1
|
Gattan HS, Wakid MH, Qahwaji RM, Altwaim S, Mahjoub HA, Alfaifi MS, Elshazly H, Al-Megrin WAI, Alshehri EA, Elshabrawy HA, El-kady AM. In silico and in vivo evaluation of the anti-cryptosporidial activity of eugenol. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1374116. [PMID: 38515537 PMCID: PMC10954888 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1374116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidiosis is an opportunistic parasitic disease widely distributed worldwide. Although Cryptosporidium sp. causes asymptomatic infection in healthy people, it may lead to severe illness in immunocompromised individuals. Limited effective therapeutic alternatives are available against cryptosporidiosis in this category of patients. So, there is an urgent need for therapeutic alternatives for cryptosporidiosis. Recently, the potential uses of Eugenol (EUG) have been considered a promising novel treatment for bacterial and parasitic infections. Consequently, it is suggested to investigate the effect of EUG as an option for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis. Materials and methods The in silico bioinformatics analysis was used to predict and determine the binding affinities and intermolecular interactions of EUG and Nitazoxanide (NTZ) toward several Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) lowa II target proteins. For animal study, five groups of immunosuppressed Swiss albino mice (10 mice each) were used. Group I was left uninfected (control), and four groups were infected with 1,000 oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. The first infected group was left untreated. The remaining three infected groups received NTZ, EUG, and EUG + NTZ, respectively, on the 6th day post-infection (dpi). All mice were sacrificed 30 dpi. The efficacy of the used formulas was assessed by counting the number of C. parvum oocysts excreted in stool of infected mice, histopathological examination of the ileum and liver tissues and determination of the expression of iNOS in the ileum of mice in different animal groups. Results treatment with EUG resulted in a significant reduction in the number of oocysts secreted in stool when compared to infected untreated mice. In addition, oocyst excretion was significantly reduced in mice received a combination therapy of EUG and NTZ when compared with those received NTZ alone. EUG succeeded in reverting the histopathological alterations induced by Cryptosporidium infection either alone or in combination with NTZ. Moreover, mice received EUG showed marked reduction of the expression of iNOS in ileal tissues. Conclusion Based on the results, the present study signified a basis for utilizing EUG as an affordable, safe, and alternative therapy combined with NTZ in the management of cryptosporidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hattan S. Gattan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed H. Wakid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rowaid M. Qahwaji
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Altwaim
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifaa A. Mahjoub
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Sciences and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael S. Alfaifi
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayam Elshazly
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-Scientific Departments, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Wafa Abdullah I. Al-Megrin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hatem A. Elshabrawy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX, United States
| | - Asmaa M. El-kady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Allam NAT, Hamouda RAEF, Sedky D, Abdelsalam ME, El-Gawad MEHA, Hassan NMF, Aboelsoued D, Elmaaty AMA, Ibrahim MA, Taie HAA, Hakim AS, Desouky HM, Megeed KNA, Abdel-Hamid MS. Medical prospects of cryptosporidiosis in vivo control using biofabricated nanoparticles loaded with Cinnamomum camphora extracts by Ulva fasciata. Vet World 2024; 17:108-124. [PMID: 38406364 PMCID: PMC10884584 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.108-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Global efforts are continuing to develop preparations against cryptosporidiosis. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of biosynthesized Ulva fasciata loading Cinnamomum camphora oil extract on new zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs shorten to ZnNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as alternative treatments for Cryptosporidium parvum experimental infection in rats. Materials and Methods Oil extract was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, loaded by U. fasciata on ionic-based ZnO and NPs, and then characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Biosafety and toxicity were investigated by skin tests. A total of 105 C. parvum oocysts/rat were used (n = 81, 2-3 W, 80-120 g, 9 male rats/group). Oocysts shedding was counted for 21 d. Doses of each preparation in addition to reference drug were administered daily for 7 d, starting on post-infection (PI) day (3). Nitazoxanide (100 mg) was used as the reference drug. After 3 weeks, the rats were sacrificed for postmortem examination and histopathological examination. Two blood samples/rat/group were collected on the 21st day. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples were also used for analysis of biochemistry, hematology, immunology, micronucleus prevalence, and chromosomal abnormalities. Results C. camphora leaves yielded 28.5 ± 0.3 g/kg oil and 20 phycocompounds were identified. Spherical and rod-shaped particles were detected at 10.47-30.98 nm and 18.83-38.39 nm, respectively. ZnNPs showed the earliest anti-cryptosporidiosis effect during 7-17 d PI. Other hematological, biochemical, immunological, histological, and genotoxicity parameters were significantly fruitful; hence, normalized pathological changes induced by infestation were observed in the NPs treatments groups against the infestation-free and Nitazoxanide treated group. Conclusion C. camphora, U. fasciata, ZnNPs, and AgNPs have refluxed the pathological effects of infection as well as positively improved host physiological condition by its anticryptosporidial immunostimulant regenerative effects with sufficient ecofriendly properties to be proposed as an alternative to traditional drugs, especially in individuals with medical reactions against chemical commercial drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nesreen Allam Tantawy Allam
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, Dokki, P.O. Box: 12622, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ragaa Abd El-Fatah Hamouda
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, 5 Zone, Sadat City, Munofia, Egypt
| | - Doaa Sedky
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, Dokki, P.O. Box: 12622, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahinour Ezzeldin Abdelsalam
- Department of General Biology, Center of Basic Sciences, Misr University for Science and Technology, Al Motamayez District, 6 of October, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Noha Mahmoud Fahmy Hassan
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, Dokki, P.O. Box: 12622, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina Aboelsoued
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, Dokki, P.O. Box: 12622, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal M. Abou Elmaaty
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, Dokki, P.O. Box: 12622, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Muhammad A. Ibrahim
- Cytogenetics and Animal Cell Culture Lab., National Gene Bank, Agriculture Research Center, 9 Gamaa Street, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan Anwar Aly Taie
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Agriculture and Biological Researches Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Samir Hakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, Dokki, P.O. Box: 12622, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan Mohamed Desouky
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, Dokki, P.O. Box: 12622, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kadria Nasr Abdel Megeed
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, Dokki, P.O. Box: 12622, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Salah Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, 5 Zone, Sadat City, Munofia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hamdy DA, Ismail MAM, El-Askary HM, Abdel-Tawab H, Ahmed MM, Fouad FM, Mohamed F. Newly fabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles loaded materials for therapeutic nano delivery in experimental cryptosporidiosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19650. [PMID: 37949873 PMCID: PMC10638360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a global health problem that threatens the lives of immunocompromised patients. This study targets to fabricate and investigate the efficiency of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), nitazoxanide (NTZ)-loaded ZnO-NPs, and Allium sativum (A. sativum)-loaded ZnO-NPs in treating cryptosporidiosis. Further FTIR, SEM, XRD, and zeta analysis were used for the characterization of ZnO-NPs and loaded materials. The morphology of loaded materials for ZnO-NPs changed into wrapped layers and well-distributed homogenous particles, which had a direct effect on the oocyst wall. The charge surface of all particles had a negative sign, which indicated well distribution into the parasite matrix. For anti-cryptosporidiosis efficiency, thirty immunosuppressed Cryptosporidium parvum-infected mice, classified into six groups, were sacrificed on the 21st day after infection with an evaluation of parasitological, histopathological, and oxidative markers. It was detected that the highest reduction percent of Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding was (81.5%) in NTZ, followed by (71.1%) in A. sativum-loaded ZnO-NPs-treated groups. Also, treatment with A. sativum and NTZ-loaded ZnO-NPs revealed remarkable amelioration of the intestinal, hepatic, and pulmonary histopathological lesions. Furthermore, they significantly produced an increase in GSH values and improved the changes in NO and MDA levels. In conclusion, this study is the first to report ZnO-NPs as an effective therapy for treating cryptosporidiosis, especially when combined with other treatments that enhance their antioxidant activity. It provides an economical and environment-friendly approach to novel delivery synthesis for antiparasitic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doaa A Hamdy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mousa A M Ismail
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hala M El-Askary
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Heba Abdel-Tawab
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Fatma M Fouad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Fatma Mohamed
- Nanophotonics and Applications (NPA) Lab, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt.
