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Xu R, Lin L, Jiao Z, Liang R, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Shang X, Wang Y, Wang X, Yao L, Liu S, Deng X, Yuan J, Su XZ, Li J. Deaggregation of mutant Plasmodium yoelii de-ubiquitinase UBP1 alters MDR1 localization to confer multidrug resistance. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1774. [PMID: 38413566 PMCID: PMC10899652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in a Plasmodium de-ubiquitinase UBP1 have been linked to antimalarial drug resistance. However, the UBP1-mediated drug-resistant mechanism remains unknown. Through drug selection, genetic mapping, allelic exchange, and functional characterization, here we show that simultaneous mutations of two amino acids (I1560N and P2874T) in the Plasmodium yoelii UBP1 can mediate high-level resistance to mefloquine, lumefantrine, and piperaquine. Mechanistically, the double mutations are shown to impair UBP1 cytoplasmic aggregation and de-ubiquitinating activity, leading to increased ubiquitination levels and altered protein localization, from the parasite digestive vacuole to the plasma membrane, of the P. yoelii multidrug resistance transporter 1 (MDR1). The MDR1 on the plasma membrane enhances the efflux of substrates/drugs out of the parasite cytoplasm to confer multidrug resistance, which can be reversed by inhibition of MDR1 transport. This study reveals a previously unknown drug-resistant mechanism mediated by UBP1 through altered MDR1 localization and substrate transport direction in a mouse model, providing a new malaria treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Lirong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Rui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Yazhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xiaoxu Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Yuezhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Luming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Shengfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
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2
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Su XZ, Wu J, Xu F, Pattaradilokrat S. Genetic mapping of determinants in drug resistance, virulence, disease susceptibility, and interaction of host-rodent malaria parasites. Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102637. [PMID: 35926693 PMCID: PMC9452477 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mapping has been widely employed to search for genes linked to phenotypes/traits of interest. Because of the ease of maintaining rodent malaria parasites in laboratory mice, many genetic crosses of rodent malaria parasites have been performed to map the parasite genes contributing to malaria parasite development, drug resistance, host immune response, and disease pathogenesis. Drs. Richard Carter, David Walliker, and colleagues at the University of Edinburgh, UK, were the pioneers in developing the systems for genetic mapping of malaria parasite traits, including characterization of genetic markers to follow the inheritance and recombination of parasite chromosomes and performing the first genetic cross using rodent malaria parasites. Additionally, many genetic crosses of inbred mice have been performed to link mouse chromosomal loci to the susceptibility to malaria parasite infections. In this chapter, we review and discuss past and recent advances in genetic marker development, performing genetic crosses, and genetic mapping of both parasite and host genes. Genetic mappings using models of rodent malaria parasites and inbred mice have contributed greatly to our understanding of malaria, including parasite development within their hosts, mechanism of drug resistance, and host-parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fangzheng Xu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Pattaradilokrat S, Wu J, Xu F, Su XZ. The origins, isolation, and biological characterization of rodent malaria parasites. Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102636. [PMID: 35926694 PMCID: PMC9465976 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rodent malaria parasites have been widely used in all aspects of malaria research to study parasite development within rodent and insect hosts, drug resistance, disease pathogenesis, host immune response, and vaccine efficacy. Rodent malaria parasites were isolated from African thicket rats and initially characterized by scientists at the University of Edinburgh, UK, particularly by Drs. Richard Carter, David Walliker, and colleagues. Through their efforts and elegant work, many rodent malaria parasite species, subspecies, and strains are now available. Because of the ease of maintaining these parasites in laboratory mice, genetic crosses can be performed to map the parasite and host genes contributing to parasite growth and disease severity. Recombinant DNA technologies are now available to manipulate the parasite genomes and to study gene functions efficiently. In this chapter, we provide a brief history of the isolation and species identification of rodent malaria parasites. We also discuss some recent studies to further characterize the different developing stages of the parasites including parasite genomes and chromosomes. Although there are differences between rodent and human malaria parasite infections, the knowledge gained from studies of rodent malaria parasites has contributed greatly to our understanding of and the fight against human malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fangzheng Xu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Zhang C, Oguz C, Huse S, Xia L, Wu J, Peng YC, Smith M, Chen J, Long CA, Lack J, Su XZ. Genome sequence, transcriptome, and annotation of rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis N67. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:303. [PMID: 33902452 PMCID: PMC8072299 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rodent malaria parasites are important models for studying host-malaria parasite interactions such as host immune response, mechanisms of parasite evasion of host killing, and vaccine development. One of the rodent malaria parasites is Plasmodium yoelii, and multiple P. yoelii strains or subspecies that cause different disease phenotypes have been widely employed in various studies. The genomes and transcriptomes of several P. yoelii strains have been analyzed and annotated, including the lethal strains of P. y. yoelii YM (or 17XL) and non-lethal strains of P. y. yoelii 17XNL/17X. Genomic DNA sequences and cDNA reads from another subspecies P. y. nigeriensis N67 have been reported for studies of genetic polymorphisms and parasite response to drugs, but its genome has not been assembled and annotated. Results We performed genome sequencing of the N67 parasite using the PacBio long-read sequencing technology, de novo assembled its genome and transcriptome, and predicted 5383 genes with high overall annotation quality. Comparison of the annotated genome of the N67 parasite with those of YM and 17X parasites revealed a set of genes with N67-specific orthology, expansion of gene families, particularly the homologs of the Plasmodium chabaudi erythrocyte membrane antigen, large numbers of SNPs and indels, and proteins predicted to interact with host immune responses based on their functional domains. Conclusions The genomes of N67 and 17X parasites are highly diverse, having approximately one polymorphic site per 50 base pairs of DNA. The annotated N67 genome and transcriptome provide searchable databases for fast retrieval of genes and proteins, which will greatly facilitate our efforts in studying the parasite biology and gene function and in developing effective control measures against malaria. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07555-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhang
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Cihan Oguz
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (NCBR), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.,Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Sue Huse
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (NCBR), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.,Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Lu Xia
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Yu-Chih Peng
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Margaret Smith
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Jack Chen
- The NCI sequencing facility, 8560 Progress Drive, Room 3007, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Carole A Long
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Justin Lack
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (NCBR), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.,Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Malaria is a deadly disease that affects the health of hundreds of millions of people annually. There are five Plasmodium parasite species that can naturally infect humans, including Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium knowlesi. Some of the parasites can also infect various non-human primates. Parasites mainly infecting monkeys such as Plasmodium cynomolgi (in fact P. knowlesi was considered as a parasite of monkeys for years) can also be transmitted to human hosts. Recently, many new Plasmodium species were discovered in African apes, and it is possible that some of the parasites can be transmitted to humans in the future. Here, we searched PubMed and the internet via Google and selected articles concerning zoonotic transmission and evolution of selected malaria parasite species. We reviewed the current advances in the relevant topics emphasizing on transmissions of malaria parasites between humans and non-human primates. We also briefly discuss the transmissions of some avian malaria parasites between wild birds and domestic fowls. Zoonotic malaria transmissions are widespread, which poses a threat to public health. More studies on parasite species identification in non-human primates, transmission, and evolution are needed to reduce or prevent transmission of malaria parasites from non-human primates to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA
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6
