1
|
Nasu T, Kainuma R, Ota H, Mizumura K, Taguchi T. Increased nociceptive behaviors and spinal c-Fos expression in the formalin test in a rat repeated cold stress model. Neurosci Res 2024; 198:30-38. [PMID: 37392833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Repeated cold stress (RCS) can trigger the development of fibromyalgia (FM)-like symptoms, including persistent deep-tissue pain, although nociceptive changes to the skin have not been fully characterized. Using a rat RCS model, we investigated nociceptive behaviors induced by noxious mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli applied to plantar skin. Neuronal activation in the spinal dorsal horn was examined using the formalin pain test. In rats exposed to RCS, nociceptive behavioral hypersensitivity was observed in all modalities of cutaneous noxious stimuli: the mechanical withdrawal threshold was decreased, and the heat withdrawal latency was shortened one day after the cessation of stress. The duration of nocifensive behaviors in the formalin test was prolonged in phase II but not in phase I. The number of c-Fos-positive neurons increased in the entire dorsal horn laminae I-VI, ipsilateral, but not contralateral, to formalin injection at the L3-L5 segments. The duration of nocifensive behavior in phase II was significantly and positively correlated with the number of c-Fos-positive neurons in laminae I-II. These results demonstrate that cutaneous nociception is facilitated in rats exposed to RCS for a short time and that the spinal dorsal horn neurons are hyperactivated by cutaneous formalin in the RCS model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Nasu
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan; Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Riku Kainuma
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ota
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences (IHMMS), Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Kazue Mizumura
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan; Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Toru Taguchi
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences (IHMMS), Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yamamoto S, Honma K, Fujii M, Kakimoto M, Kirihara S, Nakayama H, Kitamori K, Sato I, Hirohata S, Watanabe S. SHRSP5/Dmcr rats fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet develop disease-induced sarcopenia as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis progresses. Ann Anat 2023; 249:152104. [PMID: 37209870 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary sarcopenia develops as a result of a bedridden state and illnesses, such as cachexia, liver disease, and diabetes. However, there is a lack of animal models to investigate the underlying mechanisms and potential treatments for secondary sarcopenia. Recently, secondary sarcopenia has been associated with the prognosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This study aimed to investigate whether stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat 5 (SHRSP5/Dmcr) which developed severe nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFC; containing 2% cholic acid) diet is a useful model of secondary sarcopenia. METHODS SHRSP5/Dmcr rats were divided into 6 groups fed with a Stroke-Prone (SP: normal chow) or HFC diets for different periods (4, 12, and 20 weeks), and WKY/Izm rats were divided into 2 groups fed an SP or HFC diet. Body weight, food intake, and muscle force were measured weekly for all rats. After the end of the diet period, skeletal muscle strength evoked by electrical stimulation was recorded, blood was collected, and organ weight was measured. The sera were used for biochemical analysis and the organs were used for histopathological analysis. RESULTS SHRSP5/Dmcr rats fed an HFC diet developed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and their skeletal muscles, especially fast muscles, showed atrophy, indicating that muscle atrophy is aggravated by the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. In contrast, WKY/Izm rats fed an HFC diet did not exhibit sarcopenia. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that SHRSP5/Dmcr rats could be a useful novel model for investigate the mechanism of secondary sarcopenia disorder associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Yamamoto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Koki Honma
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Moe Fujii
- Department of Medical Technology, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 543, Takoda, Tobe-cho, Iyo-gun, Ehime 791-2101, Japan.
| | - Mai Kakimoto
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Sora Kirihara
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Hinako Nakayama
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Kitamori
- College of Human Life and Environment, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723, Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 463-8521, Japan.
