1
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Arslan NP, Dawar P, Albayrak S, Doymus M, Azad F, Esim N, Taskin M. Fungi-derived natural antioxidants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-24. [PMID: 38156661 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2298770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In humans, exogenous antioxidants aid the endogenous antioxidant system to detoxify excess ROS generated during oxidative stress, thereby protecting the body against various diseases and stressful conditions. The majority of natural antioxidants available on the consumer market are plant-based; however, fungi are being recognized as alternative sources of various natural antioxidants such as polysaccharides, pigments, peptides, sterols, phenolics, alkaloids, and flavonoids. In addition, some exogenous antioxidants are exclusively found in fungi. Fungi-derived antioxidants exhibit scavenging activities against DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide radicals in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo models, application of fungal-derived antioxidants increase the level of various antioxidant enzymes, such as catalases, superoxide dismutases, and glutathione peroxidases, and reduce the level of malondialdehyde. Therefore, fungi-derived antioxidants have potential to be used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. This review summarizes the antioxidant potential of different fungi (mushrooms, yeasts, and molds)-derived natural compounds such as polysaccharides, pigments, peptides, ergothioneine, ergosterol, phenolics, alkaloids, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pranav Dawar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Seyda Albayrak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Meryem Doymus
- Vocational School of Health Services of Hinis, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fakhrul Azad
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nevzat Esim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science and Art Faculty, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Mesut Taskin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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2
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Suthar M, Dufossé L, Singh SK. The Enigmatic World of Fungal Melanin: A Comprehensive Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:891. [PMID: 37754999 PMCID: PMC10532784 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic dyes are generally not safe for human health or the environment, leading to the continuous search and growing demand for natural pigments that are considered safer, biodegrade more easily, and are environmentally beneficial. Among micro-organisms, fungi represent an emerging source of pigments due to their many benefits; therefore, they are readily viable on an industrial scale. Among all the bioactive pigments produced by fungi, melanin is an enigmatic, multifunctional pigment that has been studied for more than 150 years. This dark pigment, which is produced via the oxidative polymerization of phenolic compounds, has been investigated for its potential to protect life from all kingdoms, including fungi, from biotic and abiotic stresses. Over time, the research on fungal melanin has attracted a significant amount of scientific interest due to melanin's distinct biological activities and multifarious functionality, which is well-documented in the literature and could possibly be utilized. This review surveys the literature and summarizes the current discourse, presenting an up-to-date account of the research performed on fungal melanin that encompasses its types, the factors influencing its bioactivity, the optimization of fermentation conditions to enhance its sustainable production, its biosynthetic pathways, and its extraction, as well as biochemical characterization techniques and the potential uses of melanin in a wide range of applications in various industries. A massive scope of work remains to circumvent the obstacles to obtaining melanin from fungi and exploring its future prospects in a diverse range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Suthar
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India, Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India;
- Faculty of Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels (ChemBioPro), ESIROI Agroalimentaire, Université de La Réunion, F-97400 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Sanjay K. Singh
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India, Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India;
- Faculty of Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
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3
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Michael HSR, Subiramanian SR, Thyagarajan D, Mohammed NB, Saravanakumar VK, Govindaraj M, Maheswari KM, Karthikeyan N, Ramesh Kumar C. Melanin biopolymers from microbial world with future perspectives-a review. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:306. [PMID: 37580645 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is an amorphous polymer made of heterogeneous functional groups synthesized by diverse organisms including fungi, bacteria, animals, and plants. It was widely acknowledged for its biological processes and its key role in the protection of organisms from environmental stress. Recently, melanin clutches attention in the field of nanobiotechnology, drug delivery, organic semiconductors and bioelectronics, environmental bioremediation, photoprotection, etc., Furthermore, melanin from natural sources like microbial community shows antimicrobial, fighting cancer, radical scavenging, cosmeceuticals, and many therapeutic areas as well. Though the multipotentiality nature of melanin has been put forth, real-world applications still flag fall behind, which might be anticipated to the inadequate and high price essence of natural melanin. However, current bioprocess technologies have paved for the large-scale or industrial production of microbial melanin, which could help in the replacement of synthetic melanin. Thus, this review emphasizes the various sources for melanin, i.e., types-based on its pathways and its chemical structures, functional efficiency, physical properties, and conventional and modern methods of both extraction and characterization. Moreover, an outlook on how it works in the field of medicine, bioremediation, and other related areas provides perspectives on the complete exploitation of melanin in practical applications of medicine and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shri Ranjani Subiramanian
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts & Science, Nava India, Coimbatore, India
| | - Divyavaahini Thyagarajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts & Science, Nava India, Coimbatore, India
| | - Nazneen Bobby Mohammed
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur Dist, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Mageswari Govindaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts & Science, Nava India, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Naresh Karthikeyan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts & Science, Nava India, Coimbatore, India
| | - Charu Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts & Science, Nava India, Coimbatore, India
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4
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Beeson W, Gabriel K, Cornelison C. Fungi as a source of eumelanin: current understanding and prospects. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:kuad014. [PMID: 37336591 PMCID: PMC10569377 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Melanins represent a diverse collection of pigments with a variety of structures and functions. One class of melanin, eumelanin, is recognizable to most as the source of the dark black color found in cephalopod ink. Sepia officinalis is the most well-known and sought-after source of non-synthetic eumelanin, but its harvest is limited by the availability of cuttlefish, and its extraction from an animal source brings rise to ethical concerns. In recent years, these limitations have become more pressing as more applications for eumelanin are developed-particularly in medicine and electronics. This surge in interest in the applications of eumelanin has also fueled a rise in the interest of alternative, bio-catalyzed production methods. Many culinarily-utilized fungi are ideal candidates in this production scheme, as examples exist which have been shown to produce eumelanin, their growth at large scales is well understood, and they can be cultivated on recaptured waste streams. However, much of the current research on the fungal production of eumelanin focuses on pathogenic fungi and eumelanin's role in virulence. In this paper, we will review the potential for culinary fungi to produce eumelanin and provide suggestions for new research areas that would be most impactful in the search for improved fungal eumelanin producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Beeson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State
University, 1000 Chastain Road NW, Kennesaw, GA
30144, USA
| | - Kyle Gabriel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State
University, 1000 Chastain Road NW, Kennesaw, GA
30144, USA
| | - Christopher Cornelison
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State
University, 1000 Chastain Road NW, Kennesaw, GA
30144, USA
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5
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Khouqeer G, Alghrably M, Madkhali N, Dhahri M, Jaremko M, Emwas A. Preparation and characterization of natural melanin and its nanocomposite formed by copper doping. NANO SELECT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202200095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Khouqeer
- Department of Physics College of Science Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Mawadda Alghrably
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Madkhali
- Department of Physics College of Science Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Manel Dhahri
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science Yanbu Taibah University Yanbu El Bahr Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart‐Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955‐6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul‐Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal Saudi Arabia
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6
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Lezin C, Mauduit P, Uzan G, Abdelgawad ME. An Evaluation of Different Types of Peptone as Partial Substitutes for Animal-derived Serum in Vero Cell Culture. Altern Lab Anim 2022; 50:339-348. [PMID: 36062749 DOI: 10.1177/02611929221122780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vero cells are one of the most frequently used cell types in virology. They can be used not only as a vehicle for the replication of viruses, but also as a model for investigating viral infectivity, cytopathology and vaccine production. There is increasing awareness of the need to limit the use of animal-derived components in cell culture media for a number of reasons, which include reducing the risk of contamination and decreasing costs related to the downstream processing of commercial products obtained via cell culture. The current study evaluates the use of protein hydrolysates (PHLs), also known as peptones, as partial substitutes for fetal bovine serum (FBS) in Vero cell culture. Eleven plant-based, two yeast-based, and three casein-based peptones were assessed, with different batches evaluated in the study. We tested the effects of three concentration ratios of FBS and peptone on Vero cell proliferation, four days after the initial cell seeding. Some of the tested peptones, when in combination with a minimal 1% level of FBS, supported cell proliferation rates equivalent to those achieved with 10% FBS. Collectively, our findings showed that plant-based peptones could represent promising options for the successful formulation of serum-reduced cell culture media for vaccine production. This is especially relevant in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, in view of the urgent need for SARS-CoV-2 virus production for certain types of vaccine. The current study contributes to the Three Rs principle of reduction, as well as addressing animal ethics concerns associated with FBS, by repurposing PHLs for use in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Lezin
- UMR-S-MD 1197, 27102Inserm, Villejuif, France.,Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France.,Organotechnie, R&D Department, La Courneuve, France
| | - Philippe Mauduit
- UMR-S-MD 1197, 27102Inserm, Villejuif, France.,Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Georges Uzan
- UMR-S-MD 1197, 27102Inserm, Villejuif, France.,Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Mohamed Essameldin Abdelgawad
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.,Innovative Cellular Microenvironment Optimization Platform (ICMOP), Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.,Precision Therapy Unit, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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de Andrade IB, Araújo GRDS, Brito-Santos F, Figueiredo-Carvalho MHG, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Frases S, Almeida-Paes R. Comparative Biophysical and Ultrastructural Analysis of Melanins Produced by Clinical Strains of Different Species From the Trichosporonaceae Family. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:876611. [PMID: 35547117 PMCID: PMC9081797 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.876611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is one of the most studied virulence factors in pathogenic fungi. This pigment protects them from a series of both environmental and host stressors. Among basidiomycetes, Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichosporon asahii are known to produce melanin in the presence of phenolic precursors. Other species from the Trichosporonaceae family also produce this pigment, but the extent to this production among the clinically relevant species is unknown. For this reason, the aim of this study was to verify the production of melanin by different Trichosporonaceae species of clinical interest and to compare their pigments with the ones from C. neoformans and T. asahii, which are more prevalent in human infections. Melanin was produced in a minimal medium supplemented with 1 mM L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Pigment was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, Zeta potential measurements, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was found that, besides C. neoformans and T. asahii, Trichosporon japonicum, Apiotrichum montevideense, Trichosporon inkin, Trichosporon faecale, Cutaneotrichosporon debeurmannianum, and Cutaneotrichosporon arboriformis also produce melanin-like particles in the presence of L-DOPA. Melanin particles have negative charge and are smaller than original cells. Variations in color, fluorescence, and chemical composition was noticed between the studied strains. All melanins presented carbon, oxygen, sodium, and potassium in their composition. Melanins from the most pathogenic species also presented iron, zinc, and copper, which are important during parasitism. Biophysical properties of these melanins can confer to the Trichosporonaceae adaptive advantages to both parasitic and environmental conditions of fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Bastos de Andrade
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glauber Ribeiro de Sousa Araújo
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Brito-Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rede Micologia RJ - FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rede Micologia RJ - FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Eco-evolutionary impact of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure on microorganisms, with a special focus on our skin microbiome. Microbiol Res 2022; 260:127044. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Natural Melanin: Current Trends, and Future Approaches, with Especial Reference to Microbial Source. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071339. [PMID: 35406213 PMCID: PMC9002885 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin is a universal natural dark polymeric pigment, arising in microorganisms, animals, and plants. There is a couple of pieces of literature on melanin, each focusing on a different issue, the goal of the present review is to focus on microbial melanin. It has numerous benefits with very few drawbacks. The current situation and expected trends are discussed. Intriguing, numerous studies have provoked a serious necessity for a comprehensive assessment of microbial melanin pigments. So that, such review would help scholars from diverse backgrounds to realize the importance of melanin pigments isolated from microorganisms, with this aim in mind, information, and hypothesis from this review could be the paradigm for studies on melanin in the next era.