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He X, Xia L, Tumas KC, Wu J, Su XZ. Type I Interferons and Malaria: A Double-Edge Sword Against a Complex Parasitic Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:594621. [PMID: 33344264 PMCID: PMC7738626 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.594621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are important cytokines playing critical roles in various infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Studies have also shown that IFN-Is exhibit 'conflicting' roles in malaria parasite infections. Malaria parasites have a complex life cycle with multiple developing stages in two hosts. Both the liver and blood stages of malaria parasites in a vertebrate host stimulate IFN-I responses. IFN-Is have been shown to inhibit liver and blood stage development, to suppress T cell activation and adaptive immune response, and to promote production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in animal models. Different parasite species or strains trigger distinct IFN-I responses. For example, a Plasmodium yoelii strain can stimulate a strong IFN-I response during early infection, whereas its isogenetic strain does not. Host genetic background also greatly influences IFN-I production during malaria infections. Consequently, the effects of IFN-Is on parasitemia and disease symptoms are highly variable depending on the combination of parasite and host species or strains. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7, TLR9, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) coupled with stimulator of interferon genes (STING) are the major receptors for recognizing parasite nucleic acids (RNA/DNA) to trigger IFN-I responses. IFN-I levels in vivo are tightly regulated, and various novel molecules have been identified to regulate IFN-I responses during malaria infections. Here we review the major findings and progress in ligand recognition, signaling pathways, functions, and regulation of IFN-I responses during malaria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lu Xia
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Keyla C. Tumas
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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7
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Abstract
Malaria is the most deadly parasitic disease, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Malaria parasites have been associated with their hosts for millions of years. During the long history of host-parasite co-evolution, both parasites and hosts have applied pressure on each other through complex host-parasite molecular interactions. Whereas the hosts activate various immune mechanisms to remove parasites during an infection, the parasites attempt to evade host immunity by diversifying their genome and switching expression of targets of the host immune system. Human intervention to control the disease such as antimalarial drugs and vaccination can greatly alter parasite population dynamics and evolution, particularly the massive applications of antimalarial drugs in recent human history. Vaccination is likely the best method to prevent the disease; however, a partially protective vaccine may have unwanted consequences that require further investigation. Studies of host-parasite interactions and co-evolution will provide important information for designing safe and effective vaccines and for preventing drug resistance. In this essay, we will discuss some interesting molecules involved in host-parasite interactions, including important parasite antigens. We also discuss subjects relevant to drug and vaccine development and some approaches for studying host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cui Zhang
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Deirdre A Joy
- Parasitology and International Programs Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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8
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Ma Y, Su XZ, Lu F. The Roles of Type I Interferon in Co-infections With Parasites and Viruses, Bacteria, or Other Parasites. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1805. [PMID: 33193291 PMCID: PMC7649121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites, bacteria, and viruses pose serious threats to public health. Many parasite infections, including infections of protozoa and helminths, can inhibit inflammatory responses and impact disease outcomes caused by viral, bacterial, or other parasitic infections. Type I interferon (IFN-I) has been recognized as an essential immune effector in the host defense against various pathogens. In addition, IFN-I responses induced by co-infections with different pathogens may vary according to the host genetic background, immune status, and pathogen burden. However, there is only limited information on the roles of IFN-I in co-infections with parasites and viruses, bacteria, or other parasites. This review summarizes some recent findings on the roles of IFN-I in co-infections with parasites, including Leishmania spp., Plasmodium spp., Eimeria maxima, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Brugia malayi, or Schistosoma mansoni, and viruses or bacteria and co-infections with different parasites (such as co-infection with Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii, and co-infection with Plasmodium spp. and H. polygyrus). The potential mechanisms of host responses associated with co-infections, which may provide targets for immune intervention and therapies of the co-infections, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Ma
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Wellems TE, Sá JM, Su XZ, Connelly SV, Ellis AC. 'Artemisinin Resistance': Something New or Old? Something of a Misnomer? Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:735-744. [PMID: 32586776 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin and its derivatives (ART) are crucial first-line antimalarial drugs that rapidly clear parasitemia, but recrudescences of the infection frequently follow ART monotherapy. For this reason, ART must be used in combination with one or more partner drugs that ensure complete cure. The ability of malaria parasites to survive ART monotherapy may relate to an innate growth bistability phenomenon whereby a fraction of the drug-exposed population enters into metabolic quiescence (dormancy) as persister forms. Characterization of the events that underlie entry and waking from persistence may lead to lasting breakthroughs in malaria chemotherapy that can prevent recrudescences and protect the future of ART-based combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Juliana M Sá
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sean V Connelly
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Angela C Ellis
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Jiang Y, Wei J, Cui H, Liu C, Zhi Y, Jiang Z, Li Z, Li S, Yang Z, Wang X, Qian P, Zhang C, Zhong C, Su XZ, Yuan J. An intracellular membrane protein GEP1 regulates xanthurenic acid induced gametogenesis of malaria parasites. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1764. [PMID: 32273496 PMCID: PMC7145802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gametocytes differentiation to gametes (gametogenesis) within mosquitos is essential for malaria parasite transmission. Both reduction in temperature and mosquito-derived XA or elevated pH are required for triggering cGMP/PKG dependent gametogenesis. However, the parasite molecule for sensing or transducing these environmental signals to initiate gametogenesis remains unknown. Here we perform a CRISPR/Cas9-based functional screening of 59 membrane proteins expressed in the gametocytes of Plasmodium yoelii and identify that GEP1 is required for XA-stimulated gametogenesis. GEP1 disruption abolishes XA-stimulated cGMP synthesis and the subsequent signaling and cellular events, such as Ca2+ mobilization, gamete formation, and gametes egress out of erythrocytes. GEP1 interacts with GCα, a cGMP synthesizing enzyme in gametocytes. Both GEP1 and GCα are expressed in cytoplasmic puncta of both male and female gametocytes. Depletion of GCα impairs XA-stimulated gametogenesis, mimicking the defect of GEP1 disruption. The identification of GEP1 being essential for gametogenesis provides a potential new target for intervention of parasite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Huiting Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yuan Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - ZhengZheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenkui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shaoneng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Pengge Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chuanqi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, 510642, Guangzhou, China.
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11
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Deng C, Huang B, Wang Q, Wu W, Zheng S, Zhang H, Li D, Feng D, Li G, Xue L, Yang T, Tuo F, Mohadji F, Su XZ, Xu Q, Wu Z, Lin L, Zhou J, Yan H, Bacar A, Said Abdallah K, Kéké RA, Msa Mliva A, Mohamed M, Wang X, Huang S, Oithik F, Li XB, Lu F, Fay MP, Liu XH, Wellems TE, Song J. Large-scale Artemisinin-Piperaquine Mass Drug Administration With or Without Primaquine Dramatically Reduces Malaria in a Highly Endemic Region of Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:1670-1676. [PMID: 29846536 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mass drug administration (MDA), with or without low-dose primaquine (PMQLD), is being considered for malaria elimination programs. The potential of PMQLD to block malaria transmission by mosquitoes must be balanced against liabilities of its use. Methods Artemisinin-piperaquine (AP), with or without PMQLD, was administered in 3 monthly rounds across Anjouan Island, Union of Comoros. Plasmodium falciparum malaria rates, mortality, parasitemias, adverse events, and PfK13 Kelch-propeller gene polymorphisms were evaluated. Results Coverage of 85 to 93% of the Anjouan population was achieved with AP plus PMQLD (AP+PMQLD) in 2 districts (population 97164) and with AP alone in 5 districts (224471). Between the months of April-September in both 2012 and 2013, average monthly malaria hospital rates per 100000 people fell from 310.8 to 2.06 in the AP+PMQLD population (ratio 2.06/310.8 = 0.66%; 95% CI: 0.02%, 3.62%; P = .00007) and from 412.1 to 2.60 in the AP population (ratio 0.63%; 95% CI: 0.11%, 1.93%; P < .00001). Effectiveness of AP+PMQLD was 0.9908 (95% CI: 0.9053, 0.9991), while effectiveness of AP alone was 0.9913 (95% CI: 0.9657, 0.9978). Both regimens were well tolerated, without severe adverse events. Analysis of 52 malaria samples after MDA showed no evidence for selection of PfK13 Kelch-propeller mutations. Conclusions Steep reductions of malaria cases were achieved by 3 monthly rounds of either AP+PMQLD or AP alone, suggesting potential for highly successful MDA without PMQLD in epidemiological settings such as those on Anjouan. A major challenge is to sustain and expand the public health benefits of malaria reductions by MDA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Huang
