. Genome-Wide Identification of the Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/Hydrolase ( XTH) and Polygalacturonase ( PG) Genes and Characterization of Their Role in Fruit Softening of Sweet Cherry. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212331. [PMID: 34830211 PMCID: PMC8621145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit firmness is an important economical trait in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) where the change of this trait is related to cell wall degradation. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) and polygalacturonases (PGs) are critical cell-wall-modifying enzymes that occupy a crucial position in fruit ripening and softening. Herein, we identified 18 XTHs and 45 PGs designated PavXTH1-18 and PavPG1-45 based on their locations in the genome of sweet cherry. We provided a systematical overview of PavXTHs and PavPGs, including phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, and expression profiling of these genes. The results showed that PavXTH14, PavXTH15 and PavPG38 were most likely to participated in fruit softening owing to the substantial increment in expression during fruit development and ripening. Furthermore, the phytohormone ABA, MeJA, and ethephon significantly elevated the expression of PavPG38 and PavXTH15, and thus promoted fruit softening. Importantly, transient expression PavXTH14, PavXTH15 and PavPG38 in cherry fruits significantly reduced the fruit firmness, and the content of various cell wall components including hemicellulose and pectin significantly changed correspondingly in the transgenic fruit. Taken together, these results present an extensive analysis of XTHs and PGs in sweet cherry and provide potential targets for breeding softening-resistant sweet cherry cultivars via manipulating cell wall-associated genes.
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Ohara T, Takeuchi H, Sato J, Nakamura A, Ichikawa H, Yokoyama R, Nishitani K, Minami E, Satoh S, Iwai H. Structural Alteration of Rice Pectin Affects Cell Wall Mechanical Strength and Pathogenicity of the Rice Blast Fungus Under Weak Light Conditions. Plant Cell Physiol 2021; 62:641-649. [PMID: 33543762 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pectin, a component of the plant cell wall, is involved in cell adhesion and environmental adaptations. We generated OsPG-FOX rice lines with little pectin due to overexpression of the gene encoding a pectin-degrading enzyme [polygalacturonase (PG)]. Overexpression of OsPG2 in rice under weak light conditions increased the activity of PG, which increased the degradation of pectin in the cell wall, thereby reducing adhesion. Under weak light conditions, the overexpression of OsPG decreased the pectin content and cell adhesion, resulting in abnormally large intercellular gaps and facilitating invasion by the rice blast fungus. OsPG2-FOX plants had weaker mechanical properties and greater sensitivity to biotic stresses than wild-type (WT) plants. However, the expression levels of disease resistance genes in non-infected leaves of OsPG2-FOX were more than twice as high as those of the WT and the intensity of disease symptoms was reduced, compared with the WT. Under normal light conditions, overexpression of OsPG2 decreased the pectin content, but did not affect cell adhesion and sensitivity to biotic stresses. Therefore, PG plays a role in regulating intercellular adhesion and the response to biotic stresses in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohara
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesTsukuba, Ibaraki 305, 8572Japan
| | - Haruki Takeuchi
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesTsukuba, Ibaraki 305, 8572Japan
| | - Junya Sato
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesTsukuba, Ibaraki 305, 8572Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakamura
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesTsukuba, Ibaraki 305, 8572Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ichikawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukuba, Ibaraki 305, 8634Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Nishitani
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Kanagawa UniversityHiratsuka,Japan
| | - Eiichi Minami
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukuba, Ibaraki 305, 8634Japan
| | - Shinobu Satoh
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesTsukuba, Ibaraki 305, 8572Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwai
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesTsukuba, Ibaraki 305, 8572Japan
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19
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Zhang L, Hua C, Pruitt RN, Qin S, Wang L, Albert I, Albert M, van Kan JAL, Nürnberger T. Distinct immune sensor systems for fungal endopolygalacturonases in closely related Brassicaceae. Nat Plants 2021; 7:1254-1263. [PMID: 34326531 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) facilitate recognition of microbial patterns and mediate activation of plant immunity. Arabidopsis thaliana RLP42 senses fungal endopolygalacturonases (PGs) and triggers plant defence through complex formation with SOBIR1 and SERK co-receptors. Here, we show that a conserved 9-amino-acid fragment pg9(At) within PGs is sufficient to activate RLP42-dependent plant immunity. Structure-function analysis reveals essential roles of amino acid residues within the RLP42 leucine-rich repeat and island domains for ligand binding and PRR complex assembly. Sensitivity to pg9(At), which is restricted to A. thaliana and exhibits scattered accession specificity, is unusual for known PRRs. Arabidopsis arenosa and Brassica rapa, two Brassicaceae species closely related to A. thaliana, respectively perceive immunogenic PG fragments pg20(Aa) and pg36(Bra), which are structurally distinct from pg9(At). Our study provides evidence for rapid evolution of polymorphic PG sensors with distinct pattern specificities within a single plant family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rory N Pruitt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Si Qin
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Isabell Albert
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Albert
- Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan A L van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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20
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Xu M, Zhou W, Geng W, Zhao S, Pan Y, Fan G, Zhang S, Wang Y, Liao K. Transcriptome analysis insight into ethylene metabolism and pectinase activity of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) development and ripening. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13569. [PMID: 34193901 PMCID: PMC8245559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene metabolism is very important for climacteric fruit, and apricots are typical climacteric fruit. The activity of pectinase is closely related to fruit firmness, which further affects fruit quality. To better understand ethylene metabolism, pectinase activity and their molecular regulation mechanisms during the development and ripening of apricot fruit, ethylene metabolism, pectinase activity and the "Luntaibaixing" apricot fruit transcriptome were analyzed at different developmental stages. Ethylene metabolic precursors, enzyme activities and ethylene release increased during fruit development and ripening, with significant differences between the ripening stage and other stages (P < 0.05). Fruit firmness decreased significantly from the S1 to S5 stages, and polygalacturonase, pectin methylesterase, and pectin lyase activities were significantly higher in the S5 stage than in other stages. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of fruit resulted in the identification of 22,337 unigenes and 6629 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during development and ripening, of which 20,989 unigenes are annotated in public protein databases. In functional enrichment analysis, DEGs among the three stages were found to be involved in plant hormone signal transduction. Four key genes affecting ethylene metabolism, six key ethylene signal transduction genes and seven genes related to pectinase in apricot fruit were identified by KEGG pathway analysis. By RNA-sequencing, we not only clarified the molecular mechanism of ethylene metabolism during the ripening of "Luntaibaixing" apricot fruit but also provided a theoretical basis for understanding pectin metabolism in apricot fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Research Centre of Characteristic Fruit Tree, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Weiquan Zhou
- Research Centre of Characteristic Fruit Tree, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wenjuan Geng
- Research Centre of Characteristic Fruit Tree, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shirong Zhao
- Research Centre of Characteristic Fruit Tree, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guoquan Fan
- Luntai National Fruit Germplasm Resources Garden of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, 841600, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shikui Zhang
- Luntai National Fruit Germplasm Resources Garden of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, 841600, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yatong Wang
- Luntai National Fruit Germplasm Resources Garden of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, 841600, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kang Liao
- Research Centre of Characteristic Fruit Tree, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.
