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Papa Mze N, Bogreau H, Diedhiou CK, Herdell V, Rahamatou S, Bei AK, Volkman SK, Basco L, Mboup S, Ahouidi AD. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in Grande Comore Island. Malar J 2020; 19:320. [PMID: 32883282 PMCID: PMC7469287 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite several control interventions resulting in a considerable decrease in malaria prevalence in the Union of the Comoros, the disease remains a public health problem with high transmission in Grande Comore compared to neighbouring islands. In this country, only a few studies investigating the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum have been performed so far. For this reason, this study aims to examine the genetic diversity of P. falciparum by studying samples collected in Grande Comore in 2012 and 2013, using merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1), merozoite surface protein 2 (msp2) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genetic markers. Methods A total of 162 positive rapid diagnostic test (RDT) samples from Grande Comore were used to extract parasite DNA. Allelic families K1, Mad20 and RO33 of the msp1 gene as well as allelic families IC3D7 and FC37 of the msp2 gene were determined by using nested PCR. Additionally, 50 out of 151 samples were genotyped to study 24 SNPs by using high resolution melting (HRM). Results Two allelic families were predominant, the K1 family of msp1 gene (55%) and the FC27 family of msp2 gene (47.4%). Among 50 samples genotyped for 24 SNPs, 42 (84%) yielded interpretable results. Out of these isolates, 36 (85%) were genetically unique and 6 (15%) grouped into two clusters. The genetic diversity of P. falciparum calculated from msp1 and msp2 genes and SNPs was 0.82 and 0.61, respectively. Conclusion In summary, a large genetic diversity of P. falciparum was observed in Grande Comore. This may favour persistence of malaria and might be one of the reasons for the high malaria transmission compared to neighbouring islands. Further surveillance of P. falciparum isolates, mainly through environmental management and vector control, is warranted until complete elimination is attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasserdine Papa Mze
- Laboratory of Bacteriology-Virology, Hospital Aristide Le Dantec, BP 7325, Dakar, Senegal. .,Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formations, Arrondissement 4 Rue 2D1 Pôle Urbain de Diamniadio, Dakar, Senegal. .,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France. .,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France. .,Laboratory of National Malaria Control Program, Moroni, Comoros.
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Marseille, France.,Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France
| | - Cyrille K Diedhiou
- Laboratory of Bacteriology-Virology, Hospital Aristide Le Dantec, BP 7325, Dakar, Senegal.,Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formations, Arrondissement 4 Rue 2D1 Pôle Urbain de Diamniadio, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Vendela Herdell
- Karolinska Institutet, Berzelius väg 3, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silai Rahamatou
- Laboratory of National Malaria Control Program, Moroni, Comoros
| | - Amy K Bei
- Laboratory of Bacteriology-Virology, Hospital Aristide Le Dantec, BP 7325, Dakar, Senegal.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Sarah K Volkman
- Broad Institute: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Souleymane Mboup
- Laboratory of Bacteriology-Virology, Hospital Aristide Le Dantec, BP 7325, Dakar, Senegal.,Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formations, Arrondissement 4 Rue 2D1 Pôle Urbain de Diamniadio, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ambroise D Ahouidi
- Laboratory of Bacteriology-Virology, Hospital Aristide Le Dantec, BP 7325, Dakar, Senegal. .,Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formations, Arrondissement 4 Rue 2D1 Pôle Urbain de Diamniadio, Dakar, Senegal.
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Deng C, Huang B, Wang Q, Wu W, Zheng S, Zhang H, Li D, Feng D, Li G, Xue L, Yang T, Tuo F, Mohadji F, Su XZ, Xu Q, Wu Z, Lin L, Zhou J, Yan H, Bacar A, Said Abdallah K, Kéké RA, Msa Mliva A, Mohamed M, Wang X, Huang S, Oithik F, Li XB, Lu F, Fay MP, Liu XH, Wellems TE, Song J. Large-scale Artemisinin-Piperaquine Mass Drug Administration With or Without Primaquine Dramatically Reduces Malaria in a Highly Endemic Region of Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:1670-1676. [PMID: 29846536 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mass drug administration (MDA), with or without low-dose primaquine (PMQLD), is being considered for malaria elimination programs. The potential of PMQLD to block malaria transmission by mosquitoes must be balanced against liabilities of its use. Methods Artemisinin-piperaquine (AP), with or without PMQLD, was administered in 3 monthly rounds across Anjouan Island, Union of Comoros. Plasmodium falciparum malaria rates, mortality, parasitemias, adverse events, and PfK13 Kelch-propeller gene polymorphisms were evaluated. Results Coverage of 85 to 93% of the Anjouan population was achieved with AP plus PMQLD (AP+PMQLD) in 2 districts (population 97164) and with AP alone in 5 districts (224471). Between the months of April-September in both 2012 and 2013, average monthly malaria hospital rates per 100000 people fell from 310.8 to 2.06 in the AP+PMQLD population (ratio 2.06/310.8 = 0.66%; 95% CI: 0.02%, 3.62%; P = .00007) and from 412.1 to 2.60 in the AP population (ratio 0.63%; 95% CI: 0.11%, 1.93%; P < .00001). Effectiveness of AP+PMQLD was 0.9908 (95% CI: 0.9053, 0.9991), while effectiveness of AP alone was 0.9913 (95% CI: 0.9657, 0.9978). Both regimens were well tolerated, without severe adverse events. Analysis of 52 malaria samples after MDA showed no evidence for selection of PfK13 Kelch-propeller mutations. Conclusions Steep reductions of malaria cases were achieved by 3 monthly rounds of either AP+PMQLD or AP alone, suggesting potential for highly successful MDA without PMQLD in epidemiological settings such as those on Anjouan. A major challenge is to sustain and expand the public health benefits of malaria reductions by MDA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Huang