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, People's Republic of China.,Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanting Wu
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoqin Zheng
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Li
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Danghong Feng
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoming Li
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlu Xue
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Tuo
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fouad Mohadji
- Ministry of Health Comoros, Moroni, Union of Comoros, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Qin Xu
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibing Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- First Affiliated Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuyao Zhou
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yan
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Affane Bacar
- National Malaria Control Programme, Moroni, Union of Comoros, People's Republic of China
| | - Kamal Said Abdallah
- National Malaria Control Programme, Moroni, Union of Comoros, People's Republic of China
| | - Rachadi A Kéké
- National Malaria Control Programme, Moroni, Union of Comoros, People's Republic of China
| | - Ahamada Msa Mliva
- Ministry of Health Comoros, Moroni, Union of Comoros, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Moussa Mohamed
- Ministry of Health Comoros, Moroni, Union of Comoros, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xinhua Wang
- Guangzhou Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiguang Huang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Fatihou Oithik
- Ministry of Health Comoros, Moroni, Union of Comoros, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xiao-Bo Li
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control in Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael P Fay
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas E Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianping Song
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, People's Republic of China.,Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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12
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Xu R, Liu Y, Fan R, Liang R, Yue L, Liu S, Su XZ, Li J. Generation and functional characterisation of Plasmodium yoelii csp deletion mutants using a microhomology-based CRISPR/Cas9 method. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:705-714. [PMID: 31202685 PMCID: PMC10993195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 is a powerful genome editing method that has greatly facilitated functional studies in many eukaryotic organisms including malaria parasites. Due to the lack of genes encoding enzymes necessary for the non-homologous end joining DNA repair pathway, genetic manipulation of malaria parasite genomes is generally accomplished through homologous recombination requiring the presence of DNA templates. Recently, an alternative double-strand break repair pathway, microhomology-mediated end joining, was found in the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. Taking advantage of the MMEJ pathway, we developed a MMEJ-based CRISPR/Cas9 (mCRISPR) strategy to efficiently generate multiple mutant parasites simultaneously in genes with repetitive sequences. As a proof of principle, we successfully produced various size mutants in the central repeat region of the Plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite surface protein without the use of template DNA. Monitoring mixed parasite populations and individual parasites with different sizes of CSP-CRR showed that the CSP-CRR plays a role in the development of mosquito stages, with severe developmental defects in parasites with large deletions in the repeat region. However, the majority of the csp mutant parasite clones grew similarly to the wild type P. yoelii 17XL parasite in mice. This study develops a useful technique to efficiently generate mutant parasites with deletions or insertions, and shows that the CSP-CRR plays a role in parasite development in mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yanjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ruoxi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Rui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Lixia Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Shengfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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13
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Yu X, Du Y, Cai C, Cai B, Zhu M, Xing C, Tan P, Lin M, Wu J, Li J, Wang M, Wang HY, Su XZ, Wang RF. Inflammasome activation negatively regulates MyD88-IRF7 type I IFN signaling and anti-malaria immunity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4964. [PMID: 30470758 PMCID: PMC6251914 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome plays a critical role in inflammation and immune responses against pathogens. However, whether or how inflammasome activation regulates type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling in the context of malaria infection remain unknown. Here we show mice deficient in inflammasome sensors AIM2, NLRP3 or adaptor Caspase-1 produce high levels of IFN-I cytokines and are resistant to lethal Plasmodium yoelii YM infection. Inactivation of inflammasome signaling reduces interleukin (IL)-1β production, but increases IFN-I production. Mechanistically, we show inflammsome activation enhances IL-1β-mediated MyD88-TRAF3-IRF3 signaling and SOCS1 upregulation. However, SOCS1 inhibits MyD88-IRF7-mediated-IFN-I signaling and cytokine production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. By contrast, ablation of inflammsome components reduces SOCS1 induction, and relieves its inhibition on MyD88-IRF7-dependent-IFN-I signaling, leading to high levels of IFN-α/β production and host survival. Our study identifies a previously unrecognized role of inflammasome activation in the negative regulation of IFN-I signaling pathways and provides potential targets for developing effective malaria vaccines. The inflammasome is an essential component of inflammatory processes and the host response to infection. Here the authors show that inflammasome activation modulates MyD88-IRF7 type I IFN signalling and anti-malaria immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Du
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chunmei Cai
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Baowei Cai
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Motao Zhu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Peng Tan
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A & M University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Meng Lin
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A & M University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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14
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Xia L, Wu J, Pattaradilokrat S, Tumas K, He X, Peng YC, Huang R, Myers TG, Long CA, Wang R, Su XZ. Detection of host pathways universally inhibited after Plasmodium yoelii infection for immune intervention. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15280. [PMID: 30327482 PMCID: PMC6191451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a disease with diverse symptoms depending on host immune status and pathogenicity of Plasmodium parasites. The continuous parasite growth within a host suggests mechanisms of immune evasion by the parasite and/or immune inhibition in response to infection. To identify pathways commonly inhibited after malaria infection, we infected C57BL/6 mice with four Plasmodium yoelii strains causing different disease phenotypes and 24 progeny of a genetic cross. mRNAs from mouse spleens day 1 and/or day 4 post infection (p.i.) were hybridized to a mouse microarray to identify activated or inhibited pathways, upstream regulators, and host genes playing an important role in malaria infection. Strong interferon responses were observed after infection with the N67 strain, whereas initial inhibition and later activation of hematopoietic pathways were found after infection with 17XNL parasite, showing unique responses to individual parasite strains. Inhibitions of pathways such as Th1 activation, dendritic cell (DC) maturation, and NFAT immune regulation were observed in mice infected with all the parasite strains day 4 p.i., suggesting universally inhibited immune pathways. As a proof of principle, treatment of N67-infected mice with antibodies against T cell receptors OX40 or CD28 to activate the inhibited pathways enhanced host survival. Controlled activation of these pathways may provide important strategies for better disease management and for developing an effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xia
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Sittiporn Pattaradilokrat
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Keyla Tumas
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Xiao He
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Yu-Chih Peng
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Timothy G Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Carole A Long
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Rongfu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA.