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21
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Wang S, Meng K, Su X, Hakulinen N, Wang Y, Zhang J, Luo H, Yao B, Huang H, Tu T. Cysteine Engineering of an Endo-polygalacturonase from Talaromyces leycettanus JCM 12802 to Improve Its Thermostability. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:6351-6359. [PMID: 34043362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermostable enzymes have many advantages for industrial applications. Therefore, in this study, computer-aided design technology was used to improve the thermostability of a highly active endo-polygalacturonase from Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802 at an optimal temperature of 70 °C. The melting temperature and specific activity of the obtained mutant T316C/G344C were increased by 10 °C and 36.5%, respectively, compared with the wild-type enzyme. The crystal structure of the T316C/G344C mutant showed no formation of a disulfide bond between the introduced cysteines, indicating a different mechanism than the conventional mechanism underlying improved enzyme thermostability. The cysteine substitutions directly formed a new alkyl hydrophobic interaction and caused conformational changes in the side chains of the adjacent residues Asn315 and Thr343, which in turn caused a local reconstruction of hydrogen bonds. This method greatly improved the thermostability of the enzyme without affecting its activity; thus, our findings are of great significance for both theoretical research and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nina Hakulinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu 80130, Finland
| | - Yaru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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22
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Verhage L. Get in shape - how a polygalacturonase affects plant morphology. Plant J 2021; 106:1491-1492. [PMID: 34296489 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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23
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Reverchon S, Meyer S, Forquet R, Hommais F, Muskhelishvili G, Nasser W. The nucleoid-associated protein IHF acts as a 'transcriptional domainin' protein coordinating the bacterial virulence traits with global transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:776-790. [PMID: 33337488 PMCID: PMC7826290 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogenic growth requires a swift coordination of pathogenicity function with various kinds of environmental stress encountered in the course of host infection. Among the factors critical for bacterial adaptation are changes of DNA topology and binding effects of nucleoid-associated proteins transducing the environmental signals to the chromosome and coordinating the global transcriptional response to stress. In this study, we use the model phytopathogen Dickeya dadantii to analyse the organisation of transcription by the nucleoid-associated heterodimeric protein IHF. We inactivated the IHFα subunit of IHF thus precluding the IHFαβ heterodimer formation and determined both phenotypic effects of ihfA mutation on D. dadantii virulence and the transcriptional response under various conditions of growth. We show that ihfA mutation reorganises the genomic expression by modulating the distribution of chromosomal DNA supercoils at different length scales, thus affecting many virulence genes involved in both symptomatic and asymptomatic phases of infection, including those required for pectin catabolism. Altogether, we propose that IHF heterodimer is a 'transcriptional domainin' protein, the lack of which impairs the spatiotemporal organisation of transcriptional stress-response domains harbouring various virulence traits, thus abrogating the pathogenicity of D. dadantii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Reverchon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, UMR5240 MAP, F-69622, France
| | - Sam Meyer
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, UMR5240 MAP, F-69622, France
| | - Raphaël Forquet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, UMR5240 MAP, F-69622, France
| | - Florence Hommais
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, UMR5240 MAP, F-69622, France
| | - Georgi Muskhelishvili
- Agricultural University of Georgia, School of Natural Sciences, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - William Nasser
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, UMR5240 MAP, F-69622, France
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24
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Tu T, Wang Z, Luo Y, Li Y, Su X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Rouvinen J, Yao B, Hakulinen N, Luo H. Structural Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying the Kinetic Stability of GH28 Endo-Polygalacturonase. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:815-823. [PMID: 33404235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermostability is a key property of industrial enzymes. Endo-polygalacturonases of the glycoside hydrolase family 28 have many practical applications, but only few of their structures have been determined, and the reasons for their stability remain unclear. We identified and characterized the Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802 endo-polygalacturonase TlPGA, which differs from other GH28 family members because of its high catalytic activity, with an optimum temperature of 70 °C. Distinctive features were revealed by comparison of thermophilic TlPGA and all known structures of fungal endo-polygalacturonases, including a relatively large exposed polar accessible surface area in thermophilic TlPGA. By mutating potentially important residues in thermophilic TlPGA, we identified Thr284 as a critical residue. Mutant T284A was comparable to thermophilic TlPGA in melting temperature but exhibited a significantly lower half-life and half-inactivation temperature, implicating residue Thr284 in the kinetic stability of thermophilic TlPGA. Structure analysis of thermophilic TlPGA and mutant T284A revealed that a carbon-oxygen hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl group of Thr284 and the Cα atom of Gln255, and the stable conformation adopted by Gln255, contribute to its kinetic stability. Our results clarify the mechanism underlying the kinetic stability of GH28 endo-polygalacturonases and may guide the engineering of thermostable enzymes for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhiyun Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yan Luo
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yeqing Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Juha Rouvinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu 80130, Finland
| | - Bin Yao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Nina Hakulinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu 80130, Finland
| | - Huiying Luo
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
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25
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Zhang G, Hou X, Wang L, Xu J, Chen J, Fu X, Shen N, Nian J, Jiang Z, Hu J, Zhu L, Rao Y, Shi Y, Ren D, Dong G, Gao Z, Guo L, Qian Q, Luan S. PHOTO-SENSITIVE LEAF ROLLING 1 encodes a polygalacturonase that modifies cell wall structure and drought tolerance in rice. New Phytol 2021; 229:890-901. [PMID: 32858770 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis and modification of cell wall composition and structure are controlled by hundreds of enzymes and have a direct consequence on plant growth and development. However, the majority of these enzymes has not been functionally characterised. Rice mutants with leaf-rolling phenotypes were screened in a field. Phenotypic analysis under controlled conditions was performed for the selected mutant and the relevant gene was identified by map-based cloning. Cell wall composition was analysed by glycome profiling assay. We identified a photo-sensitive leaf rolling 1 (psl1) mutant with 'napping' (midday depression of photosynthesis) phenotype and reduced growth. The PSL1 gene encodes a cell wall-localised polygalacturonase (PG), a pectin-degrading enzyme. psl1 with a 260-bp deletion in its gene displayed leaf rolling in response to high light intensity and/or low humidity. Biochemical assays revealed PG activity of recombinant PSL1 protein. Significant modifications to cell wall composition in the psl1 mutant compared with the wild-type plants were identified. Such modifications enhanced drought tolerance of the mutant plants by reducing water loss under osmotic stress and drought conditions. Taken together, PSL1 functions as a PG that modifies cell wall biosynthesis, plant development and drought tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xin Hou
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xue Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Nianwei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jinqiang Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yuchun Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yafei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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26
