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Del Pilar C, Garrido-Matilla L, Del Pozo-Filíu L, Lebrón-Galán R, Arias RF, Clemente D, Alonso JR, Weruaga E, Díaz D. Intracerebellar injection of monocytic immature myeloid cells prevents the adverse effects caused by stereotactic surgery in a model of cerebellar neurodegeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:49. [PMID: 38355633 PMCID: PMC10867997 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-03000-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) constitute a recently discovered bone-marrow-derived cell type useful for dealing with neuroinflammatory disorders. However, these cells are only formed during inflammatory conditions from immature myeloid cells (IMCs) that acquire immunosuppressive activity, thus being commonly gathered from diseased animals. Then, to obtain a more clinically feasible source, we characterized IMCs directly derived from healthy bone marrow and proved their potential immunosuppressive activity under pathological conditions in vitro. We then explored their neuroprotective potential in a model of human cerebellar ataxia, the Purkinje Cell Degeneration (PCD) mouse, as it displays a well-defined neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory process that can be also aggravated by invasive surgeries. METHODS IMCs were obtained from healthy bone marrow and co-cultured with activated T cells. The proliferation and apoptotic rate of the later were analyzed with Tag-it Violet. For in vivo studies, IMCs were transplanted by stereotactic surgery into the cerebellum of PCD mice. We also used sham-operated animals as controls of the surgical effects, as well as their untreated counterparts. Motor behavior of mice was assessed by rotarod test. The Purkinje cell density was measured by immunohistochemistry and cell death assessed with the TUNEL technique. We also analyzed the microglial phenotype by immunofluorescence and the expression pattern of inflammation-related genes by qPCR. Parametric tests were applied depending on the specific experiment: one or two way ANOVA and Student's T test. RESULTS IMCs were proven to effectively acquire immunosuppressive activity under pathological conditions in vitro, thus acting as MDSCs. Concerning in vivo studios, sham-operated PCD mice suffered detrimental effects in motor coordination, Purkinje cell survival and microglial activation. After intracranial administration of IMCs into the cerebellum of PCD mice, no special benefits were detected in the transplanted animals when compared to untreated mice. Nonetheless, this transplant almost completely prevented the impairments caused by the surgery in PCD mice, probably by the modulation of the inflammatory patterns. CONCLUSIONS Our work comprise two main translational findings: (1) IMCs can be directly used as they behave as MDSCs under pathological conditions, thus avoiding their gathering from diseased subjects; (2) IMCs are promising adjuvants when performing neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Del Pilar
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, INCyL, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Lucía Garrido-Matilla
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, INCyL, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Del Pozo-Filíu
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, INCyL, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Translational Stroke Laboratory (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Lebrón-Galán
- Neuroimmuno-Repair Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45004, Toledo, Spain
- Hospital Universitario de Toledo, Avd. Río Guadiana, s/n, 45007, Toledo, Spain
| | - Raúl F Arias
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, INCyL, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Diego Clemente
- Neuroimmuno-Repair Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45004, Toledo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ramón Alonso
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, INCyL, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eduardo Weruaga
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, INCyL, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - David Díaz
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon, INCyL, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation Ameliorates Ara-C-Induced Motor Deficits in a Mouse Model of Cerebellar Ataxia. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051756. [PMID: 36902541 PMCID: PMC10003478 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the therapeutic effects of transplanting human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) into wild-type mice that were intraperitoneally administered cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) to develop cerebellar ataxia (CA) during the first three postnatal days. hMSCs were intrathecally injected into 10-week-old mice once or thrice at 4-week intervals. Compared to the nontreated mice, the hMSC-treated mice showed improved motor and balance coordination, as measured using the rotarod, open-field, and ataxic scoring assessments, and increased protein levels in Purkinje and cerebellar granule cells, as measured using calbindin and NeuN protein markers. Multiple hMSC injections preserved Ara-C-induced cerebellar neuronal loss and improved cerebellar weight. Furthermore, the hMSC implantation significantly elevated the levels of neurotrophic factors, including brain-derived and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors, and suppressed TNF-α-, IL-1β-, and iNOS-mediated proinflammatory responses. Collectively, our results demonstrate that hMSCs exhibit therapeutic potential for Ara-C-induced CA by protecting neurons through the stimulation of neurotrophic factors and inhibition of cerebellar inflammatory responses, which can improve motor behavior and alleviate ataxia-related neuropathology. In summary, this study suggests that hMSC administration, particularly multiple treatments, can effectively treat ataxia-related symptoms with cerebellar toxicity.