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15
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Gao H, Yang Z, Wang X, Qian P, Hong R, Chen X, Su XZ, Cui H, Yuan J. ISP1-Anchored Polarization of GCβ/CDC50A Complex Initiates Malaria Ookinete Gliding Motility. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2763-2776.e6. [PMID: 30146157 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ookinete gliding motility is essential for penetration of the mosquito midgut wall and transmission of malaria parasites. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling has been implicated in ookinete gliding. However, the upstream mechanism of how the parasites activate cGMP signaling and thus initiate ookinete gliding remains unknown. Using real-time imaging to visualize Plasmodium yoelii guanylate cyclase β (GCβ), we show that cytoplasmic GCβ translocates and polarizes to the parasite plasma membrane at "ookinete extrados site" (OES) during zygote-to-ookinete differentiation. The polarization of enzymatic active GCβ at OES initiates gliding of matured ookinete. Both the P4-ATPase-like domain and guanylate cyclase domain are required for GCβ polarization and ookinete gliding. CDC50A, a co-factor of P4-ATPase, binds to and stabilizes GCβ during ookinete development. Screening of inner membrane complex proteins identifies ISP1 as a key molecule that anchors GCβ/CDC50A complex at the OES of mature ookinetes. This study defines a spatial-temporal mechanism for the initiation of ookinete gliding, where GCβ polarization likely elevates local cGMP levels and activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhenke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Pengge Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Renjie Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Huiting Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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16
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Qian P, Wang X, Yang Z, Li Z, Gao H, Su XZ, Cui H, Yuan J. A Cas9 transgenic Plasmodium yoelii parasite for efficient gene editing. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2018; 222:21-28. [PMID: 29684399 PMCID: PMC11002757 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 has applied as an efficient gene-editing method in malaria parasite Plasmodium. However, the size (4.2 kb) of the commonly used Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) limits its utility for genome editing in the parasites only introduced with cas9 plasmid. To establish the endogenous and constitutive expression of Cas9 protein in the rodent malaria parasite P. yoelii, we replaced the coding region of an endogenous gene sera1 with the intact SpCas9 coding sequence using the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing method, generating the cas9-knockin parasite (PyCas9ki) of the rodent malaria parasite P. yoelii. The resulted PyCas9ki parasite displays normal progression during the whole life cycle and possesses the Cas9 protein expression in asexual blood stage. By introducing the plasmid (pYCs) containing only sgRNA and homologous template elements, we successfully achieved both deletion and tagging modifications for different endogenous genes in the genome of PyCas9ki parasite. This cas9-knockin PyCas9ki parasite provides a new platform facilitating gene functions study in the rodent malaria parasite P. yoelii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengge Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhenke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhenkui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Huiting Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
| | - Jing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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17
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Zhang DL, Wu J, Shah BN, Greutélaers KC, Ghosh MC, Ollivierre H, Su XZ, Thuma PE, Bedu-Addo G, Mockenhaupt FP, Gordeuk VR, Rouault TA. Erythrocytic ferroportin reduces intracellular iron accumulation, hemolysis, and malaria risk. Science 2018; 359:1520-1523. [PMID: 29599243 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Malaria parasites invade red blood cells (RBCs), consume copious amounts of hemoglobin, and severely disrupt iron regulation in humans. Anemia often accompanies malaria disease; however, iron supplementation therapy inexplicably exacerbates malarial infections. Here we found that the iron exporter ferroportin (FPN) was highly abundant in RBCs, and iron supplementation suppressed its activity. Conditional deletion of the Fpn gene in erythroid cells resulted in accumulation of excess intracellular iron, cellular damage, hemolysis, and increased fatality in malaria-infected mice. In humans, a prevalent FPN mutation, Q248H (glutamine to histidine at position 248), prevented hepcidin-induced degradation of FPN and protected against severe malaria disease. FPN Q248H appears to have been positively selected in African populations in response to the impact of malaria disease. Thus, FPN protects RBCs against oxidative stress and malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Liang Zhang
- Section on Human Iron Metabolism, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jian Wu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Binal N Shah
- Sickle Cell Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Katja C Greutélaers
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Manik C Ghosh
- Section on Human Iron Metabolism, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hayden Ollivierre
- Section on Human Iron Metabolism, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - George Bedu-Addo
- Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Frank P Mockenhaupt
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Victor R Gordeuk
- Sickle Cell Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Section on Human Iron Metabolism, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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18
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Huang B, Tuo F, Liang Y, Wu W, Wu G, Huang S, Zhong Q, Su XZ, Zhang H, Li M, Bacar A, Abdallah KS, Mliva AMSA, Wang Q, Yang Z, Zheng S, Xu Q, Song J, Deng C. Temporal changes in genetic diversity of msp-1, msp-2, and msp-3 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Grande Comore Island after introduction of ACT. Malar J 2018; 17:83. [PMID: 29458365 PMCID: PMC5819244 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is still one of the serious public health problems in Grande Comore Island, although the number of annual cases has been greatly reduced in recent years. A better understanding of malaria parasite population diversity and transmission dynamics is critical for assessing the effectiveness of malaria control measures. The objective of this study is to investigate temporal changes in genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum populations and multiplicity of infection (MOI) in Grande Comore 10 years after introduction of ACT. Methods A total of 232 P. falciparum clinical isolates were collected from the Grande Comore Island during two sampling periods (118 for 2006‒2007 group, and 114 for 2013‒2016 group). Parasite isolates were characterized for genetic diversity and complexity of infection by genotyping polymorphic regions in merozoite surface protein gene 1 (msp-1), msp-2, and msp-3 using nested PCR and DNA sequencing. Results Three msp-1 alleles (K1, MAD20, and RO33), two msp-2 alleles (FC27 and 3D7), and two msp-3 alleles (K1 and 3D7) were detected in parasites of both sampling periods. The RO33 allele of msp-1 (84.8%), 3D7 allele of msp-2 (90.8%), and K1 allele of msp-3 (66.7%) were the predominant allelic types in isolates from 2006–2007 group. In contrast, the RO33 allele of msp-1 (63.4%), FC27 allele of msp-2 (91.1%), and 3D7 allele of msp-3 (53.5%) were the most prevalent among isolates from the 2013–2016 group. Compared with the 2006‒2007 group, polyclonal infection rates of msp-1 (from 76.7 to 29.1%, P < 0.01) and msp-2 (from 62.4 to 28.3%, P < 0.01) allelic types were significantly decreased in those from 2013‒2016 group. Similarly, the MOIs for both msp-1 and msp-2 were higher in P. falciparum isolates in the 2006–2007 group than those in 2013–2016 group (MOI = 3.11 vs 1.63 for msp-1; MOI = 2.75 vs 1.35 for msp-2). DNA sequencing analyses also revealed reduced numbers of distinct sequence variants in the three genes from 2006‒2007 to 2013‒2016: msp-1, from 32 to 23 (about 28% decline); msp-2 from 29 to 21 (about 28% decline), and msp-3 from 11 to 3 (about 72% decline). Conclusions The present data showed dramatic reduction in genetic diversity and MOI among Grande Comore P. falciparum populations over the course of the study, suggesting a trend of decreasing malaria transmission intensity and genetic diversity in Grande Comore Island. These data provide valuable information for surveillance of P. falciparum infection and for assessing the appropriateness of the current malarial control strategies in the endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510445, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Tuo
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510445, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510445, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanting Wu
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510445, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangchao Wu
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510445, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiguang Huang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qirun Zhong
- Artepharm, Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510445, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Artepharm, Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Affane Bacar
- National Malaria Control Programme, BP 500, Moroni, Comoros
| | | | | | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510445, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoli Yang
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510445, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoqin Zheng
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510445, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Xu
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Song
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510445, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changsheng Deng
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510445, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Su XZ. Reflections on the publication of artemisinin chemical structure 40years ago. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:1171-1172. [PMID: 36659508 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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20