| | - Ikumi Sato
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Hirohata
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shogo Watanabe
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sato I, Yamamoto S, Kakimoto M, Fujii M, Honma K, Kumazaki S, Matsui M, Nakayama H, Kirihara S, Ran S, Usui S, Shinohata R, Kitamori K, Hirohata S, Watanabe S. Suppression of nitric oxide synthase aggravates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and atherosclerosis in SHRSP5/Dmcr rat via acceleration of abnormal lipid metabolism. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:669-683. [PMID: 35819592 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive subtype of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is closely related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in the control of various biological processes. Dysfunction of the NO signaling pathway is associated with various diseases such as atherosclerosis, vascular inflammatory disease, and diabetes. Recently, it has been reported that NO is related to lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Chronic NO synthase (NOS) inhibition accelerates NAFLD by increasing hepatic lipid deposition. However, the detailed relationship between NO and abnormal lipid and cholesterol metabolism in NAFLD/NASH has not been completely explained. We aimed to determine the effects of NOS inhibition by N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), a NOS inhibitor, on NASH and CVD via lipid and cholesterol metabolism. METHODS Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats were fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks and administered L-NAME for the last 2 weeks. Following blood and tissue sampling, biochemical analysis, histopathological staining, quantitative RT-PCR analysis, and western blotting were performed. RESULTS L-NAME markedly increased hepatic triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels by promoting TG synthesis and cholesterol absorption from the diet. L-NAME increased the mRNA levels of inflammatory markers and fibrotic areas in the liver. Cholesterol secretion from the liver was promoted in rats administered L-NAME, which increased serum cholesterol. L-NAME significantly increased the level of oxidative stress marker and lipid deposition in the arteries. CONCLUSIONS NOS inhibition simultaneously aggravates NASH and atherosclerosis via hepatic lipid and cholesterol metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Sato
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shusei Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
- Academic Field of Health Science, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mai Kakimoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Moe Fujii
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Koki Honma
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shota Kumazaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mami Matsui
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hinako Nakayama
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Sora Kirihara
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shang Ran
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shinichi Usui
- Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86, Nishi-machi, Yonago-shi, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Ryoko Shinohata
- Academic Field of Health Science, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kitamori
- Collage of Human Life and Environment, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723, Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirohata
- Academic Field of Health Science, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shogo Watanabe
- Academic Field of Health Science, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Beneficial Effects of Dietary Nitrite on a Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Induced by High-Fat/High-Cholesterol Diets in SHRSP5/Dmcr Rats: A Preliminary Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062931. [PMID: 35328352 PMCID: PMC8951310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease that leads to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Endothelial dysfunction caused by hepatic lipotoxicity is an underlying NASH pathology observed in the liver and the cardiovascular system. Here, we evaluated the effect of dietary nitrite on a rat NASH model. Stroke-prone, spontaneously hypertensive 5/Dmcr rats were fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet to develop the NASH model, with nitrite or captopril (100 mg/L, each) supplementation in drinking water for 8 weeks. The effects of nitrite and captopril were evaluated using immunohistochemical analyses of the liver and heart tissues. Dietary nitrite suppressed liver fibrosis in the rats by reducing oxidative stress, as measured using the protein levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase components and inflammatory cell accumulation in the liver. Nitrite lowered the blood pressure in hypertensive NASH rats and suppressed left ventricular chamber enlargement. Similar therapeutic effects were observed in a captopril-treated rat NASH model, suggesting the possibility of a common signaling pathway through which nitrite and captopril improve NASH pathology. In conclusion, dietary nitrite attenuates the development of NASH with cardiovascular involvement in rats and provides an alternative NASH therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Uta D, Tsuboshima K, Nishijo H, Mizumura K, Taguchi T. Neuronal Sensitization and Synaptic Facilitation in the Superficial Dorsal Horn of a Rat Reserpine-induced Pain Model. Neuroscience 2021; 479:125-139. [PMID: 34673142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic widespread pain is one of the important issues to be solved in medical practice. Impaired spinal descending pain inhibitory system due to decreased monoamine neurotransmitters is assumed to cause nociceptive hypersensitivities in chronic painful conditions like that described in patients with fibromyalgia (FM). However, response behaviors and synaptic transmission of the spinal dorsal horn neurons in response to reserpine remain to be clarified. Here we examined the activities of superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurons, as well as excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic inputs to SDH neurons, using a putative rat model of FM that was established by injecting reserpine. Extracellular recordings in vivo revealed that SDH neurons were sensitized to mechanical stimulation applied to the neurons' receptive fields, and the mechanically sensitized neurons were spontaneously more active. The sensitizing effect was evident 1 day and 3 days after the reserpine treatment, but subsided 5 days after the treatment or later. Using patch-clamp recordings in vivo, spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) to SDH neurons were found to increase in the pain model, while spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) to SDH neurons decreased. These results demonstrate that the SDH neurons were strongly sensitized in response to the reserpine treatment, and that increased excitatory and decreased inhibitory postsynaptic inputs could be responsible for the spinal nociceptive hypersensitivity in the putative FM model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Uta
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tsuboshima