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Chen J, Chen G, Peng Z, Zhong Y, Lian X, Yuan L, Zhai Z, Ju J. Improved clinical symptoms in three patients with spinocerebellar ataxia through a surgical decompression procedure of the posterior cranial fossa with subsequent flap transplantation of the cerebellum. JOURNAL OF NEURORESTORATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.26599/jnr.2022.9040002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Iizuka Y, Owada R, Kawasaki T, Hayashi F, Sonoyama M, Nakamura K. Toxicity of internalized polyalanine to cells depends on aggregation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23441. [PMID: 34873226 PMCID: PMC8648788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In polyalanine (PA) diseases, the disease-causing transcription factors contain an expansion of alanine repeats. While aggregated proteins that are responsible for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders show cell-to-cell propagation and thereby exert toxic effects on the recipient cells, whether this is also the case with expanded PA has not been studied. It is also not known whether the internalized PA is toxic to recipient cells based on the degree of aggregation. In this study, we therefore prepared different degrees of aggregation of a peptide having 13 alanine repeats without flanking sequences of PA disease-causative proteins (13A). The aggregated 13A was spontaneously taken up by neuron-like cultured cells. Functionally, strong aggregates but not weak aggregates displayed a deficit in neuron-like differentiation in vitro. Moreover, the injection of strong but not weak 13A aggregates into the ventricle of mice during the neonatal stage led to enhanced spontaneous motor activity later in life. Thus, PA in the extracellular space has the potential to enter adjacent cells, and may exert toxicity depending on the degree of aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Iizuka
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ryuji Owada
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takayasu Kawasaki
- Accelerator Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Fumio Hayashi
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Organization for Promotion of Research and University Industry Collaboration, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Masashi Sonoyama
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan.,Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan.,Gunma University Center for Food Science and Wellness (GUCFW), Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
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Preclinical Assessment of Mesenchymal-Stem-Cell-Based Therapies in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121754. [PMID: 34944570 PMCID: PMC8698556 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The low regeneration potential of the central nervous system (CNS) represents a challenge for the development of new therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases, including spinocerebellar ataxias. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3)—or Machado–Joseph disease (MJD)—is the most common dominant ataxia, being mainly characterized by motor deficits; however, SCA3/MJD has a complex and heterogeneous pathophysiology, involving many CNS brain regions, contributing to the lack of effective therapies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proposed as a potential therapeutic tool for CNS disorders. Beyond their differentiation potential, MSCs secrete a broad range of neuroregulatory factors that can promote relevant neuroprotective and immunomodulatory actions in different pathophysiological contexts. The objective of this work was to study the effects of (1) human MSC transplantation and (2) human MSC secretome (CM) administration on disease progression in vivo, using the CMVMJD135 mouse model of SCA3/MJD. Our results showed that a single CM administration was more beneficial than MSC transplantation—particularly in the cerebellum and basal ganglia—while no motor improvement was observed when these cell-based therapeutic approaches were applied in the spinal cord. However, the effects observed were mild and transient, suggesting that continuous or repeated administration would be needed, which should be further tested.
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Potential for Stem Cell-Based Therapy in the Road of Treatment for Neurological Disorders Secondary to COVID-19. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 8:355-369. [PMID: 34746370 PMCID: PMC8555723 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-021-00234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has led to the worldwide pandemic named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has caused a significant increase in the number of cases and mortalities since its first diagnosis in December 2019. Although COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory system, neurological involvement of the central and peripheral nervous system has been also reported. Herein, the higher risk of neurodegenerative diseases in COVID-19 patients in future is also imaginable. Neurological complications of COVID-19 infection are more commonly seen in severely ill individuals; but, earlier diagnosis and treatment can lead to better long-lasting results. In this respect, stem cell biotechnologies with considerable self-renewal and differentiation capacities have experienced great progress in the field of neurological disorders whether in finding out their underlying processes or proving them promising therapeutic approaches. Herein, many neurological disorders have been found to benefit from stem cell medicine strategies. Accordingly, in the present review, the authors are trying to discuss stem cell-based biotechnologies as promising therapeutic options for neurological disorders secondary to COVID-19 infection through reviewing neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and current stem cell-based biotechnologies for neurological disorders. Lay Summary Due to the substantial burden of neurological disorders in the health, economic, and social system of society, the emergence of neurological manifestations following COVID-19 (as a life-threatening pandemic) creates the need to use efficient and modern methods of treatment. Since stem cell-based methods have been efficient for a large number of neurological diseases, it seems that the use of mentioned methods is also effective in the process of improving neurological disorders caused by COVID-19. Hereupon, the current review aims to address stem cell-based approaches as treatments showing promise to neurological disorders related to COVID-19.