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10
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Choi KY. Bioprocess of Microbial Melanin Production and Isolation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:765110. [PMID: 34869277 PMCID: PMC8637283 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.765110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is one of the most abundant pigments found in the biosphere. Owing to its high biocompatibility and diverse biological activities, it has been widely applied as a functional biomaterial in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, biopolymer, and environmental fields. In this study, the production of melanin was comprehensively reviewed concerning bioconversion and isolation processes. First, several melanogenic microbes, including fungi and bacteria, were summarized. Melanin production was classified by host and melanin type and was analyzed by titers in g/L in addition to reaction conditions, including pH and temperature. The production was further interpreted using a space-time yields chart, which showed two distinct classifications in productivity, and reaction conditions were analyzed using a pH-temperature-titer chart. Next, the extraction process was summarized by crude and pure melanin preparation procedures, and the extraction yields were highlighted. Finally, the recent applications of melanin were briefly summarized, and prospects for further application and development in industrial applications were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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11
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Oh JJ, Kim JY, Son SH, Jung WJ, Kim DH, Seo JW, Kim GH. Fungal melanin as a biocompatible broad-spectrum sunscreen with high antioxidant activity. RSC Adv 2021; 11:19682-19689. [PMID: 35479243 PMCID: PMC9033651 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02583j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is considered a bio-inspired dermo-cosmetic component due to its high UV absorption and antioxidant activity. Among various melanin sources, fungal melanin is a promising candidate for sunscreen because of its sustainability and scalability; however, quantitative assessment of its function has not yet been sufficiently explored. In this study, melanin samples derived from Amorphotheca resinae were prepared, followed by the evaluation of their sunscreen performance, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity. Melanin-blended cream was prepared by blending a melanin suspension and a pure cream. The cream showed an in vitro sun protection factor value of 2.5 when the pigment content was 5%. The cream showed a critical wavelength of approximately 388 nm and a UVA/UVB ratio of more than 0.81, satisfying the broad-spectrum sunscreen requirement. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays indicated that fungal melanin had antioxidant activity similar to ascorbic acid but higher than reduced glutathione. Fungal melanin had no statistically significant cytotoxicity to human keratinocyte cell lines until 72 h of exposure, even at a concentration of 4 mg mL-1. Consequently, melanin pigment can be used as a biocompatible broad-spectrum sunscreen with high antioxidant activity and as a practical alternative in dermo-cosmetic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Joo Oh
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Korea +82 2 3290 9753 +82 2 3290 3014
| | - Jee Young Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Korea +82 2 3290 9753 +82 2 3290 3014
| | - Seung Han Son
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University Seoul 04763 Korea
| | - Won-Jo Jung
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University Sejong 30019 Korea
| | - Da Hee Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Korea +82 2 3290 9753 +82 2 3290 3014
| | - Jin-Woo Seo
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Korea +82 2 3290 9753 +82 2 3290 3014
| | - Gyu-Hyeok Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Korea +82 2 3290 9753 +82 2 3290 3014
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12
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Genomic Analysis and Assessment of Melanin Synthesis in Amorphotheca resinae KUC3009. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040289. [PMID: 33921255 PMCID: PMC8069745 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the draft genome of Amorphotheca resinae KUC30009, a fungal isolate with promising industrial-scale melanin production potential. The mechanisms for melanin or melanin-related pigment formation of this strain were examined through bioinformatic and biochemical strategies. The 30.11 Mb genome of A. resinae contains 9638 predicted genes. Genomic-based discovery analyses identified 14 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) associated with secondary metabolite production. Moreover, genes encoding a specific type 1 polyketide synthase and 4-hydroxynaphthalene reductase were identified and predicted to produce intermediate metabolites of dihydroxy naphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthesis pathway, but not to DHN-melanin. These findings were further supported by the detection of increased flaviolin concentrations in mycelia and almost unchanged morphologies of the culture grown with tricyclazole. Apart from this, the formation of melanin in the culture filtrate appeared to depend on the laccase-like activity of multi-copper oxidases. Simultaneously, concentrations of nitrogen-containing sources decreased when the melanin formed in the media. Interestingly, melanin formation in the culture fluid was proportional to laccase-like activity. Based on these findings, we proposed novel strategies for the enhancement of melanin production in culture filtrates. Therefore, our study established a theoretical and methodological basis for synthesizing pigments from fungal isolates using genomic- and biochemical-based approaches.
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