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kazue Mizumura
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Toru Taguchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences (IHMMS), Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang P, Perez OC, Southey BR, Sweedler JV, Pradhan AA, Rodriguez-Zas SL. Alternative Splicing Mechanisms Underlying Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1570. [PMID: 34680965 PMCID: PMC8535871 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged use of opioids can cause opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). The impact of alternative splicing on OIH remains partially characterized. A study of the absolute and relative modes of action of alternative splicing further the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying OIH. Differential absolute and relative isoform profiles were detected in the trigeminal ganglia and nucleus accumbens of mice presenting OIH behaviors elicited by chronic morphine administration relative to control mice. Genes that participate in glutamatergic synapse (e.g., Grip1, Grin1, Wnk3), myelin protein processes (e.g., Mbp, Mpz), and axon guidance presented absolute and relative splicing associated with OIH. Splicing of genes in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor pathway was detected in the nucleus accumbens while splicing in the vascular endothelial growth factor, endogenous cannabinoid signaling, circadian clock system, and metabotropic glutamate receptor pathways was detected in the trigeminal ganglia. A notable finding was the prevalence of alternatively spliced transcription factors and regulators (e.g., Ciart, Ablim2, Pbx1, Arntl2) in the trigeminal ganglia. Insights into the nociceptive and antinociceptive modulatory action of Hnrnpk were gained. The results from our study highlight the impact of alternative splicing and transcriptional regulators on OIH and expose the need for isoform-level research to advance the understanding of morphine-associated hyperalgesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Olivia C. Perez
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (O.C.P.); (B.R.S.)
| | - Bruce R. Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (O.C.P.); (B.R.S.)
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Amynah A. Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas
- Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (O.C.P.); (B.R.S.)
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brum ES, Becker G, Fialho MFP, Oliveira SM. Animal models of fibromyalgia: What is the best choice? Pharmacol Ther 2021; 230:107959. [PMID: 34265360 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex syndrome, with an indefinite aetiology and intricate pathophysiology that affects 2 - 3% of the world population. From the beginning of the 2000s, experimental animal models have been developed to mimic clinical FM and help obtain a better understanding of the relevant neurobiology. These animal models have enabled a broad study of FM symptoms and mechanisms, as well as new treatment strategies. Current experimental FM models include the reserpine-induced systemic depletion of biogenic amines, muscle application of acid saline, and stress-based (cold, sound, or swim) approaches, among other emerging models. FM models should: (i) mimic the cardinal symptoms and complaints reported by FM patients (e.g., spontaneous nociception, muscle pain, hypersensitivity); (ii) mimic primary comorbidities that can aggravate quality of life and lead to worse outcomes (e.g., fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression, anxiety); (iii) mimic the prevalent pathological mechanisms (e.g., peripheral and central sensitization, inflammation/neuroinflammation, change in the levels of the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters); and (iv) demonstrate a pharmacological profile similar to the clinical treatment of FM. However, it is difficult for any one of these models to include the entire spectrum of clinical FM features once even FM patients are highly heterogeneous. In the past six years (2015 - 2020), a wide range of experimental FM studies has amounted to the literature reinforcing the need for an updated review. Here we have described, in detail, several approaches used to experimentally study FM, with a focus on recent studies in the field and in previously less discussed mechanisms. We highlight each model's challenges, limitations, and future directions, intending to help preclinical researchers establish the correct experimental FM model to use depending on their goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Silva Brum
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry Toxicology, Centre of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Becker
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry Toxicology, Centre of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Pessano Fialho
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry Toxicology, Centre of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sara Marchesan Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry Toxicology, Centre of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Matsubara Y, Okuda H, Harada KH, Youssefian S, Koizumi A. Mechanical allodynia triggered by cold exposure in mice with the Scn11a p.R222S mutation: a novel model of drug therapy for neuropathic pain related to Na V1.9. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:299-306. [PMID: 32970203 PMCID: PMC7835175 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations within the SCN11A gene which encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.9 mainly expressed in small fiber sensory neurons have been associated with neuropathic disorders; however, suitable medications have not been fully investigated. To develop drug therapies against NaV1.9-related neuropathic pain, we aimed to establish a novel model using mice carrying the Scn11a p.R222S mutation initially identified in patients with familial episodic limb pain that is characterized by paroxysmal pain induced by fatigue or bad weather conditions. We investigated the influence of cold exposure (4 °C, overnight) on the behavioral and biochemical phenotypes of Scn11a p.R222S mutant (R222S) and wild type C57BL/6N (WT) mice. We also tested the effects of acetaminophen (125, 250 mg/kg, perorally, p.o.) and traditional Japanese medicine, goshajinkigan (0.5 or 1.0 g/kg, p.o.), which are analgesic drugs prescribed to patients with neuropathic pain, in this model of cold-induced mechanical allodynia in R222S mice.Cold-exposed R222S mice exhibited enhanced mechanical allodynia and thermal hypersensitivity compared with WT mice. The decrease of the mechanical withdrawal threshold in R222S mice was reversible 24 h after housing at room temperature. There was no significant change in the levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, or interferon-γ in the plasma or spinal cords of WT and R222S mice after cold exposure. Both acetaminophen (250 mg/kg) and goshajinkigan (1.0 g/kg) significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia in R222S mice. The model of cold-induced mechanical allodynia in mice with the Scn11a p.R222S mutation is novel and useful for evaluating analgesic drugs for intractable neuropathies related to NaV1.9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Matsubara
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan.