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Hua T(T, Bejoy J, Song L, Wang Z, Zeng Z, Zhou Y, Li Y, Sang QXA. Cerebellar Differentiation from Human Stem Cells Through Retinoid, Wnt, and Sonic Hedgehog Pathways. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 27:881-893. [PMID: 32873223 PMCID: PMC8336229 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiating cerebellar organoids can be challenging due to complex cell organization and structure in the cerebellum. Different approaches were investigated to recapitulate differentiation process of the cerebellum from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) without high efficiency. This study was carried out to test the hypothesis that the combination of different signaling factors including retinoic acid (RA), Wnt activator, and sonic hedgehog (SHH) activator promotes the cerebellar differentiation of hiPSCs. Wnt, RA, and SHH pathways were activated by CHIR99021 (CHIR), RA, and purmorphamine (PMR), respectively. Different combinations of the morphogens (RA/CHIR, RA/PMR, CHIR/PMR, and RA/CHIR/PMR) were utilized, and the spheroids (day 35) were characterized for the markers of three cerebellum layers (the molecular layer, the Purkinje cell layer, and the granule cell layer). Of all the combinations tested, RA/CHIR/PMR promoted both the Purkinje cell layer and the granule cell layer differentiation. The cells also exhibited electrophysiological characteristics using whole-cell patch clamp recording, especially demonstrating Purkinje cell electrophysiology. This study should advance the understanding of different signaling pathways during cerebellar development to engineer cerebellum organoids for drug screening and disease modeling. Impact statement This study investigated the synergistic effects of retinoic acid, Wnt activator, and sonic hedgehog activator on cerebellar patterning of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) spheroids and organoids. The results indicate that the combination promotes the differentiation of the Purkinje cell layer and the granule cell layer. The cells also exhibit electrophysiological characteristics using whole-cell patch clamp recording, especially demonstrating Purkinje cell electrophysiology. The findings are significant for understanding the biochemical signaling of three-dimensional microenvironment on neural patterning of hiPSCs for applications in organoid engineering, disease modeling, and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien (Timothy) Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Julie Bejoy
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Liqing Song
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Ziwei Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Current Status of Gene Therapy Research in Polyglutamine Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084249. [PMID: 33921915 PMCID: PMC8074016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias (PolyQ SCAs) are a group of 6 rare autosomal dominant diseases, which arise from an abnormal CAG repeat expansion in the coding region of their causative gene. These neurodegenerative ataxic disorders are characterized by progressive cerebellar degeneration, which translates into progressive ataxia, the main clinical feature, often accompanied by oculomotor deficits and dysarthria. Currently, PolyQ SCAs treatment is limited only to symptomatic mitigation, and no therapy is available to stop or delay the disease progression, which culminates with death. Over the last years, many promising gene therapy approaches were investigated in preclinical studies and could lead to a future treatment to stop or delay the disease development. Here, we summed up the most promising of these therapies, categorizing them in gene augmentation therapy, gene silencing strategies, and gene edition approaches. While several of the reviewed strategies are promising, there is still a gap from the preclinical results obtained and their translation to clinical studies. However, there is an increase in the number of approved gene therapies, as well as a constant development in their safety and efficacy profiles. Thus, it is expected that in a near future some of the promising strategies reviewed here could be tested in a clinical setting and if successful provide hope for SCAs patients.