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Paniagua C, Ric-Varas P, García-Gago JA, López-Casado G, Blanco-Portales R, Muñoz-Blanco J, Schückel J, Knox JP, Matas AJ, Quesada MA, Posé S, Mercado JA. Elucidating the role of polygalacturonase genes in strawberry fruit softening. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:7103-7117. [PMID: 32856699 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To disentangle the role of polygalacturonase (PG) genes in strawberry softening, the two PG genes most expressed in ripe receptacles, FaPG1 and FaPG2, were down-regulated. Transgenic ripe fruits were firmer than those of the wild type when PG genes were silenced individually. Simultaneous silencing of both PG genes by transgene stacking did not result in an additional increase in firmness. Cell walls from ripe fruits were characterized by a carbohydrate microarray. Higher signals of homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan I pectin epitopes in polysaccharide fractions tightly bound to the cell wall were observed in the transgenic genotypes, suggesting a lower pectin solubilization. At the transcriptomic level, the suppression of FaPG1 or FaPG2 alone induced few transcriptomic changes in the ripe receptacle, but the amount of differentially expressed genes increased notably when both genes were silenced. Many genes encoding cell wall-modifying enzymes were down-regulated. The expression of a putative high affinity potassium transporter was induced in all transgenic genotypes, indicating that cell wall weakening and loss of cell turgor could be linked. These results suggest that, besides the disassembly of pectins tightly linked to the cell wall, PGs could play other roles in strawberry softening, such as the release of oligogalacturonides exerting a positive feedback in softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelas Paniagua
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pablo Ric-Varas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan A García-Gago
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Gloria López-Casado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Julia Schückel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Antonio J Matas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A Quesada
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sara Posé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José A Mercado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Abstract
This article comments on:
Paniagua C, Ric-Varas P, Garcia-Gago JA, López-Casado G, Blanco-Portales R, Muñoz-Blanco J, Schückel J, Knox JP, Matas AJ, Quesada MA, Posé S, Mercado JA. 2020. Elucidating the role of polygalacturonase genes in strawberry fruit softening. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, 7103–7117.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Liao J, Chen Z, Wei X, Tao K, Zhang J, Qin X, Pan Z, Ma W, Pan L, Yang S, Wang M, Ou X, Chen S. Identification of pollen and pistil polygalacturonases in Nicotiana tabacum and their function in interspecific stigma compatibility. Plant Reprod 2020; 33:173-190. [PMID: 32880726 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-020-00393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The pollen and pistil polygalacturonases in Nicotiana tabacum were identified and found to regulate pollen tube growth and interspecific compatibility. Polygalacturonase (PG) is one of the enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of pectin. This process plays important roles in the pollen and pistil. In this research, the pollen and pistil PGs in Nicotiana tabacum (NtPGs) were identified, and their expression, localization and the potential function in the pollen and interspecific stigma incompatibility were explored. The results showed that 118 NtPGs were retrieved from the genome of N. tabacum. The phylogenetic tree and RT-qPCR analysis led to the identification of 10 pollen PGs; among them, two, seven and one showed specifically higher expression levels in the early development of anthers, during pollen maturation and in mature anthers, respectively, indicating their function difference. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that PGs were located in the cytoplasm of (1) mature pollen and (2) in vitro grown pollen tubes, as well as in the wall of in vivo grown pollen tubes. Four NtPGs in clade A were identified as the pistil PGs, and the pistil PGs were not found in clade E. Significantly higher PGs expression was recorded after incompatible pollination in comparison with the compatible stigma, indicating a potential function of PGs in regulating stigma incompatibility. The influence of PGs on pollen tube growth was explored in vitro and partly in vivo, showing that high PGs activity inhibited pollen tube growth. The application of PGs on the otherwise compatible stigma resulted in pollen tube growth inhibition or failure of germination. These results further supported that increased PGs expression in incompatible stigma might be partially responsible for the interspecific stigma incompatibility in Nicotiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugou Liao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xuemei Wei
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Keliang Tao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiaojun Qin
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zihui Pan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wenguang Ma
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Yuxi, 653100, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Yuxi China Tobacco Seed Co., Ltd., Yuxi, 653100, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Yuxi China Tobacco Seed Co., Ltd., Yuxi, 653100, China
| | | | - Xiaokun Ou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Suiyun Chen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Diseases and Pests, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Diseases & Pests, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, China.
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Thilini Chethana KW, Peng J, Li X, Xing Q, Liu M, Zhang W, Hyde KD, Zhao W, Yan J. LtEPG1, a Secretory Endopolygalacturonase Protein, Regulates the Virulence of Lasiodiplodia theobromae in Vitis vinifera and Is Recognized as a Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns. Phytopathology 2020; 110:1727-1736. [PMID: 32460690 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-20-0118-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Lasiodiplodia theobromae genome encodes numerous glycoside hydrolases involved in organic matter degradation and conducive to pathogen infection, whereas their molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. Here, we identified the glycoside hydrolase family 28 endopolygalacturonase LtEPG1 in L. theobromae and characterized its function in detail. LtEPG1 acts as a virulence factor during L. theobromae infection. Overexpression and silencing of LtEPG1 in L. theobromae led to significantly increased and decreased lesion areas, respectively. Further, the high transcript level of LtEPG1 during the infection process supported its virulence function. Polygalacturonase activity of LtEPG1 was substantiated by detecting its ability to degrade pectin. Furthermore, LtEPG1 functioned as microbe-associated molecular patterns during the infection process. Both transient expression of LtEPG1 in planta and infiltration of purified LtEPG1 triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Site-directed mutation of LtEPG1 indicated that the enzymatic activity of LtEPG1 is independent from its elicitor activity. A protein kinase, KINβ1, was shown to interact in the yeast two-hybrid system with LtEPG1. This interaction was further confirmed in vitro using a pull-down assay. Our data indicate that LtEPG1 functions as a polygalacturonase and also serves as an elicitor with two independent mechanisms. Moreover, LtEPG1 may be able to manipulate host immune responses by regulating the KINβ1-mediated signal pathway and consequently promote its own successful infection and symptom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Thilini Chethana
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100097, China
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Junbo Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xinghong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Qikai Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Kevin D Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Wensheng Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jiye Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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Rodríguez-Pires S, Melgarejo P, De Cal A, Espeso EA. Pectin as Carbon Source for Monilinia laxa Exoproteome and Expression Profiles of Related Genes. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2020; 33:1116-1128. [PMID: 32484383 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-20-0019-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pectin, as part of the fruit cell wall, can be degraded by brown rot fungi by coordinating the production, secretion, and action of extracellular enzymes. In this study, pectin utilization by the necrotroph Monilinia laxa 8L was studied by in vitro and in silico approaches. A total of 403 genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) were identified, including 38 coding a predicted pectin-degrading activity. Analyzing the differences between M. laxa 8L exoproteomes in media containing glucose and pectin as sole carbon sources, we identified 107 pectin-specific proteins, among them, 64.48% harbor a classical secretory activity, including 42 CAZymes and six pectin-degrading proteins. Analyzing the gene-expression patterns of some pectinase families revealed their possible sequential action in pectin disassembly. We found, in vitro, an early pectin-dependent induction of MlRGAE1, MlPG1, and three members of the rhamnosidase family (MlαRHA2, MlαRHA3, and MlαRHA6) and late response of MlPG2 and MlPNL3. M. laxa 8L has the ability to use both pectin and byproducts as carbon sources, based on a functional pectinolytic machinery encoded in its genome, subjected to pectin-dependent regulation and appropriate secretion mechanisms of these pectinolytic enzymes. Differences in the secretion and transcription profile of M. laxa 8L provided insights into the different mechanisms that contribute to brown rot development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodríguez-Pires