- Laboratory of Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Okuda
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shohab Youssefian
- Laboratory of Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Social Health Medicine Welfare Laboratory, Public Interest Incorporated Association Kyoto Hokenkai, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yamamoto S, Sato I, Fukuhama N, Akiyama N, Sakai M, Kumazaki S, Ran S, Hirohata S, Kitamori K, Yamori Y, Watanabe S. Bile acids aggravate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cardiovascular disease in SHRSP5/Dmcr rat model. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 114:104437. [PMID: 32246926 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, regardless of the risk factors in metabolic syndrome. However, the intermediary factors between NASH and cardiovascular disease are still unknown. A previous study revealed that serum and hepatic bile acid (BA) levels are increased in some NASH patients. We aimed to examine whether NASH and cardiovascular disease were aggravated by BA using an animal model. METHOD AND RESULTS From 10 to 18 weeks of age, SHRSP5/Dmcr rats divided into 3 groups were fed 3 types of high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFC) diets which were changed in the cholic acid (CA) concentration (0%, 2%, or 4%). The nitro oxide synthase inhibition (L-NAME) was administered intraperitoneally from 16 to 18 weeks of age. The 4% CA groups showed the worst LV dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis, and demonstrated severe hepatic fibrosis and lipid depositions. In addition, a large amount of lipid accumulation was observed in the aortas of the 4% CA group, and NFκB and VCAM-1 gene expression levels were increased. These findings were not seen in the 0% CA group. CONCLUSION In the SHRSP5/Dmcr rat model, NASH and cardiovascular disease were aggravated with increasing BAs concentrations in an HFC diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ikumi Sato
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Natsuki Fukuhama
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Natsumi Akiyama
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Miku Sakai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shota Kumazaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shang Ran
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No.9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116-044, China
| | - Satoshi Hirohata
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kitamori
- College of Human Life and Environment, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723, Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 463-8521, Japan
| | - Yukio Yamori
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women's University, 4-16, Edagawa-cho, Nishinomiya-shi, Hyogo 663-8143, Japan
| | - Shogo Watanabe
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Glycosphingolipid Biosynthesis Pathway in the Spinal Cord and Dorsal Root Ganglia During Inflammatory Pain: Early and Late Changes in Expression Patterns of Glycosyltransferase Genes. Neuroscience 2020; 428:217-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
11
|
Peripheral nociceptive mechanisms in an experimental rat model of fibromyalgia induced by repeated cold stress. Neurosci Res 2019; 162:22-30. [PMID: 31891739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a debilitating disease characterized by generalized and persistent musculoskeletal pain. Although central mechanisms are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of FM, the involvement of peripheral mechanisms is poorly understood. To understand the peripheral nociceptive mechanisms, we examined muscular nociceptors in an FM model, which was made by exposing rats to repeated cold stress (RCS). A single muscle C-fiber nociceptors were identified through the teased fiber technique using ex vivo muscle-nerve preparations. Response properties of C-fibers to noxious stimuli were systematically analyzed. Messenger RNA expression of neurotrophic factors and inflammatory mediators were also studied in the muscle. In the RCS group, the mechanical response threshold of C-fibers, measured using a ramp mechanical stimulus, was significantly decreased, and the response magnitude was significantly increased in the RCS group when compared with the SHAM group, where the environmental temperature was not altered. The general characteristics of C-fibers and the responsiveness to noxious cold and heat stimuli were similar between the two groups. Messenger RNAs of neurotrophic factors and inflammatory mediators were not changed in the muscle during and after RCS. These results suggest that augmentation of the mechanical response of muscle C-fiber nociceptors contributes to hyperalgesia in the RCS model.