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Nair SC, Xu R, Pattaradilokrat S, Wu J, Qi Y, Zilversmit M, Ganesan S, Nagarajan V, Eastman RT, Orandle MS, Tan JC, Myers TG, Liu S, Long CA, Li J, Su XZ. A Plasmodium yoelii HECT-like E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates parasite growth and virulence. Nat Commun 2017; 8:223. [PMID: 28790316 PMCID: PMC5548792 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of mice with strains of Plasmodium yoelii parasites can result in different pathology, but molecular mechanisms to explain this variation are unclear. Here we show that a P. yoelii gene encoding a HECT-like E3 ubiquitin ligase (Pyheul) influences parasitemia and host mortality. We genetically cross two lethal parasites with distinct disease phenotypes, and identify 43 genetically diverse progeny by typing with microsatellites and 9230 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. A genome-wide quantitative trait loci scan links parasite growth and host mortality to two major loci on chromosomes 1 and 7 with LOD (logarithm of the odds) scores = 6.1 and 8.1, respectively. Allelic exchange of partial sequences of Pyheul in the chromosome 7 locus and modification of the gene expression alter parasite growth and host mortality. This study identifies a gene that may have a function in parasite growth, virulence, and host–parasite interaction, and therefore could be a target for drug or vaccine development. Many strains of Plasmodium differ in virulence, but factors that control these distinctions are not known. Here the authors comparatively map virulence loci using the offspring from a P. yoelii YM and N67 genetic cross, and identify a putative HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase that may explain the variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sethu C Nair
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ruixue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Sittiporn Pattaradilokrat
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yanwei Qi
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Martine Zilversmit
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vijayaraj Nagarajan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Richard T Eastman
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marlene S Orandle
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John C Tan
- The Eck Institute of Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Timothy G Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shengfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Carole A Long
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
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21
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Zhang C, Gao H, Yang Z, Jiang Y, Li Z, Wang X, Xiao B, Su XZ, Cui H, Yuan J. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated sequential editing of genes critical for ookinete motility in Plasmodium yoelii. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 212:1-8. [PMID: 28034675 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 has been successfully adapted for gene editing in malaria parasites including Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium yoelii. However, the reported methods were limited to editing one gene at a time. In practice, it is often desired to modify multiple genetic loci in a parasite genome. Here we describe a CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing method that allows successive modification of more than one gene in the genome of P. yoelii using an improved single-vector system (pYCm) we developed previously. Drug resistant genes encoding human dihydrofolate reductase (hDHFR) and a yeast bifunctional protein (yFCU), with cytosine deaminase (CD) and uridyl phosphoribosyl transferase (UPRT) activities in the plasmid, allowed sequential positive (pyrimethamine, Pyr) and negative (5-fluorocytosine, 5FC) selections and generation of transgenic parasites free of the episomal plasmid after genetic modification. Using this system, we were able to efficiently tag a gene of interest (Pyp28) and subsequently disrupted two genes (Pyctrp and Pycdpk3) that are individually critical for ookinete motility. Disruption of the genes either eliminated (Pyctrp) or greatly reduced (Pycdpk3) ookinete forward motility in matrigel in vitro and completely blocked oocyst development in mosquito midgut. The method will greatly facilitate studies of parasite gene function, development, and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhenke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhenkui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Huiting Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
| | - Jing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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22
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Yu X, Cai B, Wang M, Tan P, Ding X, Wu J, Li J, Li Q, Liu P, Xing C, Wang HY, Su XZ, Wang RF. Cross-Regulation of Two Type I Interferon Signaling Pathways in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Controls Anti-malaria Immunity and Host Mortality. Immunity 2016; 45:1093-1107. [PMID: 27793594 PMCID: PMC7128466 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) is critical for controlling pathogen infection; however, its regulatory mechanisms in plasmacytoid cells (pDCs) still remain unclear. Here, we have shown that nucleic acid sensors cGAS-, STING-, MDA5-, MAVS-, or transcription factor IRF3-deficient mice produced high amounts of type I IFN-α and IFN-β (IFN-α/β) in the serum and were resistant to lethal plasmodium yoelii YM infection. Robust IFN-α/β production was abolished when gene encoding nucleic acid sensor TLR7, signaling adaptor MyD88, or transcription factor IRF7 was ablated or pDCs were depleted. Further, we identified SOCS1 as a key negative regulator to inhibit MyD88-dependent type I IFN signaling in pDCs. Finally, we have demonstrated that pDCs, cDCs, and macrophages were required for generating IFN-α/β-induced subsequent protective immunity. Thus, our findings have identified a critical regulatory mechanism of type I IFN signaling in pDCs and stage-specific function of immune cells in generating potent immunity against lethal YM infection. cGAS functions as a DNA sensor in vivo for detecting malaria genomic DNA STING- and MAVS-mediated signaling induces a negative regulator SOCS1 expression SOCS1 inhibits MyD88-mediated type I IFN signaling in pDCs Type I IFN produced by pDCs activates cDCs and macrophages for adaptive immunity
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, P.R. China; Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Baowei Cai
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, P.R. China; Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peng Tan
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xilai Ding
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jian Wu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Qingtian Li
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P.R. China; Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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23
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Miles A, Iqbal Z, Vauterin P, Pearson R, Campino S, Theron M, Gould K, Mead D, Drury E, O'Brien J, Ruano Rubio V, MacInnis B, Mwangi J, Samarakoon U, Ranford-Cartwright L, Ferdig M, Hayton K, Su XZ, Wellems T, Rayner J, McVean G, Kwiatkowski D. Indels, structural variation, and recombination drive genomic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum. Genome Res 2016; 26:1288-99. [PMID: 27531718 PMCID: PMC5052046 DOI: 10.1101/gr.203711.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has a great capacity for evolutionary adaptation to evade host immunity and develop drug resistance. Current understanding of parasite evolution is impeded by the fact that a large fraction of the genome is either highly repetitive or highly variable and thus difficult to analyze using short-read sequencing technologies. Here, we describe a resource of deep sequencing data on parents and progeny from genetic crosses, which has enabled us to perform the first genome-wide, integrated analysis of SNP, indel and complex polymorphisms, using Mendelian error rates as an indicator of genotypic accuracy. These data reveal that indels are exceptionally abundant, being more common than SNPs and thus the dominant mode of polymorphism within the core genome. We use the high density of SNP and indel markers to analyze patterns of meiotic recombination, confirming a high rate of crossover events and providing the first estimates for the rate of non-crossover events and the length of conversion tracts. We observe several instances of meiotic recombination within copy number variants associated with drug resistance, demonstrating a mechanism whereby fitness costs associated with resistance mutations could be compensated and greater phenotypic plasticity could be acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Miles
- MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Zamin Iqbal
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Vauterin
- MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Pearson
- MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Campino
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Theron
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Kelda Gould
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Mead
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Drury
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Bronwyn MacInnis
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jonathan Mwangi
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Mount Kenya University, 01000 Thika, Kenya; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Upeka Samarakoon
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Lisa Ranford-Cartwright
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Ferdig
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Karen Hayton
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9806, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9806, USA
| | - Thomas Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9806, USA
| | - Julian Rayner
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Gil McVean
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Kwiatkowski
- MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
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24
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Su XZ, Miller LH. The discovery of artemisinin and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Sci China Life Sci 2016; 58:1175-9. [PMID: 26481135 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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25
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Liu J, Huang S, Su XZ, Song J, Lu F. Blockage of Galectin-receptor Interactions by α-lactose Exacerbates Plasmodium berghei-induced Pulmonary Immunopathology. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32024. [PMID: 27554340 PMCID: PMC4995515 DOI: 10.1038/srep32024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria-associated acute lung injury (ALI) is a frequent complication of severe malaria that is often caused by "excessive" immune responses. To better understand the mechanism of ALI in malaria infection, here we investigated the roles of galectin (Gal)-1, 3, 8, 9 and the receptors of Gal-9 (Tim-3, CD44, CD137, and PDI) in malaria-induced ALI. We injected alpha (α)-lactose into mice-infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbANKA) to block galectins and found significantly elevated total proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, higher parasitemia and tissue parasite burden, and increased numbers of CD68(+) alveolar macrophages as well as apoptotic cells in the lungs after blockage. Additionally, mRNA levels of Gal-9, Tim-3, CD44, CD137, and PDI were significantly increased in the lungs at day 5 after infection, and the levels of CD137, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 in the lungs were also increased after α-lactose treatment. Similarly, the levels of Gal-9, Tim-3, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IL-10 were all significantly increased in murine peritoneal macrophages co-cultured with PbANKA-infected red blood cells in vitro; but only IFN-α and IFN-β were significantly increased after α-lactose treatment. Our data indicate that Gal-9 interaction with its multiple receptors play an important role in murine malaria-associated ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiguang Huang
