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Kim CY, Jung Y, Park JS. Lymph Node Stations of Pancreas Which Are Identified in Real Color Sectioned Images of a Cadaver With Pancreatic Cancer. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e392. [PMID: 38013647 PMCID: PMC10681841 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pancreatic cancer surgery, anatomical understanding of lymph node metastases is required. Distinguishing lymph nodes in computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is challenging for novice doctors and medical students because of their small size and similar color to surrounding tissues. This study aimed to enhance our understanding of the clinical anatomy of lymph node stations relevant to pancreatic cancer using newly sectioned images of a cadaver with true color and high resolution and their three-dimensional (3D) models. METHODS An 88-year-old female cadaver who died of pancreatic cancer was serially sectioned. Among the sectioned images of the whole body (0.05 mm-sized pixel, 48 bits color), images of the abdomen were selected, and examined to identify lymph nodes and nearby structures. 34 structures (9 in digestive system; 1 in urinary system; 2 in cardiovascular system; 22 in lymphatic system) were segmented on the sectioned images. Based on the sectioned and segmented images, volume and surface models were produced. RESULTS Among the known 28 lymph node stations, 21 stations were identified through location, size, and color of normal and abnormal structures in the sectioned images and 3D models. Two near the splenic artery could not be separated from the cancer tissue, and the remaining five were not clearly identified. In the surface models, the shape and location of lymph node stations could be confirmed with nearby structures. CONCLUSION The lymph node stations relevant to pancreatic cancer can be anatomically understood by using the sectioned images and 3D models which contain true color and high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Yoh Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Yongwook Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Jin Seo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea.
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Giordano A, Cinti F, Canese R, Carpinelli G, Colleluori G, Di Vincenzo A, Palombelli G, Severi I, Moretti M, Redaelli C, Partridge J, Zingaretti MC, Agostini A, Sternardi F, Giovagnoni A, Castorina S, Cinti S. The Adipose Organ Is a Unitary Structure in Mice and Humans. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092275. [PMID: 36140375 PMCID: PMC9496043 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. In mice and humans with obesity, the adipose organ undergoes remarkable morpho-functional alterations. The comprehension of the adipose organ function and organization is of paramount importance to understand its pathology and formulate future therapeutic strategies. In the present study, we performed anatomical dissections, magnetic resonance imaging, computed axial tomography and histological and immunohistochemical assessments of humans and mouse adipose tissues. We demonstrate that most of the two types of adipose tissues (white, WAT and brown, BAT) form a large unitary structure fulfilling all the requirements necessary to be considered as a true organ in both species. A detailed analysis of the gross anatomy of mouse adipose organs in different pathophysiological conditions (normal, cold, pregnancy, obesity) shows that the organ consists of a unitary structure composed of different tissues: WAT, BAT, and glands (pregnancy). Data from autoptic dissection of 8 cadavers, 2 females and 6 males (Age: 37.5 ± 9.7, BMI: 23 ± 2.7 kg/m2) and from detailed digital dissection of 4 digitalized cadavers, 2 females and 2 males (Age: 39 ± 14.2 years, BMI: 22.8 ± 4.3 kg/m2) confirmed the mixed (WAT and BAT) composition and the unitary structure of the adipose organ also in humans. Considering the remarkable endocrine roles of WAT and BAT, the definition of the endocrine adipose organ would be even more appropriate in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - F. Cinti
- UOS Centro Malattie Endocrine e Metaboliche, UOC Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - R. Canese
- MRI Unit-Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - G. Carpinelli
- MRI Unit-Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - G. Colleluori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - A. Di Vincenzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - G. Palombelli
- MRI Unit-Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - I. Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - M. Moretti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - M. C. Zingaretti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - A. Agostini
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - F. Sternardi
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - A. Giovagnoni
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - S. Castorina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - S. Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence:
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