Collapse
|
12
|
Watanabe S, Kumazaki S, Yamamoto S, Sato I, Kitamori K, Mori M, Yamori Y, Hirohata S. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis aggravates nitric oxide synthase inhibition-induced arteriosclerosis in SHRSP5/Dmcr rat model. Int J Exp Pathol 2019; 99:282-294. [PMID: 30680827 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is linked to increased cardiovascular risk, independent of the broad spectrum of metabolic syndrome risk factors. Stroke-prone (SP) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP5/Dmcr) fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFC) diet developed hepatic lesions similar to those in human NASH pathology. These rats simultaneously developed lipid deposits in the mesenteric arteries, cardiac fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction and left ventricle (LV) diastolic dysfunction. However, the intermediary factors between NASH and cardiovascular disease are still unknown. We investigated whether NASH aggravates nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition-induced arteriosclerosis in SHRSP5/Dmcr rats. Wistar Kyoto and SHRSP5/Dmcr rats were divided into 4 groups of 5 and fed the stroke-prone (SP) or HFC diets for 8 weeks. To induce NO synthase inhibition, Nω -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) mixed with drinking water was administered in the final 2 weeks. The NASH+L-NAME group demonstrated the following characteristics related to arteriosclerosis and myocardial ischaemia: (a) LV systolic dysfunction with asynergy, (b) replacement fibrosis caused by the shedding of cardiomyocytes and (c) arterial lipid deposition and coronary occlusion secondary to endothelial dysfunction. These characteristics were not observed in the NASH or non-NASH+L-NAME groups. The SHRSP5/Dmcr rat model demonstrates that NASH significantly aggravates cardiovascular risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Watanabe
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shota Kumazaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shusei Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ikumi Sato
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kitamori
- College of Human Life and Environment, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mari Mori
- Department of Health Management, School of Health Studies, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukio Yamori
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirohata
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Y, Zhu T, Yang H, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG, Yu Y, Xu TL, Cheng X. Nav1.7 is phosphorylated by Fyn tyrosine kinase which modulates channel expression and gating in a cell type-dependent manner. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918782229. [PMID: 29790812 PMCID: PMC6024516 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918782229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7 is a key molecule in nociception, and its dysfunction has been associated with various pain disorders. Here, we investigated the regulation of Nav1.7 biophysical properties by Fyn, an Src family tyrosine kinase. Nav1.7 was coexpressed with either constitutively active (FynCA) or dominant negative (FynDN) variants of Fyn kinase. FynCA elevated protein expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of Nav1.7 channels. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis identified two tyrosine residues (Y1470 and Y1471) located within the Nav1.7 DIII-DIV linker (L3) as phosphorylation sites of Fyn. Whole-cell recordings revealed that FynCA evoked larger changes in Nav1.7 biophysical properties when expressed in ND7/23 cells than in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 cells, suggesting a cell type-specific modulation of Nav1.7 by Fyn kinase. In HEK 293 cells, substitution of both tyrosine residues with phenylalanine dramatically reduced current amplitude of mutant channels, which was partially rescued by expressing mutant channels in ND7/23 cells. Phenylalanine substitution showed little effect on FynCA-induced changes in Nav1.7 activation and inactivation, suggesting additional modifications in the channel or modulation by interaction with extrinsic factor(s). Our study demonstrates that Nav1.7 is a substrate for Fyn kinase, and the effect of the channel phosphorylation depends on the cell background. Fyn-mediated modulation of Nav1.7 may regulate DRG neuron excitability and contribute to pain perception. Whether this interaction could serve as a target for developing new pain therapeutics requires future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- 1 Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tengteng Zhu
- 1 Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Yang
- 1 Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sulayman D Dib-Hajj
- 2 Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,3 Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- 2 Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,3 Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ye Yu
- 4 Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Le Xu
- 1 Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyang Cheng