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. Motor Performances of Spontaneous and Genetically Modified Mutants with Cerebellar Atrophy. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:615-634. [PMID: 30820866 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chance discovery of spontaneous mutants with atrophy of the cerebellar cortex has unearthed genes involved in optimizing motor coordination. Rotorod, stationary beam, and suspended wire tests are useful in delineating behavioral phenotypes of spontaneous mutants with cerebellar atrophy such as Grid2Lc, Grid2ho, Rorasg, Agtpbp1pcd, Relnrl, and Dab1scm. Likewise, transgenic or null mutants serving as experimental models of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) are phenotyped with the same tests. Among experimental models of autosomal dominant SCA, rotorod deficits were reported in SCA1 to 3, SCA5 to 8, SCA14, SCA17, and SCA27 and stationary beam deficits in SCA1 to 3, SCA5, SCA6, SCA13, SCA17, and SCA27. Beam tests are sensitive to experimental therapies of various kinds including molecules affecting glutamate signaling, mesenchymal stem cells, anti-oligomer antibodies, lentiviral vectors carrying genes, interfering RNAs, or neurotrophic factors, and interbreeding with other mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- Department of Psychology, University of Rouen, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, and Pathogens EA7300, and CHRU of Nancy, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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Tsai PJ, Yeh CC, Huang WJ, Min MY, Huang TH, Ko TL, Huang PY, Chen TH, Hsu SPC, Soong BW, Fu YS. Xenografting of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton's jelly ameliorates mouse spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:29. [PMID: 31508229 PMCID: PMC6727337 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of CAG repeats in ATXN1 gene resulting in an expansion of polyglutamine repeats in the ATXN1 protein. Unfortunately, there has yet been any effective treatment so far for SCA1. This study investigated the feasibility of transplanting human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) into transgenic SCA1 mice containing an expanded uninterrupted allele with 82 repeats in the ATXN1-coding region. METHODS 106 human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells were transplanted into the cerebella at 1 month of age. RESULTS HUMSCs displayed significant ameliorating effects in SCA1 mice in terms of motor behaviors in balance beam test and open field test as compared with the untransplanted SCA1 mice. HUMSCs transplantation effectively reduced the cerebellar atrophy, salvaged Purkinje cell death, and alleviated molecular layer shrinkage. Electrophysiological studies showed higher amplitudes of compound motor action potentials as indicated by increasing neuronal-muscular response strength to stimuli after stem cell transplantation. At 5 months after transplantation, HUMSCs scattering in the mice cerebella remained viable and secreted cytokines without differentiating into neuronal or glia cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide hope for a new therapeutic direction for the treatment of SCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Jiun Tsai
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Trauma Center, Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Ching Yeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wan-Jhen Huang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yuan Min
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tzu-Hao Huang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsui-Ling Ko
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yu Huang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tien-Hua Chen
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Trauma Center, Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sanford P. C. Hsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bing-Wen Soong
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, and Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Show Fu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nung Street, Taipei, 112 Taiwan, Republic of China
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Mazini L, Rochette L, Amine M, Malka G. Regenerative Capacity of Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs), Comparison with Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102523. [PMID: 31121953 PMCID: PMC6566837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is now on the top one of stem cell sources regarding its accessibility, abundance, and less painful collection procedure when compared to other sources. The adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) that it contains can be maintained and expanded in culture for long periods of time without losing their differentiation capacity, leading to large cell quantities being increasingly used in cell therapy purposes. Many reports showed that ADSCs-based cell therapy products demonstrated optimal efficacy and efficiency in some clinical indications for both autologous and allogeneic purposes, hence becoming considered as potential tools for replacing, repairing, and regenerating dead or damaged cells. In this review, we analyzed the therapeutic advancement of ADSCs in comparison to bone marrow (BM) and umbilical cord (UC)-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and designed the specific requirements to their best clinical practices and safety. Our analysis was focused on the ADSCs, rather than the whole stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cell populations, to facilitate characterization that is related to their source of origins. Clinical outcomes improvement suggested that these cells hold great promise in stem cell-based therapies in neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and auto-immunes diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Mazini
- Laboratoire Cellules Souches et Ingénierie Tissulaire, Centre Interface Applications Médicales CIAM, Université Mohammed VI polytechnique, Ben Guérir 43150, Morocco.
| | - Luc Rochette
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460), Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Mohamed Amine
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Biostatique, Centre Interface Applications Médicales CIAM, Université Mohammed VI polytechnique, Ben Guérir 43150, Morocco.