- Department of Plant Protection, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña Km. 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Melgarejo
- Department of Plant Protection, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña Km. 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonieta De Cal
- Department of Plant Protection, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña Km. 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo A Espeso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Ye J, Yang X, Yang Z, Niu F, Chen Y, Zhang L, Song X. Comprehensive analysis of polygalacturonase gene family highlights candidate genes related to pollen development and male fertility in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Planta 2020; 252:31. [PMID: 32740680 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03435-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Four polygalacturonase gene family members were highlighted that contribute to elucidate the roles of polygalacturonase during the fertility conversion process in male-sterile wheat. Polygalacturonase (PG) belongs to a large family of hydrolases with important functions in cell separation during plant growth and development via the degradation of pectin. Specific expressed PGs in anthers may be significant for male sterility research and hybrid wheat breeding, but they have not been characterized in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, we systematically studied the PG gene family using the latest published wheat reference genomic information. In total, 113 wheat PG genes were identified, which could be classified into six categories A-F according to their structure characteristics and phylogenetic comparisons with Arabidopsis and rice. Polyploidy and segmental duplications in wheat were proved to be mainly responsible for the expansion of the wheat PG gene family. RNA-seq showed that TaPGs have specific temporal and spatial expression characteristics, in which 12 TaPGs with spike-specific expression patterns were detected by qRT-PCR in different fertility anthers of KTM3315A, a thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male-sterile wheat. Four of them specific upregulated (TaPG09, TaPG95, and TaPG93) or downregulated (TaPG87) at trinucleate stage of fertile anthers, and further aligning with the homologous in Arabidopsis revealed that they may undertake functions such as anther dehiscence, separation of pollen, pollen development, and pollen tube elongation, thereby inducing male fertility conversion in KTM3315A. These findings facilitate function investigations of the wheat PG gene family and provide new insights into the fertility conversion mechanism in male-sterile wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Ye
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuetong Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiquan Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fuqiang Niu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiyue Song
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Hocq L, Guinand S, Habrylo O, Voxeur A, Tabi W, Safran J, Fournet F, Domon JM, Mollet JC, Pilard S, Pau-Roblot C, Lehner A, Pelloux J, Lefebvre V. The exogenous application of AtPGLR, an endo-polygalacturonase, triggers pollen tube burst and repair. Plant J 2020; 103:617-633. [PMID: 32215973 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall remodeling plays a key role in the control of cell elongation and differentiation. In particular, fine-tuning of the degree of methylesterification of pectins was previously reported to control developmental processes as diverse as pollen germination, pollen tube elongation, emergence of primordia or elongation of dark-grown hypocotyls. However, how pectin degradation can modulate plant development has remained elusive. Here we report the characterization of a polygalacturonase (PG), AtPGLR, the gene for which is highly expressed at the onset of lateral root emergence in Arabidopsis. Due to gene compensation mechanisms, mutant approaches failed to determine the involvement of AtPGLR in plant growth. To overcome this issue, AtPGLR has been expressed heterologously in the yeast Pichia pastoris and biochemically characterized. We showed that AtPGLR is an endo-PG that preferentially releases non-methylesterified oligogalacturonides with a short degree of polymerization (< 8) at acidic pH. The application of the purified recombinant protein on Amaryllis pollen tubes, an excellent model for studying cell wall remodeling at acidic pH, induced abnormal pollen tubes or cytoplasmic leakage in the subapical dome of the pollen tube tip, where non-methylesterified pectin epitopes are detected. Those leaks could either be repaired by new β-glucan deposits (mostly callose) in the cell wall or promoted dramatic burst of the pollen tube. Our work presents the full biochemical characterization of an Arabidopsis PG and highlights the importance of pectin integrity in pollen tube elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Hocq
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Sophie Guinand
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4358, SFR 4377 NORVEGE, IRIB, Tremplin I2C Carnot, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Habrylo
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Aline Voxeur
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Wafae Tabi
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Josip Safran
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Françoise Fournet
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Marc Domon
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4358, SFR 4377 NORVEGE, IRIB, Tremplin I2C Carnot, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Serge Pilard
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Corinne Pau-Roblot
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4358, SFR 4377 NORVEGE, IRIB, Tremplin I2C Carnot, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Valérie Lefebvre
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
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Liu J, Kennedy JF, Zhang X, Heng Y, Chen W, Chen Z, Wu X, Wu X. Preparation of alginate oligosaccharide and its effects on decay control and quality maintenance of harvested kiwifruit. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 242:116462. [PMID: 32564825 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) is a biological carbohydrate formed from the degradation of sodium alginate. AOS used in this study was enzymatically prepared and had varying degrees of polymerization (2-8). AOS applied to harvested kiwifruit stored at 25 °C inhibited gray mold, blue mold, and black rot. AOS inhibited pectin solubilization, gene expression of pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase, and the corresponding enzyme activity of their encoded proteins in kiwifruit. In contrast, AOS induced antioxidant gene expression and enzyme activity, including catalase and superoxide dismutase. The level of total phenols and flavonoids in kiwifruit was also elevated. AOS treatment also had a beneficial effect on fruit quality. Collectively, the results indicate that postharvest treatment with AOS inhibits postharvest decay and prolongs fruit quality by suppressing cell wall degradation and eliciting antioxidants in harvested kiwifruit. AOS has the potential to be used to preserve and extend the postharvest quality of kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories, Kyrewood House Tenbury Wells, Worcestershire, WR15 8SG, UK
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yin Heng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
| | - Xuehong Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Martins V, Garcia A, Alhinho AT, Costa P, Lanceros-Méndez S, Costa MMR, Gerós H. Vineyard calcium sprays induce changes in grape berry skin, firmness, cell wall composition and expression of cell wall-related genes. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 150:49-55. [PMID: 32114399 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Having a central role in cell wall pectin cross-linking, calcium has been increasingly used as supplement to promote fruit firmness and extended shelf-life. However, the molecular rearrangements associated to increased fruit robustness are still a matter of debate. In this study, mechanical, histochemical and molecular assays were conducted to understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of Ca in fruit physical properties. In a two-year field trial, grapevines were sprayed with exogenous CaCl2 throughout the fruiting season. Results showed an increase in berry Ca concentration at harvest, associated to increased fruit consistency and skin resistance. Scanning electron microscopy showed that fruits from Ca-treated plants had smoother skin surfaces than control fruits, and that microcracks encircling the lenticels were less prominent. Histochemistry assays suggested higher deposition of pectin-like material in skin cell walls in grapes from Ca-treated vines, but no evident modifications in cellulose content were observed. Accordingly, the expression of cellulose synthase family gene CesA3 was not affected by exogenous Ca, while polygalacturonase-encoding genes PG1 and PG2 were downregulated, together with EXP6 belonging to expansin family, and CER9 and CYP15 involved in cuticle biosynthesis. These results suggested that Ca acts by inhibiting pectin degradation and cell wall loosening, while remodeling cuticle structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Martins
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Ana Garcia
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana T Alhinho
- BioSystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Costa
- Center of Physics, Department of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Institute for Polymers and Composites IPC/i3N, University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- Center of Physics, Department of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - M Manuela R Costa
- BioSystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal; Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Song M, Zhang M, Cheng F, Wei Q, Wang J, Davoudi M, Chen J, Lou Q. An irregularly striped rind mutant reveals new insight into the function of PG1β in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Theor Appl Genet 2020; 133:371-382. [PMID: 31734868 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Via bulked segregant analysis sequencing combined with linkage mapping, the ist gene responsible for the irregularly striped rind mutation was delimited to a 144-kb region in cucumber. Sequencing and expression analysis identified Csa1G005490 as the candidate gene. The rind appearance of cucumber is one of the most important commercial quality traits. Usually, an immature cucumber fruit has a uniform rind that varies from green to yellow to white among different cultivated varieties. In the present paper, we isolated a novel fruit appearance cucumber mutant, ist, that has an irregularly striped rind pattern. The mutant displayed green irregular stripes on a yellow-green background at the immature fruit stage. Genetic analysis revealed that a single recessive gene, ist, is responsible for this mutation. A BSA (bulked segregant analysis) sequencing approach combined with genetic mapping delimited the ist locus to an interval with a length of 144 kb, and 21 predicted genes were annotated in the region. Based on mutation site screening and expression analysis, two single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the candidate gene, Csa1G005490, were identified as constituting the mutation. Csa1G005490 encodes a polygalacturonase-1 noncatalytic subunit beta protein (PG1β) known to be involved in fruit softening. The expression of Csa1G005490 was significantly lower in the ist mutant than in the wild type. Transcriptome analysis identified 1796 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the ist mutant and wild type. Gene ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses indicated that these DEGs were enriched mostly in photosynthesis and chlorophyll metabolism pathways. Decreased expression patterns of several chlorophyll synthesis genes in the mutant suggest that ist plays a key role in chlorophyll biosynthesis. These results will provide new insight into the molecular mechanism underlying rind appearance polymorphisms in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qingzhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Marzieh Davoudi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Qunfeng Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Zhang S, Ma M, Zhang H, Zhang S, Qian M, Zhang Z, Luo W, Fan J, Liu Z, Wang L. Genome-wide analysis of polygalacturonase gene family from pear genome and identification of the member involved in pear softening. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:587. [PMID: 31881836 PMCID: PMC6935220 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polygalacturonase (PG), as an important hydrolase participating in the degradation of pectin, plays an important role in softening process of fruit. However, information on PG gene family in pear genome and the specific member involved in fruit softening is still rudimentary. RESULTS In this study, a total of 61 PG genes, which could be divided into six subclasses, were identified from the pear genome with diverse chromosome locations, gene structures, motifs and cis-acting elements. Most PbrPGs were derived from WGD/segmental duplication blocks, and purifying selection was the main driving force for their expansion. The expression profiles of PbrPGs in pear were tissue/development-stage/cultivar-dependent. During 'Housui' pear storage, associated with the reduction of firmness was the accumulation of PG activity. Totally, 28 PbrPGs were expressed during fruit storage, which could be classified into five categories based on different expression patterns; most demonstrated an increased trend. Of these, PbrPG6 were proposed to account for pear softening in combination of the phylogenetic and correlation analysis among firmness, PG activity and PbrPGs. By constructing the silencing vector, a higher firmness was observed in PbrPG6-silenced fruit when compared with that of the control (empty vector). In a further study, we found that the expression of PbrPG6 was regulated by postharvest 1-MCP/ethrel treatment, and several PbrERFs might function in this process. CONCLUSIONS We identified 61 PbrPG genes from pear genome; of these, PbrPG6 was involved in fruit softening process; furthermore, the expression of PbrPG6 might be under the control of PbrERF. This study provides a foundation for future work aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying pear softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suling Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Ma
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huping Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Qian
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiqi Luo
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 S. Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Jinbu Fan
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Libin Wang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Li Q, Wu Z, Wu H, Fang W, Chen F, Teng N. Transcriptome Profiling Unravels a Vital Role of Pectin and Pectinase in Anther Dehiscence in Chrysanthemum. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5865. [PMID: 31766739 PMCID: PMC6928809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Kitamura) plants have great ornamental value, but their flowers can also be a source of pollen contamination. Previously, morphological and cytological studies have shown that anthers of some chrysanthemum cultivars such as 'Qx-115' fail to dehisce, although the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of anther indehiscence in chrysanthemum via transcriptome analysis of a dehiscent cultivar ('Qx-097') and an indehiscent cultivar ('Qx-115'). We also measured related physiological indicators during and preceding the period of anther dehiscence. Our results showed a difference in pectinase accumulation and activity between the two cultivars during dehiscence. Detection of de-esterified pectin and highly esterified pectin in anthers during the period preceding anther dehiscence using LM19 and LM20 monoclonal antibodies showed that both forms of pectin were absent in the stomium region of 'Qx-097' anthers but were abundant in that of 'Qx-115' anthers. Analysis of transcriptome data revealed a significant difference in the expression levels of two transcription factor-encoding genes, CmLOB27 and CmERF72, between 'Qx-097' and 'Qx-115' during anther development. Transient overexpression of CmLOB27 and CmERF72 separately in tobacco leaves promoted pectinase biosynthesis. We conclude that CmLOB27 and CmERF72 are involved in the synthesis of pectinase, which promotes the degradation of pectin. Our results lay a foundation for further investigation of the role of CmLOB27 and CmERF72 transcription factors in the process of anther dehiscence in chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Baguazhou Science and Technology Innovation Center of Modern Horticulture Industry, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ze Wu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Baguazhou Science and Technology Innovation Center of Modern Horticulture Industry, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huijun Wu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Baguazhou Science and Technology Innovation Center of Modern Horticulture Industry, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weimin Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Nianjun Teng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Baguazhou Science and Technology Innovation Center of Modern Horticulture Industry, Nanjing 210095, China
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Yu P, Wang X, Ren Q, Huang X, Yan T. Genome shuffling for improving the activity of alkaline pectinase in Bacillus subtilis FS105 and its molecular mechanism. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:165. [PMID: 31641866 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2749-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genome shuffling for improving the activity of alkaline pectinase in Bacillus subtilis FS105 and its molecular mechanism were investigated. The fused strain B. subtilis FS105 with the highest activity of alkaline pectinase was obtained after two rounds of genome shuffling. The activity of alkaline pectinase in B. subtilis FS105 was 499 U/ml, which was improved by 1.6 times compared to that in original strain. To elucidate its molecular mechanism, rpsL gene sequences from original and fused strains were cloned and aligned, and the space structure of their coding proteins were also analyzed and compared. The alignment of the rpsL gene sequences indicated that three bases G, G and C were respectively replaced by A, A and G in the positions 52, 408 and 409 after genome shuffling. This resulted in the substitution of two amino acid residues in ribosomal protein S12: D18N and P137A, and therefore improving the biosynthesis of alkaline pectinase. This study lays a foundation for improving the activity of alkaline pectinase by genome shuffling and understanding its molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, 310035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinxin Wang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, 310035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ren
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, 310035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingxing Huang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, 310035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Yan