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, People's Republic of China.,Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanting Wu
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoqin Zheng
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Li
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Danghong Feng
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoming Li
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlu Xue
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Tuo
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fouad Mohadji
- Ministry of Health Comoros, Moroni, Union of Comoros, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Qin Xu
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibing Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- First Affiliated Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuyao Zhou
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yan
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Affane Bacar
- National Malaria Control Programme, Moroni, Union of Comoros, People's Republic of China
| | - Kamal Said Abdallah
- National Malaria Control Programme, Moroni, Union of Comoros, People's Republic of China
| | - Rachadi A Kéké
- National Malaria Control Programme, Moroni, Union of Comoros, People's Republic of China
| | - Ahamada Msa Mliva
- Ministry of Health Comoros, Moroni, Union of Comoros, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Moussa Mohamed
- Ministry of Health Comoros, Moroni, Union of Comoros, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xinhua Wang
- Guangzhou Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiguang Huang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Fatihou Oithik
- Ministry of Health Comoros, Moroni, Union of Comoros, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xiao-Bo Li
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control in Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael P Fay
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas E Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianping Song
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, People's Republic of China.,Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Thellier M, Simard F, Musset L, Cot M, Velut G, Kendjo E, Pradines B. Changes in malaria epidemiology in France and worldwide, 2000-2015. Med Mal Infect 2019; 50:99-112. [PMID: 31257063 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, 212 million new cases of malaria were reported, causing 429,000 deaths. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated a 41% decrease in the number of new cases worldwide between 2000 and 2015. The number of deaths from malaria fell by 62% worldwide and by 71% in Africa. In mainland France, malaria is mainly imported by travelers or migrants from endemic areas, in particular sub-Saharan Africa (95%). In France, the number of imported malaria cases, mainly due to Plasmodium falciparum (85%), was estimated at about 82,000 for the period 2000-2015. Over the same period, 6,468 cases of malaria were reported in the French armed forces, of which 2,430 cases (37.6%) were considered as imported because occurring outside of endemic areas. The number of malaria cases also fell between 2000 and 2015 in Mayotte and French Guiana, a malaria transmission zone. Mayotte has entered the elimination of malaria with less than 15 cases per year. In French Guiana, between 300 and 500 cases have been reported annually in recent years. The decline in morbidity and mortality is usually attributed to vector control measures and improved access to effective treatments. However, the Anopheles mosquitoes that transmit the disease have developed resistance against most insecticides. Similarly, malaria parasites have developed resistance against most of the antimalarial drugs used as prevention or treatment, even the latest marketed combinations such as artemisinin-based combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thellier
- Service de parasitologie-mycologie, Centre national de référence du paludisme, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; UMRS 1136, iPLESP, institut Pierre-Louis d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, Sorbonne université, 27, rue Chaligny, 75571 Paris 12, France; UPMC, faculté de médecine, Sorbonne université, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - F Simard
- MIVEGEC, IRD-CNRS-university Montpellier, 911, avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - L Musset
- Laboratoire de parasitologie, Centre collaborateur OMS pour la surveillance des résistances aux antipaludiques, institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23, avenue Louis Pasteur, 97300 Cayenne, France; Centre national de référence du paludisme, institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23, avenue Louis Pasteur, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - M Cot
- UMR2016, unité Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, institut de recherche pour le développement, 4, avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - G Velut
- Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées, GSBdD Marseille Aubagne, BP 40026, 13568 Marseille cedex 02, France; Direction interarmées du service de santé des armées, Quartier La Madeleine, 97306 Cayenne, France
| | - E Kendjo
- Service de parasitologie-mycologie, Centre national de référence du paludisme, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; UMRS 1136, iPLESP, institut Pierre-Louis d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, Sorbonne université, 27, rue Chaligny, 75571 Paris 12, France; UPMC, faculté de médecine, Sorbonne université, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - B Pradines
- Unité parasitologie et entomologie, institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, institut hospitalo-universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; Aix Marseille université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, institut hospitalo-universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; Institut hospitalo-universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; Centre national de référence du paludisme, institut hospitalo-universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.
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