- Département de Santé Publique et de Médecine Communautaire, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco.
| | - Gabriel Malka
- Laboratoire Cellules Souches et Ingénierie Tissulaire, Centre Interface Applications Médicales CIAM, Université Mohammed VI polytechnique, Ben Guérir 43150, Morocco.
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Biostatique, Centre Interface Applications Médicales CIAM, Université Mohammed VI polytechnique, Ben Guérir 43150, Morocco.
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Mazini L, Rochette L, Amine M, Malka G. Regenerative Capacity of Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs), Comparison with Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). Int J Mol Sci 2019. [PMID: 31121953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102523.pmid:31121953;pmcid:pmc6566837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is now on the top one of stem cell sources regarding its accessibility, abundance, and less painful collection procedure when compared to other sources. The adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) that it contains can be maintained and expanded in culture for long periods of time without losing their differentiation capacity, leading to large cell quantities being increasingly used in cell therapy purposes. Many reports showed that ADSCs-based cell therapy products demonstrated optimal efficacy and efficiency in some clinical indications for both autologous and allogeneic purposes, hence becoming considered as potential tools for replacing, repairing, and regenerating dead or damaged cells. In this review, we analyzed the therapeutic advancement of ADSCs in comparison to bone marrow (BM) and umbilical cord (UC)-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and designed the specific requirements to their best clinical practices and safety. Our analysis was focused on the ADSCs, rather than the whole stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cell populations, to facilitate characterization that is related to their source of origins. Clinical outcomes improvement suggested that these cells hold great promise in stem cell-based therapies in neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and auto-immunes diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Mazini
- Laboratoire Cellules Souches et Ingénierie Tissulaire, Centre Interface Applications Médicales CIAM, Université Mohammed VI polytechnique, Ben Guérir 43150, Morocco.
| | - Luc Rochette
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460), Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Mohamed Amine
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Biostatique, Centre Interface Applications Médicales CIAM, Université Mohammed VI polytechnique, Ben Guérir 43150, Morocco.
- Département de Santé Publique et de Médecine Communautaire, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco.
| | - Gabriel Malka
- Laboratoire Cellules Souches et Ingénierie Tissulaire, Centre Interface Applications Médicales CIAM, Université Mohammed VI polytechnique, Ben Guérir 43150, Morocco.
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Biostatique, Centre Interface Applications Médicales CIAM, Université Mohammed VI polytechnique, Ben Guérir 43150, Morocco.
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Buijsen RAM, Toonen LJA, Gardiner SL, van Roon-Mom WMC. Genetics, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Progress in Polyglutamine Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:263-286. [PMID: 30607747 PMCID: PMC6554265 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-00696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCAs) are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by degeneration of the cerebellum and its connections. All ADCAs have progressive ataxia as their main clinical feature, frequently accompanied by dysarthria and oculomotor deficits. The most common spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are 6 polyglutamine (polyQ) SCAs. These diseases are all caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the coding region of a gene. Currently, no curative treatment is available for any of the polyQ SCAs, but increasing knowledge on the genetics and the pathological mechanisms of these polyQ SCAs has provided promising therapeutic targets to potentially slow disease progression. Potential treatments can be divided into pharmacological and gene therapies that target the toxic downstream effects, gene therapies that target the polyQ SCA genes, and stem cell replacement therapies. Here, we will provide a review on the genetics, mechanisms, and therapeutic progress in polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A M Buijsen
- Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Lodewijk J A Toonen
- Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah L Gardiner
- Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, LUMC, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Mohara M, Kawasaki T, Owada R, Imai T, Kanetaka H, Izumi SI, Tsukiyama K, Nakamura K. Restoration from polyglutamine toxicity after free electron laser irradiation of neuron-like cells. Neurosci Lett 2018; 685:42-49. [PMID: 30044955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Proteins containing an expanded polyglutamine tract tend to aggregate, leading to the neuronal damage observed in polyglutamine diseases. We recently reported that free electron laser (FEL) irradiation markedly dissociates naked polyglutamine aggregates as well as the aggregate in the 293 T cells. In the present study, we investigated whether FEL irradiation of neuron-like cells with polyglutamine aggregates would restore the cellular damage and dysfunction. The aggregated polyglutamine peptides induced neurite retraction of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Upon FEL irradiation, the polyglutamine aggregates in the SH-SY5Y cells were dissociated, and the shorter length of individual neurite, fewer number of neurites per cell and shorter total length of neurite by polyglutamine were inhibited. Same results were essentially obtained in PC12 cells. Moreover, when FEL irradiation was applied to undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells, the deficits in neuron-like differentiation seen in expanded polyglutamine peptide-containing cells were also rescued. Thus, FEL irradiation restored both the damage and differentiation caused by polyglutamine in neuron-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Mohara
- Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takayasu Kawasaki
- IR Free Electron Laser Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ryuji Owada
- Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takayuki Imai
- IR Free Electron Laser Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kanetaka
- Laison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Izumi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsukiyama
- IR Free Electron Laser Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
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Ramot Y, Schiffenbauer YS, Maronpot R, Nyska A. Compact Magnetic Resonance Imaging Systems-Novel Cost-Effective Tools for Preclinical Drug Safety and Efficacy Evaluation. Toxicol Sci 2018; 157:3-7. [PMID: 28329801 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Practical magnetic resonance imaging for use in investigative and preclinical toxicology studies is now feasible. Newly developed, self-containing imaging systems provide an efficient and cost-effective means to rapidly obtain in vivo and ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging images to improve how we perform toxicology and toxicologic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ramot
- Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Abraham Nyska
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Toxicologic Pathology, Timrat, Israel
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Compact MRI for the detection of teratoma development following intrathecal human embryonic stem cell injection in NOD-SCID mice. Neurotoxicology 2017; 59:27-32. [PMID: 28069364 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are emerging as a promising new treatment modality for a variety of central nervous system disorders. However, their use is hampered by the potential for the development of teratomas and other tumors. Therefore, there is a crucial need for the development of methods for detecting teratomas in preclinical safety studies. The aim of the current study is to assess the ability of a compact Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system to detect teratoma formation in mice. Five NOD-SCID mice were injected intrathecally with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), with two mice serving as controls. In vivo MRI was performed on days 25 and 48, and ex vivo MRI was performed after scheduled euthanization (day 55). MRI results were compared to histopathology findings. Two animals injected with hESCs developed hind-limb paresis and paralysis, necessitating premature euthanization. MRI examination revealed abnormal pale areas in the spinal cord and brain, which correlated histopathologically with teratomas. This preliminary study shows the efficacy of compact MRI systems in the detection of small teratomas following intrathecal injection of hESCs in a highly sensitive manner. Although these results should be validated in larger studies, they provide further evidence that the use of MRI in longitudinal studies offers a new monitoring strategy for preclinical testing of stem cell applications.
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Huda F, Fan Y, Suzuki M, Konno A, Matsuzaki Y, Takahashi N, Chan JKY, Hirai H. Fusion of Human Fetal Mesenchymal Stem Cells with "Degenerating" Cerebellar Neurons in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 Model Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164202. [PMID: 27802273 PMCID: PMC5089746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) migrate to damaged tissues, where they participate in tissue repair. Human fetal MSCs (hfMSCs), compared with adult MSCs, have higher proliferation rates, a greater differentiation capacity and longer telomeres with reduced senescence. Therefore, transplantation of quality controlled hfMSCs is a promising therapeutic intervention. Previous studies have shown that intravenous or intracortical injections of MSCs result in the emergence of binucleated cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) containing an MSC-derived marker protein in mice, thus suggesting a fusion event. However, transdifferentiation of MSCs into PCs or transfer of a marker protein from an MSC to a PC cannot be ruled out. In this study, we unequivocally demonstrated the fusion of hfMSCs with murine PCs through a tetracycline-regulated (Tet-off) system with or without a Cre-dependent genetic inversion switch (flip-excision; FLEx). In the FLEx-Tet system, we performed intra-cerebellar injection of viral vectors expressing tetracycline transactivator (tTA) and Cre recombinase into either non-symptomatic (4-week-old) or clearly symptomatic (6–8-month-old) spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) mice. Then, the mice received an injection of 50,000 genetically engineered hfMSCs that expressed GFP only in the presence of Cre recombinase and tTA. We observed a significant emergence of GFP-expressing PCs and interneurons in symptomatic, but not non-symptomatic, SCA1 mice 2 weeks after the MSC injection. These results, together with the results obtained using age-matched wild-type mice, led us to conclude that hfMSCs have the potential to preferentially fuse with degenerating PCs and interneurons but not with healthy neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathul Huda