- 1 Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Watanabe S, Kumazaki S, Kusunoki K, Inoue T, Maeda Y, Usui S, Shinohata R, Ohtsuki T, Hirohata S, Kusachi S, Kitamori K, Mori M, Yamori Y, Oka H. A High-Fat and High-Cholesterol Diet Induces Cardiac Fibrosis, Vascular Endothelial, and Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in SHRSP5/Dmcr Rats. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 25:439-453. [PMID: 29162773 PMCID: PMC5945557 DOI: 10.5551/jat.40956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) increases cardiovascular risk regardless of risk factors in metabolic syndrome. However, the intermediary factors between NASH and vascular disease are still unknown because a suitable animal model has never been established. The stroke-prone (SP) spontaneously hypertensive rat, SHRSP5/Dmcr, simultaneously develops hypertension, acute arterial lipid deposits in mesenteric arteries, and NASH when feed with a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFC) diet. We investigated whether SHRSP5/Dmcr affected with NASH aggravates the cardiac or vascular dysfunction. METHOD Wister Kyoto and SHRSP5/Dmcr rats were divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each, and fed with a SP or HFC diet. After 8 weeks of HFC or SP diet feeding, glucose and insulin resistance, echocardiography, blood biochemistry, histopathological staining, and endothelial function in aorta were evaluated. RESULTS We demonstrate that SHRSP5/Dmcr rats fed with a HFC diet presented with cardiac and vascular dysfunction caused by cardiac fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, in association with NASH and hypertension. These cardiac and vascular dysfunctions were aggravated and not associated with the presence of hypertension, glucose metabolism disorder, and/or obesity. CONCLUSIONS SHRSP5/Dmcr rats may be a suitable animal model for elucidating the organ interaction between NASH and cardiac or vascular dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Watanabe
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Shota Kumazaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Katsuhiro Kusunoki
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Terumi Inoue
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Yui Maeda
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Shinichi Usui
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Ryoko Shinohata
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Satoshi Hirohata
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Shozo Kusachi
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Kazuya Kitamori
- College of Human Life and Environment, Kinjo Gakuin University
| | - Mari Mori
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Yukio Yamori
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Hisao Oka
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Presynaptic inhibition of nociceptive neurotransmission by somatosensory neuron-secreted suppressors. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017. [PMID: 28624955 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Noxious stimuli cause pain by activating cutaneous nociceptors. The Aδ- and C-fibers of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons convey the nociceptive signals to the laminae I-II of spinal cord. In the dorsal horn of spinal cord, the excitatory afferent synaptic transmission is regulated by the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid and modulators such as opioid peptides released from the spinal interneurons, and by serotonin, norepinepherine and dopamine from the descending inhibitory system. In contrast to the accumulated evidence for these central inhibitors and their neural circuits in the dorsal spinal cord, the knowledge about the endogenous suppressive mechanisms in nociceptive DRG neurons remains very limited. In this review, we summarize our recent findings of the presynaptic suppressive mechanisms in nociceptive neurons, the BNP/NPR-A/PKG/BKCa channel pathway, the FSTL1/α1Na+-K+ ATPase pathway and the activin C/ERK pathway. These endogenous suppressive systems in the mechanoheat nociceptors may also contribute differentially to the mechanisms of nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain or inflammation-induced pain.
Collapse
|
16
|
Orthopedic surgery modulates neuropeptides and BDNF expression at the spinal and hippocampal levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6686-E6695. [PMID: 27791037 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614017113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a critical component hindering recovery and regaining of function after surgery, particularly in the elderly. Understanding the role of pain signaling after surgery may lead to novel interventions for common complications such as delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Using a model of tibial fracture with intramedullary pinning in male mice, associated with cognitive deficits, we characterized the effects on the primary somatosensory system. Here we show that tibial fracture with pinning triggers cold allodynia and up-regulates nerve injury and inflammatory markers in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord up to 2 wk after intervention. At 72 h after surgery, there is an increase in activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), the neuropeptides galanin and neuropeptide Y (NPY), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as well as neuroinflammatory markers including ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 in DRGs. Using an established model of complete transection of the sciatic nerve for comparison, we observed similar but more pronounced changes in these markers. However, protein levels of BDNF remained elevated for a longer period after fracture. In the hippocampus, BDNF protein levels were increased, yet there were no changes in Bdnf mRNA in the parent granule cell bodies. Further, c-Fos was down-regulated in the hippocampus, together with a reduction in neurogenesis in the subgranular zone. Taken together, our results suggest that attenuated BDNF release and signaling in the dentate gyrus may account for cognitive and mental deficits sometimes observed after surgery.
Collapse
|