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Lai MY, Abdullah ML, Lau YL. Real-time fluorescence loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for detection of zoonotic malaria Plasmodium parasites. Acta Trop 2024; 255:107249. [PMID: 38740319 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural human infections by Plasmodium cynomolgi and P. inui have been reported recently and gain the substantial attention from Southeast Asian countries. Zoonotic transmission of non-human malaria parasites to humans from macaque monkeys occurred through the bites of the infected mosquitoes. The objective of this study is to establish real-time fluorescence loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for the detection of zoonotic malaria parasites by combining real-time fluorescent technology with the isothermal amplification technique. METHODS By using 18S rRNA as the target gene, the primers for P. cynomolgi, P. coatneyi and P. inui were newly designed in the present study. Four novel real-time fluorescence LAMP assays were developed for the detection of P. cynomolgi, P. coatneyi, P. inui and P. knowlesi. The entire amplification process was completed in 60 min, with the assays performed at 65 °C. By using SYTO-9 as the nucleic acid intercalating dye, the reaction was monitored via real-time fluorescence signal. RESULTS There was no observed cross-reactivity among the primers from different species. All 70 field-collected monkey samples were successfully amplified by real-time fluorescence LAMP assays. The detection limit for P. cynomolgi, P. coatneyi and P. knowlesi was 5 × 109 copies/µL. Meanwhile, the detection limit of P. inui was 5 × 1010 copies/µL. CONCLUSION This is the first report of the detection of four zoonotic malaria parasites by real-time fluorescence LAMP approaches. It is an effective, rapid and simple-to-use technique. This presented platform exhibits considerable potential as an alternative detection for zoonotic malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yee Lai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Lutfi Abdullah
- National Wildlife Forensic Laboratory, Ex-Situ Conservation Division Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Permana DH, Hasmiwati, Suryandari DA, Rozi IE, Syahrani L, Setiadi W, Irawati N, Rizaldi, Wangsamuda S, Yusuf Y, Irdayanti, Aswad H, Asih PBS, Syafruddin D. The potential for zoonotic malaria transmission in five areas of Indonesia inhabited by non-human primates. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:267. [PMID: 37550692 PMCID: PMC10405420 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indonesia is home to many species of non-human primates (NHPs). Deforestation, which is still ongoing in Indonesia, has substantially reduced the habitat of NHPs in the republic. This has led to an intensification of interactions between NHPs and humans, which opens up the possibility of pathogen spillover. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of malarial parasite infections in NHPs in five provinces of Indonesia in 2022. Species of the genus Anopheles that can potentially transmit malarial pathogens to humans were also investigated. METHODS An epidemiological survey was conducted by capturing NHPs in traps installed in several localities in the five provinces, including in the surroundings of a wildlife sanctuary. Blood samples were drawn aseptically after the NHPs had been anesthetized; the animals were released after examination. Blood smears were prepared on glass slides, and dried blood spot tests on filter paper. Infections with Plasmodium spp. were determined morphologically from the blood smears, which were stained with Giemsa solution, and molecularly through polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing using rplU oligonucleotides. The NHPs were identified to species level by using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 gene as barcoding DNA markers. Mosquito surveillance included the collection of larvae from breeding sites and that of adults through the human landing catch (HLC) method together with light traps. RESULTS Analysis of the DNA extracted from the dried blood spot tests of the 110 captured NHPs revealed that 50% were positive for Plasmodium, namely Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium coatneyi, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium sp. Prevalence determined by microscopic examination of the blood smears was 42%. Species of the primate genus Macaca and family Hylobatidae were identified by molecular analysis. The most common mosquito breeding sites were ditches, puddles and natural ponds. Some of the Anopheles letifer captured through HLC carried sporozoites of malaria parasites that can cause the disease in primates. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of malaria in the NHPs was high. Anopheles letifer, a potential vector of zoonotic malaria, was identified following its collection in Central Kalimantan by the HLC method. In sum, the potential for the transmission of zoonotic malaria in several regions of Indonesia is immense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dendi Hadi Permana
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Hasmiwati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Anita Suryandari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Ismail Ekoprayitno Rozi
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Lepa Syahrani
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wuryantari Setiadi
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Nuzulia Irawati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Rizaldi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Suradi Wangsamuda
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Yenni Yusuf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Irdayanti
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Hijral Aswad
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Puji Budi Setia Asih
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Cibinong, Indonesia.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia.