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, 310035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Takeshima R, Nishio T, Komatsu S, Kurauchi N, Matsui K. Identification of a gene encoding polygalacturonase expressed specifically in short styles in distylous common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 123:492-502. [PMID: 31076649 PMCID: PMC6781162 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is a heteromorphic self-incompatible (SI) species with two types of floral architecture: thrum (short style) and pin (long style). The floral morphology and intra-morph incompatibility are controlled by a single genetic locus, S. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the heteromorphic self-incompatibility of common buckwheat remain unclear. To identify these mechanisms, we performed proteomic, quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, and linkage analyses. Comparison of protein profiles between the long and short styles revealed a protein unique to the short style. Amino-acid sequencing revealed that it was a truncated form of polygalacturonase (PG); we designated the gene encoding this protein FePG1. Phylogenetic analysis classified FePG1 into the same clade as PGs that function in pollen development and floral morphology. FePG1 expression was significantly higher in short styles than in long styles. It was expressed in flowers of a short-homostyle line but not in flowers of a long-homostyle line. Linkage analysis indicated that FePG1 was not linked to the S locus; it could be a factor downstream of this locus. Our finding of a gene putatively working under the regulation of the S locus provides useful information for elucidation of the mechanism of heteromorphic self-incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Takeshima
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
| | | | - Setsuko Komatsu
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
- Department of Environmental and Food Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Gakuen 3-6-1, Fukui, 910-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kurauchi
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Matsui
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
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Fu C, Chen H, Gao H, Han Y. Histone Deacetylase CpHDA3 Is Functionally Associated with CpERF9 in Suppression of CpPME1/2 and CpPG5 Genes during Papaya Fruit Ripening. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:8919-8925. [PMID: 31334658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) performs important functions in plant growth and development, including fruit ripening. As a complex biological process, fruit ripening involves the histone acetylation modification of ripening-associated genes. Histone deacetylase genes (HDACs) have been well studied in Arabidopsis and rice, but the biological functions of HDACs in papaya are poorly understood. In the present work, three CpHDACs, belonging to the RPD3/HDA1 subfamily, were identified from papaya and named as CpHDA1, CpHDA2, and CpHDA3. CpHDA1 and CpHDA2 were induced by propylene, while CpHDA3 was propylene-repressed. Moreover, CpHDA3 protein could physically interact with CpERF9 and enhance the transcriptional repression activities of CpERF9 to downstream genes CpPME1, CpPME2 and CpPG5. Histone acetylation levels of CpPME1 and CpPG5 were increased during fruit ripening. Taken together, these results suggested that CpERF9 recruits CpHDA3 to form a histone deacetylase repressor complex to mediate pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase genes expression during papaya fruit ripening and softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Fu
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering , Zhejiang Shuren University , Hangzhou 310015 , China
| | - Hangjun Chen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Food Science Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of China Light Industry , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Haiyan Gao
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Food Science Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of China Light Industry , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Yanchao Han
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Food Science Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of China Light Industry , Hangzhou 310021 , China
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He Y, Karre S, Johal GS, Christensen SA, Balint-Kurti P. A maize polygalacturonase functions as a suppressor of programmed cell death in plants. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:310. [PMID: 31307401 PMCID: PMC6628502 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypersensitive defense response (HR) in plants is a fast, localized necrotic response around the point of pathogen ingress. HR is usually triggered by a pathogen recognition event mediated by a nucleotide-binding site, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein. The autoactive maize NLR gene Rp1-D21 confers a spontaneous HR response in the absence of pathogen recognition. Previous work identified a set of loci associated with variation in the strength of Rp1-D21-induced HR. A polygalacturonase gene homolog, here termed ZmPGH1, was identified as a possible causal gene at one of these loci on chromosome 7. RESULTS Expression of ZmPGH1 inhibited the HR-inducing activity of both Rp1-D21 and that of another autoactive NLR, RPM1(D505V), in a Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression assay system. Overexpression of ZmPGH1 in a transposon insertion line of maize was associated with suppression of chemically-induced programmed cell death and with suppression of HR induced by Rp1-D21 in maize plants grown in the field. CONCLUSIONS ZmPGH1 functions as a suppressor of programmed cell death induced by at least two autoactive NLR proteins and by two chemical inducers. These findings deepen our understanding of the control of the HR in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijian He
- Dept. of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7616 USA
| | - Shailesh Karre
- Dept. of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7616 USA
| | - Gurmukh S. Johal
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Shawn A. Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA–ARS), Gainesville, FL 32608 USA
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Dept. of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7616 USA
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7616 USA
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Khan N, Fatima F, Haider MS, Shazadee H, Liu Z, Zheng T, Fang J. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of the Polygalacturonase ( PG) and Pectin Methylesterase ( PME) Genes in Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133180. [PMID: 31261768 PMCID: PMC6651664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In pectin regulation, polygalacturonases (PGs) and pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are critical components in the transformation, disassembly network, and remodeling of plant primary cell walls. In the current study, we identified 36 PG and 47 PME genes using the available genomic resources of grapevine. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of PGs and PMEs, including phylogenetic and collinearity relationships, motif and gene structure compositions, gene duplications, principal component analysis, and expression profiling during developmental stages. Phylogenetic analysis of PGs and PMEs revealed similar domain composition patterns with Arabidopsis. The collinearity analysis showed high conservation and gene duplications with purifying selection. The type of duplications also varied in terms of gene numbers in PGs (10 dispersed, 1 proximal, 12 tandem, and 13 segmental, respectively) and PMEs (23 dispersed, 1 proximal, 16 tandem, and 7 segmental, respectively). The tissue-specific response of PG and PME genes based on the reported transcriptomic data exhibited diverged expression patterns in various organs during different developmental stages. Among PGs, VvPG8, VvPG10, VvPG13, VvPG17, VvPG18, VvPG19, VvPG20, VvPG22, and VvPG23 showed tissue- or organ-specific expression in majority of the tissues during development. Similarly, in PMEs, VvPME3, VvPME4, VvPME5, VvPME6, VvPME19, VvPME21, VvPME23, VvPME29, VvPME31, and VvPME32 suggested high tissue-specific response. The gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomics (KEGG) enrichment, and cis-elements prediction analysis also suggested the putative functions of PGs and PMEs in plant development, such as pectin and carbohydrate metabolism, and stress activities. Moreover, qRT-PCR validation of 32 PG and PME genes revealed their role in various organs of grapevines (i.e., root, stem, tendril, inflorescence, flesh, skins, and leaves). Therefore, these findings will lead to novel insights and encourage cutting-edge research on functional characterization of PGs and PMEs in fruit crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fizza Fatima
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Muhammad Salman Haider
- Key laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hamna Shazadee
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongjie Liu