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States of America.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jianping Song
- Institute of Science and Technology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Chentai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510445, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
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26
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Huang B, Wang Q, Deng C, Wang J, Yang T, Huang S, Su XZ, Liu Y, Pan L, Li G, Li D, Zhang H, Bacar A, Abdallah KS, Attoumane R, Mliva AMSA, Zheng S, Xu Q, Lu F, Guan Y, Song J. Prevalence of crt and mdr-1 mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Grande Comore island after withdrawal of chloroquine. Malar J 2016; 15:414. [PMID: 27527604 PMCID: PMC4986190 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Comoros, the widespread of chloroquine (CQ)-resistant Plasmodium falciparum populations was a major obstacle to malaria control, which led to the official withdrawal of CQ in 2004. Continuous monitoring of CQ-resistant markers of the P. falciparum CQ resistant transporter (pfcrt) and the P. falciparum multiple drug resistance 1 (pfmdr-1) is necessary inder to obtain first-hand information on CQ susceptibility of parasite populations in the field. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and evolution of CQ-resistance in the P. falciparum populations on the Comoros' Grande Comore island after withdrawal of CQ. METHODS A total of 207 P. falciparum clinical isolates were collected from the island, including 118 samples from 2006 to 2007 and 89 samples from 2013 to 2014. Nucleotide substitutions in the pfcrt and pfmdr-1 genes linked to CQ response in parasite isolates were assessed using nested PCR and DNA sequencing. RESULTS From the pfcrt gene segment sequenced, we detected C72S, M74I, N75E, and K76T substitutions in the parasite isolates collected from both 2006-2007 to 2013-2014 periods. Significant decline of pfcrt resistant alleles at C72S (42.6 to 6.9 %), M74I (39.1 to 14.9 %), N75E (63.5 to 18.3 %), and K76T (72.2 to 19.5 %) from 2006-2007 to 2013-2014 were observed, and the frequency of pfcrt wild type allele was significantly increased from 19.1 % in 2006-2007 to 75.8 % in 2013-2014. Sequence analysis of pfmdr-1 also detected point mutations at codons N86Y, Y184F, and D1246Y, but not S1034C and N1042D, in the isolates collected from both examined periods. An increasing trend in the prevalence of the pfmdr-1 wild type allele (NYD, 4.3 % in 2006-2007; and 28.7 % in 2013-2014), and a decreasing trend for pfmdr-1 N86Y mutation (87.0 % in 2006-2007; and 40.2 % in 2013-2014) were observed in our samples. CONCLUSIONS The present data indicate that the prevalence and patterns of mutant pfcrt and pfmdr-1 dramatically decreased in the Grande Comore isolates from 2006 to 2014, suggesting that the CQ-sensitive P. falciparum strains have returned after the withdrawal of CQ. The data also suggests that the parasites with wild type pfcrt/pfdmr-1 genes may have growth and/or transmission advantages over the mutant parasites. The information obtained from this study will be useful for developing and updating anti-malarial treatment policy in Grande Comore island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Deng
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiguang Huang
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Longhua Pan
- Guangdong Newsouth Artepharm Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoming Li
- Guangdong Newsouth Artepharm Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Li
- Guangdong Newsouth Artepharm Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Afane Bacar
- National Malaria Control Programme, BP 500, Moroni, Union of Comoros
| | | | - Rachad Attoumane
- National Malaria Control Programme, BP 500, Moroni, Union of Comoros
| | | | - Shaoqin Zheng
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Xu
- Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yezhi Guan
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianping Song
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Eastman RT, Khine P, Huang R, Thomas CJ, Su XZ. PfCRT and PfMDR1 modulate interactions of artemisinin derivatives and ion channel blockers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25379. [PMID: 27147113 PMCID: PMC4857081 DOI: 10.1038/srep25379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of the symptomatic asexual stage of Plasmodium falciparum relies almost exclusively on artemisinin (ART) combination therapies (ACTs) in endemic regions. ACTs combine ART or its derivative with a long-acting partner drug to maximize efficacy during the typical three-day regimen. Both laboratory and clinical studies have previously demonstrated that the common drug resistance determinants P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) and multidrug resistance transporter (PfMDR1) can modulate the susceptibility to many current antimalarial drugs and chemical compounds. Here we investigated the parasite responses to dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and various Ca2+ and Na+ channel blockers and showed positively correlated responses between DHA and several channel blockers, suggesting potential shared transport pathways or mode of action. Additionally, we demonstrated that PfCRT and PfMDR1 could also significantly modulate the pharmacodynamic interactions of the compounds and that the interactions were influenced by the parasite genetic backgrounds. These results provide important information for better understanding of drug resistance and for assessing the overall impact of drug resistance markers on parasite response to ACTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Eastman
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Division of Preclinical Development, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pwint Khine
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division of Preclinical Development, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Craig J Thomas
- Division of Preclinical Development, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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28
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Nair SC, Pattaradilokrat S, Zilversmit MM, Dommer J, Nagarajan V, Stephens MT, Xiao W, Tan JC, Su XZ. Genome-wide polymorphisms and development of a microarray platform to detect genetic variations in Plasmodium yoelii. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 194:9-15. [PMID: 24685548 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii is an important model for studying malaria immunity and pathogenesis. One approach for studying malaria disease phenotypes is genetic mapping, which requires typing a large number of genetic markers from multiple parasite strains and/or progeny from genetic crosses. Hundreds of microsatellite (MS) markers have been developed to genotype the P. yoelii genome; however, typing a large number of MS markers can be labor intensive, time consuming, and expensive. Thus, development of high-throughput genotyping tools such as DNA microarrays that enable rapid and accurate large-scale genotyping of the malaria parasite will be highly desirable. In this study, we sequenced the genomes of two P. yoelii strains (33X and N67) and obtained a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Based on the SNPs obtained, we designed sets of oligonucleotide probes to develop a microarray that could interrogate ∼11,000 SNPs across the 14 chromosomes of the parasite in a single hybridization. Results from hybridizations of DNA samples of five P. yoelii strains or cloned lines (17XNL, YM, 33X, N67 and N67C) and two progeny from a genetic cross (N67×17XNL) to the microarray showed that the array had a high call rate (∼97%) and accuracy (99.9%) in calling SNPs, providing a simple and reliable tool for typing the P. yoelii genome. Our data show that the P. yoelii genome is highly polymorphic, although isogenic pairs of parasites were also detected. Additionally, our results indicate that the 33X parasite is a progeny of 17XNL (or YM) and an unknown parasite. The highly accurate and reliable microarray developed in this study will greatly facilitate our ability to study the genetic basis of important traits and the disease it causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sethu C Nair
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sittiporn Pattaradilokrat
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Martine M Zilversmit
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer Dommer
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vijayaraj Nagarajan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Melissa T Stephens
- The Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Wenming Xiao
- Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John C Tan
- The Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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29
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Ojo KK, Eastman RT, Vidadala R, Zhang Z, Rivas KL, Choi R, Lutz JD, Reid MC, Fox AMW, Hulverson MA, Kennedy M, Isoherranen N, Kim LM, Comess KM, Kempf DJ, Verlinde CLMJ, Su XZ, Kappe SHI, Maly DJ, Fan E, Van Voorhis WC. A specific inhibitor of PfCDPK4 blocks malaria transmission: chemical-genetic validation. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:275-84. [PMID: 24123773 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasites are transmitted by mosquitoes, and blocking parasite transmission is critical in reducing or eliminating malaria in endemic regions. Here, we report the pharmacological characterization of a new class of malaria transmission-blocking compounds that acts via the inhibition of Plasmodia CDPK4 enzyme. We demonstrate that these compounds achieved selectivity over mammalian kinases by capitalizing on a small serine gatekeeper residue in the active site of the Plasmodium CDPK4 enzyme. To directly confirm the mechanism of action of these compounds, we generated P. falciparum parasites that express a drug-resistant methionine gatekeeper (S147 M) CDPK4 mutant. Mutant parasites showed a shift in exflagellation EC50 relative to the wild-type strains in the presence of compound 1294, providing chemical-genetic evidence that CDPK4 is the target of the compound. Pharmacokinetic analyses suggest that coformulation of this transmission-blocking agent with asexual stage antimalarials such as artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) is a promising option for drug delivery that may reduce transmission of malaria including drug-resistant strains. Ongoing studies include refining the compounds to improve efficacy and toxicological properties for efficient blocking of malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode K Ojo
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
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30