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Das R, Vashisht K, Pandey KC. A novel multiplex qPCR assay for clinical diagnosis of non-human malaria parasites- Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium cynomolgi. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1127273. [PMID: 36777671 PMCID: PMC9909747 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1127273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The imminent risk of zoonoses of non-human malaria parasites is not far from reality in India, as has been observed in the case of Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk), and so is possible with P. cynomolgi (Pc), already reported from South East Asian countries. Therefore, a novel multiplex qPCR assay was developed and evaluated for detection of non-human malaria parasites- Pk and Pc in populations at risk. Methods The qPCR primers were designed in-house with fluorescence labeled probes (HEX for Pk and FAM for Pc). DNA samples of Pk and Pc were used as templates and further the qPCR assay was evaluated in 250 symptomatic and asymptomatic suspected human blood samples from malaria endemic areas of North Eastern states of India. Results The qPCR assay successfully amplified the target 18S rRNA gene segment from Pk and Pc and was highly specific for Pk and Pc parasites only, as no cross reactivity was observed with P. falciparum (Pf), P. vivax (Pv), P. malariae (Pm), and P. ovale (Po). Standard curves were generated to estimate the limit of detection (LOD) of Pk and Pc parasites DNA (0.00275 & 0.075 ng/μl, respectively). Due to COVID-19 pandemic situation during 2020-21, the sample accessibility was difficult, however, we managed to collect 250 samples. The samples were tested for Pf and Pv using conventional PCR- 14 Pf and 11 Pv infections were observed, but no Pk and Pc infections were detected. For Pk infections, previously reported conventional PCR was also performed, but no Pk infection was detected. Discussion The multiplex qPCR assay was observed to be robust, quick, cost-effective and highly sensitive as compared to the currently available conventional PCR methods. Further validation of the multiplex qPCR assay in field setting is desirable, especially from the high-risk populations. We anticipate that the multiplex qPCR assay would prove to be a useful tool in mass screening and surveillance programs for detection of non-human malaria parasites toward the control and elimination of malaria from India by 2030.
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Lempang MEP, Dewayanti FK, Syahrani L, Permana DH, Malaka R, Asih PBS, Syafruddin D. Primate malaria: An emerging challenge of zoonotic malaria in Indonesia. One Health 2022; 14:100389. [PMID: 35686151 PMCID: PMC9171520 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of zoonotic malaria in different parts of the world, including Indonesia poses a challenge to the current malaria control and elimination program that target global malaria elimination at 2030. The reported cases in human include Plasmodium knowlesi, P. cynomolgi and P. inui, in South and Southeast Asian region and P. brazilianum and P. simium in Latin America. All are naturally found in the Old and New-world monkeys, macaques spp. This review focuses on the currently available data that may represent primate malaria as an emerging challenge of zoonotic malaria in Indonesia, the distribution of non-human primates and the malaria parasites it carries, changes in land use and deforestation that impact the habitat and intensifies interaction between the non-human primate and the human which facilitate spill-over of the pathogens. Although available data in Indonesia is very limited, a growing body of evidence indicate that the challenge of zoonotic malaria is immense and alerts to the need to conduct mitigation efforts through multidisciplinary approach involving environmental management, non-human primates conservation, disease management and vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farahana Kresno Dewayanti
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lepa Syahrani
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dendi Hadi Permana
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ratmawati Malaka
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Puji Budi Setia Asih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Corresponding author at: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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Chaturvedi R, Deora N, Bhandari D, Parvez S, Sinha A, Sharma A. Trends of neglected Plasmodium species infection in humans over the past century in India. One Health 2021; 11:100190. [PMID: 33251321 PMCID: PMC7683271 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts for malaria elimination in India focus solely on the more prevalent human malaria parasites of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and Plasmodium vivax (Pv). The three non-Pf/Pv species - Plasmodium malariae (Pm), Plasmodium ovale (Po) and Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk) are seldom studied though they are often present as mixed infections with Pf/Pv and thus may be misdiagnosed. This study provides a comprehensive landscape of Pm, Po, and Pk infections from 1930 to 2020. METHODOLOGY We systematically searched for published literature on Pm, Po, and Pk in India from PubMed database and collated data from 35 studies. The data, starting from 1930, were mapped decade-wise across India. The prevalence of the three neglected Plasmodium species and their proportional contribution to reported Plasmodium mixed-infection were also calculated and analysed. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Amongst the three non-Pf/Pv species, Pm infections have been reported in greater numbers across India and were mostly mono-infections till 1980. From 1983 onwards, reports of Pm mixed infections with Pf/Pv started to emerge. In contrast, reports on occurrence of Po are still rare barring few mixed infection studies. Further, Pk mono- and mixed cases were first reported in 2004 in India and Pk now has been found reported from four Indian states. CONCLUSION This is the first account of country-wide assimilation of reported malaria parasite species data that covers Pm, Po, and Pk infection profiles from 1930 to 2020. This study illustrates the need to survey all 5 human malaria parasite species in India and to target them collectively during the malaria elimination phase.
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Key Words
- ACT, Artemisinin-based combination therapy
- AL, Artemether-Lumefantrine
- AS, Artesunate
- CDC, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
- DBS, Dried Blood Spots
- G6PD, Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase.
- IV, intravenous
- LAMP, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification.
- Neglected Plasmodium species
- P. knowlesi
- P. malariae
- P. ovale
- PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction
- POC, Point of Care,
- RDT, Rapid Diagnostic Tests
- SP, Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine
- malaria
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Affiliation(s)
- Rini Chaturvedi
- Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nimita Deora
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepam Bhandari
- Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhinav Sinha
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
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Santosh Kumar PS, M.C. A, Gupta SK, Nongkynrih B. Malaria, dengue and chikungunya in India – An update. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SPECIALITIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.injms.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Malaria in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Challenges and opportunities for elimination. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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