- Key laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Key laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- Key laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Langer SE, Marina M, Burgos JL, Martínez GA, Civello PM, Villarreal NM. Calcium chloride treatment modifies cell wall metabolism and activates defense responses in strawberry fruit (Fragaria × ananassa, Duch). J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:4003-4010. [PMID: 30723911 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit dips in calcium ions solutions have been shown as an effective treatment to extend strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa, Duch) quality during storage. In the present work, strawberry fruit were treated with 10 g L-1 calcium chloride solution and treatment effects on cell wall enzymes activities and the expression of encoding genes, as well as enzymes involved in fruit defense responses were investigated. RESULTS Calcium treatment enhanced pectin methylesterase activity while inhibited those corresponding to pectin hydrolases as polygalacturonase and β-galactosidase. The expression of key genes for strawberry pectin metabolism was up-regulated (for FaPME1) and down-regulated (for FaPG1, FaPLB, FaPLC, FaβGal1 and FaAra1) by calcium dips. In agreement, a higher firmness level and ionically-bound pectins (IBPs) amount were detected in calcium-treated fruit compared with controls. The in vitro and in vivo growth rate of fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea was limited by calcium treatment. Moreover, the activities of polyphenol oxidases, chitinases, peroxidases and β-1,3-glucanases were enhanced by calcium ion dips. CONCLUSION News insights concerning the biochemical and molecular basis of cell wall preservation and resistance to fungal pathogens on calcium-treated strawberries are provided. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia E Langer
- INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - María Marina
- INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - José L Burgos
- INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Martínez
- INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, La Plata, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pedro M Civello
- INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, La Plata, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Natalia M Villarreal
- INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Chascomús, Argentina
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Rao TB, Chopperla R, Methre R, Punniakotti E, Venkatesh V, Sailaja B, Reddy MR, Yugander A, Laha GS, Madhav MS, Sundaram RM, Ladhalakshmi D, Balachandran SM, Mangrauthia SK. Pectin induced transcriptome of a Rhizoctonia solani strain causing sheath blight disease in rice reveals insights on key genes and RNAi machinery for development of pathogen derived resistance. Plant Mol Biol 2019; 100:59-71. [PMID: 30796712 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
RNAi mediated silencing of pectin degrading enzyme of R. solani gives a high level of resistance against sheath blight disease of rice. Rice sheath blight disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (telemorph; Thanatephorus cucumeris) is one of the most devastating fungal diseases which cause severe loss to rice grain production. In the absence of resistant cultivars, the disease is currently managed through fungicides which add to environmental pollution. To explore the potential of utilizing RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated resistance against sheath blight disease, we identified genes encoding proteins and enzymes involved in the RNAi pathway in this fungal pathogen. The RNAi target genes were deciphered by RNAseq analysis of a highly virulent strain of the R. solani grown in pectin medium. Additionally, pectin metabolism associated genes of R. solani were analyzed through transcriptome sequencing of infected rice tissues obtained from six diverse rice cultivars. One of the key candidate gene AG1IA_04727 encoding polygalacturonase (PG), which was observed to be significantly upregulated during infection, was targeted through RNAi to develop disease resistance. Stable expression of PG-RNAi construct in rice showed efficient silencing of AG1IA_04727 and suppression of sheath blight disease. This study highlights important information about the existence of RNAi machinery and key genes of R. solani which can be targeted through RNAi to develop pathogen-derived resistance, thus opening an alternative strategy for developing sheath blight-resistant rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramesh Methre
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
- College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bheemarayan gudi, Raichur, India
| | - E Punniakotti
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
| | - V Venkatesh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
| | - B Sailaja
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Arra Yugander
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
| | - G S Laha
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
| | - M Sheshu Madhav
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
| | - R M Sundaram
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
| | - D Ladhalakshmi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
| | - S M Balachandran
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
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45
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Li T, Shi D, Wu Q, Yin C, Li F, Shan Y, Duan X, Jiang Y. Mechanism of Cell Wall Polysaccharides Modification in Harvested 'Shatangju' Mandarin ( Citrus reticulate Blanco) Fruit Caused by Penicillium italicum. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040160. [PMID: 31022937 PMCID: PMC6523094 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modification of cell wall polysaccharide in the plant plays an important role in response to fungi infection. However, the mechanism of fungi infection on cell wall modification need further clarification. In this study, the effects of Penicillium italicum inoculation on 'shatangju' mandarin disease development and the potential mechanism of cell wall polysaccharides modification caused by P. italicum were investigated. Compared to the control fruit, P. italicum infection modified the cell wall polysaccharides, indicated by water-soluble pectin (WSP), acid-soluble pectin (ASP), hemicellulose and lignin contents change. P. italicum infection enhanced the activities of polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME), and the expression levels of xyloglucanendotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) and expansin, which might contribute to cell wall disassembly and cellular integrity damage. Additionally, higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via decreasing antioxidant metabolites and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) also contributed to the cell wall polysaccharides modification. Meanwhile, the gene expression levels of hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) and germin-like protein (GLP) were inhibited by pathogen infection. Altogether, these findings suggested that cell wall degradation/modification caused by non-enzymatic and enzymatic factors was an important strategy for P. italicum to infect 'shatangju' mandarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Dingding Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Qixian Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Chunxiao Yin
- Long Ping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Fengjun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Youxia Shan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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Lu L, Ji L, Ma Q, Yang M, Li S, Tang Q, Qiao L, Li F, Guo Q, Wang C. Depression of Fungal Polygalacturonase Activity in Solanum lycopersicum Contributes to Antagonistic Yeast-Mediated Fruit Immunity to Botrytis. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:3293-3304. [PMID: 30785743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of susceptibility to necrotrophy over the course of ripening is one of the critical factors limiting shelf life. In this study, phytopathology and molecular biology were employed to explore the roles of pectinase in fruit susceptibility and ripening. Solanum lycopersicum fruit softened dramatically from entirely green to 50% red, which was accompanied by a continuously high expressed SlPG2 gene. The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea further activated the expression of SlPGs and SlPMEs to accelerate cell wall disassembly, while most of the polygalacturonase inhibitor proteins encoding genes expression were postponed in ripe fruit following the pathogen attack. Pectin induced the antagonistic yeast to secrete pectinolytic enzymes to increase fruit resistance against gray mold. The activities of pathogenic pectinase of B. cinerea were correspondingly depressed in the pectin-inducible yeast enzyme elicited ripe fruit. These data suggest that pectinase is a molecular target for regulation of disease resistance during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute for New Rural Development , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute for New Rural Development , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute for New Rural Development , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , P. R. China
| | - Mingguan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute for New Rural Development , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , P. R. China
| | - Shuhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute for New Rural Development , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , P. R. China
| | - Qiong Tang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Liping Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute for New Rural Development , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , P. R. China
| | - Fengjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute for New Rural Development , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , P. R. China
| | - Qingbin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute for New Rural Development , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , P. R. China