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
- Physiology Division, Department of Anatomy Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, 40161, Indonesia
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899, Singapore
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 119228, Singapore
| | - Mamiko Suzuki
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
| | - Ayumu Konno
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
| | - Yasunori Matsuzaki
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Takahashi
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
| | - Jerry K. Y. Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899, Singapore
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 119228, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Picosecond pulsed infrared laser tuned to amide I band dissociates polyglutamine fibrils in cells. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:1425-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-2004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Suto N, Mieda T, Iizuka A, Nakamura K, Hirai H. Morphological and Functional Attenuation of Degeneration of Peripheral Neurons by Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1-Knock-in Mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:670-6. [PMID: 27140210 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is caused by the ataxin-1 protein (ATXN1) with an abnormally expanded polyglutamine tract and is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration. We previously showed that intrathecal injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) during the nonsymptomatic stage mitigates the degeneration of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons in SCA1-knock-in (SCA1-KI) mice. We tested in this study whether the therapeutic effects of MSCs in SCA1-KI mice could be reproduced with MSC-releasing factor(s). METHODS To test the effects of MSC-releasing factor(s), we used MSC-conditioned medium (MSC-CM). MSC-CM was intrathecally and/or intravenously injected into young SCA1-KI mice, and the therapeutic effects were assessed in the PNS at later ages using immunostaining, electrophysiology, and behavioral tests. RESULTS MSC-CM attenuated the degeneration of axons and myelin of spinal motor neurons. Consequently, the injected SCA1-KI mice exhibited smaller reductions in nerve conduction velocity in spinal motor neurons and reduced motor incoordination than the untreated mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that factors released from MSC mitigate the morphological and functional abnormalities in the PNS that are observed in SCA1-KI mice in a paracrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Suto
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tokue Mieda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Akira Iizuka
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article discusses recent advances in the understanding of clinical and genetic aspects of primary ataxias, including congenital, autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, episodic, X-linked, and mitochondrial ataxias, as well as idiopathic degenerative and secondary ataxias. RECENT FINDINGS Many important observations have been published in recent years in connection with primary ataxias, particularly new loci and genes. The most commonly inherited ataxias may present with typical and atypical phenotypes. In the group of idiopathic degenerative ataxias, genes have been found in patients with multiple system atrophy type C. Secondary ataxias represent an important group of sporadic, cerebellar, and afferent/sensory ataxias. SUMMARY Knowledge of primary ataxias has been growing rapidly in recent years. Here we review different forms of primary ataxia, including inherited forms, which are subdivided into congenital, autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias, autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias, episodic ataxias, X-linked ataxias, and mitochondrial ataxias, as well as sporadic ataxias and idiopathic degenerative ataxias. Secondary or acquired ataxias are also reviewed and the most common causes are discussed.
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Siska EK, Koliakos G, Petrakis S. Stem cell models of polyglutamine diseases and their use in cell-based therapies. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:247. [PMID: 26236184 PMCID: PMC4501170 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine diseases are fatal neurological disorders that affect the central nervous system. They are caused by mutations in disease genes that contain CAG trinucleotide expansions in their coding regions. These mutations are translated into expanded glutamine chains in pathological proteins. Mutant proteins induce cytotoxicity, form intranuclear aggregates and cause neuronal cell death in specific brain regions. At the moment there is no cure for these diseases and only symptomatic treatments are available. Here, we discuss novel therapeutic approaches that aim in neuronal cell replacement using induced pluripotent or adult stem cells. Additionally, we present the beneficial effect of genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells and their use as disease models or RNAi/gene delivery vehicles. In combination with their paracrine and cell-trophic properties, such cells may prove useful for the development of novel therapies against polyglutamine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Koliakos
- Biohellenika Biotechnology Company Thessaloniki, Greece ; Laboratory of Biochemistry, AHEPA University Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece
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