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Lemieux JE, Kyes SA, Otto TD, Feller AI, Eastman RT, Pinches RA, Berriman M, Su XZ, Newbold CI. Genome-wide profiling of chromosome interactions in Plasmodium falciparum characterizes nuclear architecture and reconfigurations associated with antigenic variation. Mol Microbiol 2013; 90:519-37. [PMID: 23980881 PMCID: PMC3894959 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spatial relationships within the eukaryotic nucleus are essential for proper nuclear function. In Plasmodium falciparum, the repositioning of chromosomes has been implicated in the regulation of the expression of genes responsible for antigenic variation, and the formation of a single, peri-nuclear nucleolus results in the clustering of rDNA. Nevertheless, the precise spatial relationships between chromosomes remain poorly understood, because, until recently, techniques with sufficient resolution have been lacking. Here we have used chromosome conformation capture and second-generation sequencing to study changes in chromosome folding and spatial positioning that occur during switches in var gene expression. We have generated maps of chromosomal spatial affinities within the P. falciparum nucleus at 25 Kb resolution, revealing a structured nucleolus, an absence of chromosome territories, and confirming previously identified clustering of heterochromatin foci. We show that switches in var gene expression do not appear to involve interaction with a distant enhancer, but do result in local changes at the active locus. These maps reveal the folding properties of malaria chromosomes, validate known physical associations, and characterize the global landscape of spatial interactions. Collectively, our data provide critical information for a better understanding of gene expression regulation and antigenic variation in malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Lemieux
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
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31
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Huang B, Liu M, Huang S, Wu B, Guo H, Su XZ, Lu F. Expression of Tim-1 and Tim-3 in Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2713-9. [PMID: 23653017 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3442-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a serious and often fatal complication of Plasmodium falciparum infections; however, the precise mechanisms leading to CM is poorly understood. Mouse malaria models have provided insight into the key events in pathogenesis of CM. T-cell immune response is known to play an important role in malaria infection, and members of the T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule (Tim) family have roles in T-cell-mediated immune responses. Tim-1 and Tim-3 are expressed on terminally differentiated Th2 and Th1 cells, respectively, and participate in the regulation of Th immune response. Until now, the role of Tim family proteins in Plasmodium infection remains unclear. In the present study, the mRNA levels of Tim-1, Tim-3, and some key Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the spleen of Kunming outbred mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbANKA) were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Compared with uninfected controls, Tim-1 expression was significantly decreased in infected mice with CM at day 10 postinfection (p.i.) but significantly increased in infected mice with non-CM at day 22 p.i.; in contrast, Tim-3 expression was significantly increased in infected mice both with CM at day 10 p.i. and with non-CM at day 22 p.i. The expressions of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-12 were significantly increased but IL-4 was significantly decreased in infected mice with CM at days 10 p.i., whereas the expressions of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β were significantly increased but IL-12 was significantly decreased in infected mice with non-CM at days 22 p.i. Furthermore, the expression of Tim-1 and Tim-3 could reflect Th2 and Th1 immune response in the spleen of PbANKA-infected mice, respectively. Our data suggest that PbANKA infection could inhibit the differentiation of T lymphocytes toward Th2 cells, promote the Th1 cell differentiation, and induce Th1-biased immune response in the early infective stage, whereas the infection could promote Th2 cell differentiation and induce Th2-biased immune response in the late infective stage. Our data indicate that both Tim-1 and Tim-3 may play a role in the process of PbANKA infection, which may represent a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
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32
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Qi Y, Zhu F, Li J, Fu Y, Pattaradilokrat S, Hong L, Liu S, Huang F, Xu W, Su XZ. Optimized protocols for improving the likelihood of cloning recombinant progeny from Plasmodium yoelii genetic crosses. Exp Parasitol 2012; 133:44-50. [PMID: 23116600 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic cross is a powerful tool for studying malaria genes contributing to drug resistance, parasite development, and pathogenesis. Cloning and identification of recombinant progeny (RP) is laborious and expensive, especially when a large proportion of progeny derived from self-fertilization are present in the uncloned progeny of a genetic cross. Since the frequency of cross-fertilization affects the number of recombinant progeny in a genetic cross, it is important to optimize the procedure of a genetic cross to maximize the cross-fertilization. Here we investigated the factors that might influence the chances of obtaining RP from a genetic cross and showed that different Plasmodium yoelii strains/subspecies/clones had unique abilities in producing oocysts in a mosquito midgut. When a genetic cross is performed between two parents producing different numbers of functional gametocytes, the ratio of parental parasites must be adjusted to improve the chance of obtaining RP. An optimized parental ratio could be established based on oocyst counts from single infection of each parent before crossing experiments, which may reflect the efficiency of gametocyte production and/or fertilization. The timing of progeny cloning is also important; cloning of genetic cross progeny from mice directly infected with sporozoites (vs. frozen blood after needle passage) at a time when parasitemia is low (usually <1%) could improve the chance of obtaining RP. This study provides an optimized protocol for efficiently cloning RPs from a genetic cross of malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
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33
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Manske M, Miotto O, Campino S, Auburn S, Almagro-Garcia J, Maslen G, O'Brien J, Djimde A, Doumbo O, Zongo I, Ouedraogo JB, Michon P, Mueller I, Siba P, Nzila A, Borrmann S, Kiara SM, Marsh K, Jiang H, Su XZ, Amaratunga C, Fairhurst R, Socheat D, Nosten F, Imwong M, White NJ, Sanders M, Anastasi E, Alcock D, Drury E, Oyola S, Quail MA, Turner DJ, Ruano-Rubio V, Jyothi D, Amenga-Etego L, Hubbart C, Jeffreys A, Rowlands K, Sutherland C, Roper C, Mangano V, Modiano D, Tan JC, Ferdig MT, Amambua-Ngwa A, Conway DJ, Takala-Harrison S, Plowe CV, Rayner JC, Rockett KA, Clark TG, Newbold CI, Berriman M, MacInnis B, Kwiatkowski DP. Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum diversity in natural infections by deep sequencing. Nature 2012; 487:375-9. [PMID: 22722859 PMCID: PMC3738909 DOI: 10.1038/nature11174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Malaria elimination strategies require surveillance of the parasite population for genetic changes that demand a public health response, such as new forms of drug resistance. Here we describe methods for the large-scale analysis of genetic variation in Plasmodium falciparum by deep sequencing of parasite DNA obtained from the blood of patients with malaria, either directly or after short-term culture. Analysis of 86,158 exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms that passed genotyping quality control in 227 samples from Africa, Asia and Oceania provides genome-wide estimates of allele frequency distribution, population structure and linkage disequilibrium. By comparing the genetic diversity of individual infections with that of the local parasite population, we derive a metric of within-host diversity that is related to the level of inbreeding in the population. An open-access web application has been established for the exploration of regional differences in allele frequency and of highly differentiated loci in the P. falciparum genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Manske
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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34
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Mejia R, Booth GS, Fedorko DP, Hsieh MM, Khuu HM, Klein HG, Mu J, Fahle G, Nutman TB, Su XZ, Williams EC, Flegel WA, Klion A. Peripheral blood stem cell transplant-related Plasmodium falciparum infection in a patient with sickle cell disease. Transfusion 2012; 52:2677-82. [PMID: 22536941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although transmission of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) infection during red blood cell (RBC) transfusion from an infected donor has been well documented, malaria parasites are not known to infect hematopoietic stem cells. We report a case of Pf infection in a patient 11 days after peripheral blood stem cell transplant for sickle cell disease. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Malaria parasites were detected in thick blood smears by Giemsa staining. Pf HRP2 antigen was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on whole blood and plasma. Pf DNA was detected in whole blood and stem cell retention samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction using Pf species-specific primers and probes. Genotyping of eight Pf microsatellites was performed on genomic DNA extracted from whole blood. RESULTS Pf was not detected by molecular, serologic, or parasitologic means in samples from the recipient until Day 11 posttransplant, coincident with the onset of symptoms. In contrast, Pf antigen was retrospectively detected in stored plasma collected 3 months before transplant from the asymptomatic donor. Pf DNA was detected in whole blood from both the donor and the recipient after transplant, and genotyping confirmed shared markers between donor and recipient Pf strains. Lookback analysis of RBC donors was negative for Pf infection. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with transmission by the stem cell product and have profound implications with respect to the screening of potential stem cell donors and recipients from malaria-endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojelio Mejia
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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35
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Heidebrecht RW, Mulrooney C, Austin CP, Barker RH, Beaudoin JA, Cheng KCC, Comer E, Dandapani S, Dick J, Duvall JR, Ekland EH, Fidock DA, Fitzgerald M, Foley M, Guha R, Hinkson P, Kramer M, Lukens AK, Masi D, Marcaurelle L, Su XZ, Thomas CJ, Weïwer M, Wiegand RC, Wirth D, Xia M, Yuan J, Zhao J, Palmer M, Munoz B, Schreiber S. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis Yields a Novel Lead for the Treatment of Malaria. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:112-117. [PMID: 22328964 PMCID: PMC3276110 DOI: 10.1021/ml200244k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the discovery of a novel antimalarial agent using phenotypic screening of Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood-stage parasites. Screening a novel compound collection created using diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) led to the initial hit. Structure-activity relationships guided the synthesis of compounds having improved potency and water solubility, yielding a subnanomolar inhibitor of parasite asexual blood-stage growth. Optimized compound 27 has an excellent off-target activity profile in erythrocyte lysis and HepG2 assays and is stable in human plasma. This compound is available via the molecular libraries probe production centers network (MLPCN) and is designated ML238.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. Heidebrecht