- Materials Science Lab, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Beshay EVN, Nassef NE, El Shafei OK, Saleh MM, Kora MA, Shalaan FH. Therapeutic efficacy of proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole) on cryptosporidiosis parvum in immunosuppressed experimental mice. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:535-549. [PMID: 37520212 PMCID: PMC10382457 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most frequent food and water-borne diseases. The disease might be life-threatening in immunosuppressed patients. Unfortunately, the only approved drug, nitazoxanide, is with variable efficacies, particularly in malnourished children and immunocompromised patients. Therefore, there is a need to discover an alternative treatment that could be achieved by targeting the metabolic pathways. One of the important enzymes in the glycolysis pathway of C. parvum is triosephosphate isomerase, which could be hindered by the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) omeprazole. In this study, omeprazole was repurposed against C. parvum infection in experimentally immunosuppressed mice. This study was conducted on five mice groups (n = 10). Group I (Normal Control), group II (Infected Control): Mice were infected orally with 1 × 105 C. parvum oocysts on the 15th day of DEX induced immunosuppression. Group III (NTZ-treated): infected and treated by NTZ. Group IV (Omeprazole-treated), and lastly, Group V (NTZ + Omeprazole-treated). The result obtained with omeprazole alone was better than nitazoxanide regarding oocyst shedding reduction percentages (84.9% & 56.1%, respectively). Also, it was better regarding restoration of histopathological and ultrastructural architectures, improvement of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) and renal functions (urea and creatinine), and the reduction of C. parvum triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) gene expression by RT-PCR. However, the best results were obtained with the combined treatment. Hence, omeprazole could be considered a novel drug option to treat this life-threatening parasitic infection either alone or combined with NTZ, especially in immunosuppressed patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Engy V. N. Beshay
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Yassin Abdel Gaffar St. from Gamal Abdel Nasser St., Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Egypt
| | - Nashaat E. Nassef
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Yassin Abdel Gaffar St. from Gamal Abdel Nasser St., Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Egypt
| | - Omaima K. El Shafei
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Yassin Abdel Gaffar St. from Gamal Abdel Nasser St., Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Egypt
| | - Mona M. Saleh
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Yassin Abdel Gaffar St. from Gamal Abdel Nasser St., Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Egypt
| | - Mona A. Kora
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Egypt
| | - Fatma H. Shalaan
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Yassin Abdel Gaffar St. from Gamal Abdel Nasser St., Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yahia SH, El gamal RL, Fathy GM, Al-Ghandour AMF, El-Akabawy N, Abdel-Hameed BH, Elbahaie ES. The potential therapeutic effect of Nigella sativa and Zingiber officinale extracts versus Nitazoxanide drug against experimentally induced cryptosporidiosis in laboratory mice. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:329-339. [PMID: 37193490 PMCID: PMC10182196 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the potential anti-cryptosporidial effect of Nigella sativa (black seeds) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) alcoholic extracts versus Nitazoxanide (NTZ) medication was investigated in immunosuppressed (IS) laboratory mice. Parasitological, histopathological studies were used to assess their therapeutic efficacy. Serum level and tissue expression percentage of IFN-γ was also used. Nigella extract succeeded to reduce the mean oocyst counts in the feces of immunosuppressed mice followed by NTZ. Ginger-treated ones showed the lowest reduction percentage. Nigella sativa showed the best results in terms of restoring the normal architecture of ileal epithelium in histopathological sections stained with H&E. NTZ treatment sub-groups showed mild improvement, followed by ginger-treated mice, which showed a slight improvement in small intestine microenvironment. A significant substantial rise in serum and intestinal tissue IFN-γ cytokine levels were recorded in Nigella subgroups compared to those of NTZ and ginger respectively. According to our findings Nigella sativa outperformed Nitazoxanide in terms of anti-cryptosporidial effectiveness and regeneration characteristics revealing a promising medication. When compared to the commonly used Nitazoxanide medication or Nigella extracts, the outcomes of ginger extract were suboptimal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samah Hassan Yahia
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Reda Lamei El gamal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ghada Mahmoud Fathy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Nadia El-Akabawy
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Enas Saed Elbahaie