| | - Changlu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute for New Rural Development , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , P. R. China
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Xu P, Lu B, Liu J, Chao J, Donkersley P, Holdbrook R, Lu Y. Duplication and expression of horizontally transferred polygalacturonase genes is associated with host range expansion of mirid bugs. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:12. [PMID: 30626314 PMCID: PMC6327464 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD Horizontal gene transfer and gene duplication are two major mechanisms contributing to the evolutionary adaptation of organisms. Previously, polygalacturonase genes (PGs) were independently horizontally transferred and underwent multiple duplications in insects (e.g., mirid bugs and beetles). Here, we chose three phytozoophagous mirid bugs (Adelphocoris suturalis, A. fasciaticollis, A. lineolatus) and one zoophytophagous mirid bug (Nesidiocoris tenuis) to detect whether the duplication, molecular evolution, and expression levels of PGs were related to host range expansion in mirid bugs. RESULTS By RNA-seq, we reported 30, 20, 19 and 8 PGs in A. suturalis, A. fasciaticollis, A. lineolatus and N. tenuis, respectively. Interestingly, the number of PGs was significantly positive correlation to the number of host plants (P = 0.0339) in mirid bugs. Most PGs (> 17) were highly expressed in the three phytozoophagous mirid bugs, while only one PG was relatively highly expressed in the zoophytophagous mirid bug. Natural selection analysis clearly showed that a significant relaxation of selection pressure acted on the PGs in zoophytophagous mirid bugs (K = 0.546, P = 0.0158) rather than in phytozoophagous mirid bugs (K = 1, P = 0.92), suggesting a function constraint of PGs in phytozoophagous mirid bugs. CONCLUSION Taken together with gene duplication, molecular evolution, and expression levels, our results suggest that PGs are more strictly required by phytozoophagous than by zoophytophagous mirid bugs and that the duplication of PGs is associated with the expansion of host plant ranges in mirid bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjun Xu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ UK
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Chao
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Philip Donkersley
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ UK
| | - Robert Holdbrook
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ UK
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
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Rollero S, Zietsman AJJ, Buffetto F, Schückel J, Ortiz-Julien A, Divol B. Kluyveromyces marxianus Secretes a Pectinase in Shiraz Grape Must That Impacts Technological Properties and Aroma Profile of Wine. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:11739-11747. [PMID: 30350960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains display no to weak pectinase activity, the utilization of external pectinase is a common practice in winemaking to enhance the extraction of compounds located in the grape berry skins during maceration. In this study, the activity of the native endopolygalacturonase of a Kluyveromyces marxianus strain, isolated from grape juice, was characterized in Shiraz grape must during alcoholic fermentation with or without prefermentative cold maceration. The wines made with K. marxianus had a higher methanol concentration, more free-run wine, an altered volatile compound profile, and displayed pectinase activity in cell-free wine samples. Moreover, the results strongly suggest that K. marxianus' pectinase released polygalacturonic acid soluble fragments, unlike fungal pectinases, which mostly release monomers. Overall, this study shows that K. marxianus is an effective pectinase producer in wine with potential benefits for wine properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Rollero
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology , Stellenbosch University , Matieland 7602 , South Africa
| | - Anscha J J Zietsman
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology , Stellenbosch University , Matieland 7602 , South Africa
| | - Fanny Buffetto
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology , Stellenbosch University , Matieland 7602 , South Africa
| | - Julia Schückel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40 , 1871 Frederiksberg C , Denmark
| | | | - Benoit Divol
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology , Stellenbosch University , Matieland 7602 , South Africa
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49
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Liu N, Sun Y, Wang P, Duan H, Ge X, Li X, Pei Y, Li F, Hou Y. Mutation of key amino acids in the polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins CkPGIP1 and GhPGIP1 improves resistance to Verticillium wilt in cotton. Plant J 2018; 96:546-561. [PMID: 30053316 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, one of the most devastating diseases of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), causes severe yield and quality losses. Given the effectiveness of plant polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) in reducing fungal polygalacturonase (PG) activity, it is necessary to uncover the key functional amino acids to enhance cotton resistance to Verticillium dahliae. To identify novel antifungal proteins, the selectivity of key amino acids was investigated by screening against a panel of relevant PG-binding residues. Based on the obtained results, homologous models of the mutants were established. The docking models showed that hydrogen bonds and structural changes in the convex face in the conserved portion of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) may be essential for enhanced recognition of PG. Additionally, we successfully constructed Cynanchum komarovii PGIP1 (CkPGIP1) mutants Asp176Val, Pro249Gln, and Asp176Val/Pro249Gln and G. hirsutum PGIP1 (GhPGIP1) mutants Glu169Val, Phe242Gln, and Glu169Val/Phe242Gln with site-directed mutagenesis. The proteins of interest can effectively inhibit VdPG1 activity and V. dahliae mycelial growth in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, mutants that overproduced PGIP in Arabidopsis and cotton showed enhanced resistance to V. dahliae, with reduced Verticillium-associated chlorosis and wilting. Furthermore, the lignin content was measured in mutant-overexpressing plants, and the results showed enhanced lignification of the xylem, which blocked the spread of V. dahliae. Thus, using site-directed mutagenesis assays, we showed that mutations in CkPGIP1 and GhPGIP1 give rise to PGIP versatility, which allows evolving recognition specificities for PG and is required to promote Verticillium resistance in cotton by restricting the growth of invasive fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongxia Duan
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiancai Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yakun Pei
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
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50
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Liu C, Fan D, Li Y, Chen Y, Huang L, Yan X. Transcriptome analysis of Valsa mali reveals its response mechanism to the biocontrol actinomycete Saccharothrix yanglingensis Hhs.015. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:90. [PMID: 30134836 PMCID: PMC6106759 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apple canker is a devastating branch disease caused by Valsa mali (Vm). The endophytic actinomycete Saccharothrix yanglingensis Hhs.015 (Sy Hhs.015) can effectively inhibit the growth of Vm. To reveal the mechanism, by which Vm respond to Sy Hhs.015, the transcriptome of Vm was analyzed using RNA-seq technology. RESULTS Compared with normal growing Vm in the control group, 1476 genes were significantly differentially expressed in the Sy Hhs.015's treatment group, of which 851 genes were up-regulated and 625 genes were down-regulated. Combined gene function and pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that Sy Hhs.015 affected the carbohydrate metabolic pathway, which is utilized by Vm for energy production. Approximately 82% of the glycoside hydrolase genes were down-regulated, including three pectinase genes (PGs), which are key pathogenic factors. The cell wall structure of Vm was disrupted by Sy Hhs.015 and cell wall-related genes were found to be down-regulated. Of the peroxisome associated genes, those encoding catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) which scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as those encoding AMACR and ACAA1 which are related to the β-oxidation of fatty acids, were down-regulated. MS and ICL, key genes in glyoxylate cycle, were also down-regulated. In response to the stress of Sy Hhs.015 exposure, Vm increased amino acid metabolism to synthesize the required nitrogenous compounds, while alpha-keto acids, which involved in the TCA cycle, could be used to produce energy by deamination or transamination. Retinol dehydrogenase, associated with cell wall dextran synthesis, and sterol 24-C-methyltransferase, related to cell membrane ergosterol synthesis, were up-regulated. The genes encoding glutathione S-transferase, (GST), which has antioxidant activity and ABC transporters which have an efflux function, were also up-regulated. CONCLUSION These results show that the response of Vm to Sy Hhs.015 exposure is a complicated and highly regulated process, and provide a theoretical basis for both clarifying the biocontrol mechanism of Sy Hhs.015 and the response of Vm to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Dongying Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Yanfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Xia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
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