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghareeb MA, Sobeh M, Aboushousha T, Esmat M, Mohammed HS, El-Wakil ES. Polyphenolic Profile of Herniaria hemistemon Aerial Parts Extract and Assessment of Its Anti-Cryptosporidiosis in a Murine Model: In Silico Supported In Vivo Study. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020415. [PMID: 36839737 PMCID: PMC9964224 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Herniaria hemistemon J.Gay is widely used in folk medicine to treat hernia. The present study aimed to annotate the phytoconstituents of H. hemistemon aerial-part extract and investigate its in vivo anticryptosporidial activity. The chemical characterization was achieved via the LC-ESI-MS/MS technique resulting in the annotation of 37 phytocompounds comprising flavonoids and phenolic acids. Regarding the anticryptosporidial activity, fifty dexamethasone-immunosuppressed mice were separated into five groups: GI, un-infected (normal control); GII, infected but not treated (model); GIII, infected and received NTZ, the reference drug; GIV, infected and received H. hemistemon extract (100 mg/kg); and GV, infected and received H. hemistemon extract (200 mg/kg). When GIII, GIV, and GV were compared to GII, parasitological analyses displayed highly significant differences in the mean numbers of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in the stool between the different groups. GV demonstrated the highest efficacy of 79%. Histopathological analyses displayed improvement in the small intestine and liver pathology in the treated groups (GIII, IV, and V) related to the model (GII), with GV showing the highest efficacy. Moreover, the docking-based study tentatively highlighted the potential of benzoic acid derivatives as lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors. The docked compounds showed the same binding interactions as oxamic acid, where they established H-bond interactions with ARG-109, ASN-140, ASP-168, ARG-171, and HIS-195. To sum up, H. hemistemon is a promising natural therapeutic agent for cryptosporidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mosad A. Ghareeb
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El-Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba, Giza 12411, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.A.G.); (M.S.); Tel.: +20-(02)-010-1234-6834 (M.A.G.); Fax: +20-(02)-35408125 (M.A.G.)
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- AgroBioSciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben-Guerir 43150, Morocco
- Correspondence: (M.A.G.); (M.S.); Tel.: +20-(02)-010-1234-6834 (M.A.G.); Fax: +20-(02)-35408125 (M.A.G.)
| | - Tarek Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El-Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba, Giza 12411, Egypt
| | - Marwa Esmat
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th October City 12566, Egypt
| | - Hala Sh. Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11311, Egypt
| | - Eman S. El-Wakil
- Department of Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El-Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba, Giza 12411, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aboelsoued D, Abdullah HHAM, Megeed KNA, Hassan SE, Toaleb NI. Evaluation of a vaccine candidate isolated from Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst in mice. Vet World 2022; 15:2772-2784. [PMID: 36718331 PMCID: PMC9880841 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2772-2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of diarrheal disease worldwide and is an animal and public health burden. This study aimed to evaluate the protective potential of affinity-purified Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst antigen as a vaccine candidate according to fecal oocyst shedding, humoral and cellular immune responses, histopathological changes, and the number of parasite developmental stages in ileal and hepatic tissues. Materials and Methods We isolated oocysts from naturally infected buffalo calves and identified them molecularly as C. parvum isolates (GenBank: ON730707 and ON730708) by targeting the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein gene. We propagated the C. parvum oocysts in mice. In addition, we prepared crude antigen from the isolated oocysts by purification using cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose-4B affinity chromatography coupled with rabbit hyperimmune serum. Then, we divided 81 parasite-free mice into three groups: (1) non-vaccinated non-infected mice, (2) mice orally infected with 1 × 105 C. parvum oocysts on week 4 of the experiment, and (3) mice immunized twice with 40 μg/kg of the purified fraction at 2-week intervals. Then, we challenged the vaccinated group with C. parvum oocysts after 2 weeks, and the positive control group was infected at the same time. Results We observed a prolonged prepatent period and decreased oocyst shedding in the vaccinated infected mice compared with the non-vaccinated infected mice (t < 0.001). The vaccinated mice had significantly higher immunoglobulin G levels than those in the other two groups at all examined weeks. In addition, the production of cytokines interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, and IL-15 was activated post-vaccination. After the challenge, all tested cytokines were significantly increased (p < 0.001) in the two infected groups compared with the non-vaccinated non-infected group, with the highest levels in the vaccinated infected group. Vaccinated infected mice exhibited significantly fewer pathological lesions in the ileum and liver than non-vaccinated infected mice, which showed prominent histopathological lesions. Endogenous developmental stages of C. parvum indicated that the ileum was more parasitized than the liver and that vaccination resulted in a lower number of oocysts in ileal and hepatic tissues (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our prepared affinity-purified vaccine candidate could be promising in protecting against cryptosporidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Aboelsoued
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt,Corresponding author: Dina Aboelsoued, e-mail: Co-authors: HHAMA: , KNAM: , SEH: , NIT:
| | - Hend H. A. M. Abdullah
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kadria N. Abdel Megeed
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Soad E. Hassan
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nagwa I. Toaleb
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
El-Ashkar AM, Mahmoud S, Sabry H, Guirguis N, El Komi W, Ali E, Abu Shousha T, Abdelmksoud HF. Nitazoxanide, Ivermectin, and Artemether effects against cryptosporidiosis in diabetic mice: parasitological, histopathological, and chemical studies. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:1070-1079. [PMID: 36092469 PMCID: PMC9451122 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01527-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cryptosporidiosis is one of the most significant causes of water borne epidemics of diarrhea worldwide. It is extremely important in immunocompromised hosts and malnourished children as it could cause severe life-threatening diarrhea. Despite the global burden of the disease, there are only few available therapies against cryptosporidiosis. Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder that impair both the innate and adaptive immune responses of the patient. This study aimed to test the effect of Nitazoxanide, Ivermectin, and Artemether against cryptosporidiosis in diabetic mice. Sixty white albino mice were categorized into 6 groups; 10 mice each: GI: normal non-infected non-treated (healthy- control), GII-GVI (diabetic groups), GII: non-infected non treated (diabetic control), GIII: infected non treated (infected control), GIV: infected and treated with Nitazoxanide (NTZ), GV: infected and treated with Ivermectin (IVC), GVI: infected and treated with Artemether (ART). Parasitological, histopathological, and chemical examinations were done to evaluate the effect of NTZ, IVC, and ART against cryptosporidiosis in diabetic mice. Parasitological examination revealed maximum reduction of oocyst shedding in GVI, while histopathological examination showed the least pathologic changes in GV with mild vascular wall fibrosis and moderate lymphocytic infiltration of islets of Langerhans. Measurement of blood glucose level showed the best results with GIV. Nitazoxanide is effective against cryptosporidiosis in diabetic patients with minimal hyperglycemia, Artemether is especially effective in reducing the oocyst shedding in stool, whereas Ivermectin is associated with the least pathological changes in pancreatic islets of Langerhans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M. El-Ashkar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Soheir Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hoda Sabry
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nevine Guirguis
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Wafaa El Komi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman Ali
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tarek Abu Shousha
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hagar F. Abdelmksoud
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
El-Wakil ES, El-Shazly MA, El-Ashkar AM, Aboushousha T, Ghareeb MA. Chemical profiling of Verbena officinalis and assessment of its anti- cryptosporidial activity in experimentally infected immunocompromised mice. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
10
|
Madbouly N, El Amir A, Abdel Kader A, Rabee I, Farid A. The immunomodulatory activity of secnidazole-nitazoxanide in a murine cryptosporidiosis model. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33625354 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Cryptosporidium parvum causes intestinal parasitic infections affecting both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent individuals.Gap statement. Given the absence of effective treatments for cryptosporidiosis, especially in immunodeficient patients, the present study was designed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of secnidazole (SEC) and its combination with nitazoxanide (NTZ) in comparison to single NTZ treatment in relation to the immune status of a murine model of C. parvum infection.Methodology. The infected groups were administered NTZ, SEC or NTZ-SEC for three or five successive doses. At days 10 and 12 post-infection (p.i.), the mice were sacrificed, and the efficacy of the applied drugs was evaluated by comparing the histopathological alterations in ileum and measuring the T helper Th1 (interferon gamma; IFN-γ), Th2 [interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10] and Th17 (IL-17) cytokine profiles in serum.Results. The NTZ-SEC combination recorded the maximal reduction of C. parvum oocyst shedding, endogenous stages count and intestinal histopathology, regardless of the immune status of the infected mice. The efficacy of NTZ-SEC was dependent on the period of administration, as the 5 day-based treatment protocol was also more effective than the 3 day-based one in terms of immunocompetence and immunosuppression. The present treatment schedule induced an immunomodulatory effect from SEC that developed a protective immune response against C. parvum infection with reduced production of serum IL-17, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10.Conclusions. Application of NTZ-SEC combined therapy may be useful in treatment of C. parvum, especially in cases involving immunosuppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Madbouly
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azza El Amir
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Abdel Kader
- Department of Parasitology, Theodore Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ibraheem Rabee
- Department of Parasitology, Theodore Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alyaa Farid
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|