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue,
Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Carol Mulrooney
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Christopher P. Austin
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Robert H. Barker
- Genzyme Corporation, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Beaudoin
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ken Chih-Chien Cheng
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Eamon Comer
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sivaraman Dandapani
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Justin Dick
- Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue,
Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jeremy R. Duvall
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Eric H. Ekland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Colombia University, New York, New York 10032, United
States
| | - David A. Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Colombia University, New York, New York 10032, United
States
- Department of Medicine,
Division of Infectious Diseases, Colombia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Mark
E. Fitzgerald
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael Foley
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Rajarshi Guha
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Paul Hinkson
- Genzyme Corporation, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Martin Kramer
- Genzyme Corporation, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Amanda K. Lukens
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue,
Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Daniela Masi
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lisa
A. Marcaurelle
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Michel Weïwer
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Roger C. Wiegand
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue,
Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dyann Wirth
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue,
Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Menghang Xia
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Jing Yuan
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Michelle Palmer
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Benito Munoz
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Stuart Schreiber
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Mu J, Seydel KB, Bates A, Su XZ. Recent Progress in Functional Genomic Research in Plasmodium falciparum. Curr Genomics 2011; 11:279-86. [PMID: 21119892 PMCID: PMC2930667 DOI: 10.2174/138920210791233081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
With the completion and near completion of many malaria parasite genome-sequencing projects, efforts are now being directed to a better understanding of gene functions and to the discovery of vaccine and drug targets. Inter- and intraspecies comparisons of the parasite genomes will provide invaluable insights into parasite evolution, virulence, drug resistance, and immune invasion. Genome-wide searches for loci under various selection pressures may lead to discovery of genes conferring drug resistance or encoding for protective antigens. In addition, the Plasmodium falciparum genome sequence provides the basis for the development of various microarrays to monitor gene expression and to detect nucleotide substitution and deletion/amplification. Genome-wide profiling of the parasite proteome, chromatin modification, and nucleosome position also depend on availability of the parasite genome. In this brief review, we will highlight some recent advances and studies in characterizing gene function and related phenotype in P. falciparum that were made possible by the genome sequence, particularly the development of a genome-wide diversity map and various high-throughput genotyping methods for genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Mu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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López-Barragán MJ, Quiñones M, Cui K, Lemieux J, Zhao K, Su XZ. Effect of PCR extension temperature on high-throughput sequencing. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 176:64-7. [PMID: 21112355 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The DNA amplification process can be a source of bias and artifacts, especially when amplifying genomic areas with extreme AT or GC content. The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has an AT-rich genome, and some of its highly AT-rich regions have been shown to be refractory to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Biased amplification may lead to erroneous conclusions for studies investigating genome-wide gene expression, nucleosome position, and copy number variation. Here we compare genome-wide nucleosome coverage in libraries amplified at three different extension temperatures and show that reduction in PCR extension temperature from 70°C to 60°C can greatly increase the fraction of coverage at AT-rich regions of the P. falciparum genome. Our method will improve the efficiency and coverage in sequencing an AT-rich genome.
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Su XZ, Jiang H, Yi M, Mu J, Stephens RM. Large-scale genotyping and genetic mapping in Plasmodium parasites. Korean J Parasitol 2009; 47:83-91. [PMID: 19488413 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The completion of many malaria parasite genomes provides great opportunities for genomewide characterization of gene expression and high-throughput genotyping. Substantial progress in malaria genomics and genotyping has been made recently, particularly the development of various microarray platforms for large-scale characterization of the Plasmodium falciparum genome. Microarray has been used for gene expression analysis, detection of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and copy number variation (CNV), characterization of chromatin modifications, and other applications. Here we discuss some recent advances in genetic mapping and genomic studies of malaria parasites, focusing on the use of high-throughput arrays for the detection of SNP and CNV in the P. falciparum genome. Strategies for genetic mapping of malaria traits are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Raj DK, Mu J, Jiang H, Kabat J, Singh S, Sullivan M, Fay MP, McCutchan TF, Su XZ. Disruption of a Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance-associated protein (PfMRP) alters its fitness and transport of antimalarial drugs and glutathione. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:7687-96. [PMID: 19117944 PMCID: PMC2658063 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806944200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporters play an important role in drug resistance
and nutrient transport. In the human malaria parasite Plasmodium
falciparum, a homolog of the human p-glycoprotein (PfPgh-1) was
shown to be involved in resistance to several drugs. More recently, many
transporters were associated with higher IC50 levels in responses
to chloroquine (CQ) and quinine (QN) in field isolates. Subsequent studies,
however, could not confirm the associations, although inaccuracy in drug tests
in the later studies could contribute to the lack of associations. Here we
disrupted a gene encoding a putative multidrug resistance-associated protein
(PfMRP) that was previously shown to be associated with P. falciparum
responses to CQ and QN. Parasites with disrupted PfMRP (W2/MRPΔ) could
not grow to a parasitemia higher than 5% under normal culture conditions,
possibly because of lower efficiency in removing toxic metabolites. The
W2/MRPΔ parasite also accumulated more radioactive glutathione, CQ, and
QN and became more sensitive to multiple antimalarial drugs, including CQ, QN,
artemisinin, piperaquine, and primaquine. PfMRP was localized on the parasite
surface membrane, within membrane-bound vesicles, and along the straight side
of the D-shaped stage II gametocytes. The results suggest that PfMRP plays a
role in the efflux of glutathione, CQ, and QN and contributes to parasite
responses to multiple antimalarial drugs, possibly by pumping drugs outside
the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Raj
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, Research Technologies Branch, and Biostatistical Research Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8132, USA
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Abstract
Drug resistance in malaria parasites is a serious public health burden, and resistance to most of the antimalarial drugs currently in use has been reported. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance is urgently needed to slow or circumvent the spread of resistance, to allow local treatments to be deployed more effectively to prolong the life span of the current drugs, and to develop new drugs. Although mutations in genes determining resistance to drugs such as chloroquine and the antifolates have been identified, we still do not have a full understanding of the resistance mechanisms, and genes that contribute to resistance to many other drugs remain to be discovered. Genetic mapping is a powerful tool for the identification of mutations conferring drug resistance in malaria parasites because most drug-resistant phenotypes were selected within the past 60 years. High-throughput methods for genotyping large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and microsatellites (MSs) are now available or are being developed, and genome-wide association studies for malaria traits will soon become a reality. Here we discuss strategies and issues related to mapping genes contributing to drug resistance in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hayton
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Jiang H, Yi M, Mu J, Zhang L, Ivens A, Klimczak LJ, Huyen Y, Stephens RM, Su XZ. Detection of genome-wide polymorphisms in the AT-rich Plasmodium falciparum genome using a high-density microarray. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:398. [PMID: 18724869 PMCID: PMC2543026 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic mapping is a powerful method to identify mutations that cause drug resistance and other phenotypic changes in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. For efficient mapping of a target gene, it is often necessary to genotype a large number of polymorphic markers. Currently, a community effort is underway to collect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from the parasite genome. Here we evaluate polymorphism detection accuracy of a high-density 'tiling' microarray with 2.56 million probes by comparing single feature polymorphisms (SFP) calls from the microarray with known SNP among parasite isolates. Results We found that probe GC content, SNP position in a probe, probe coverage, and signal ratio cutoff values were important factors for accurate detection of SFP in the parasite genome. We established a set of SFP calling parameters that could predict mSFP (SFP called by multiple overlapping probes) with high accuracy (≥ 94%) and identified 121,087 mSFP genome-wide from five parasite isolates including 40,354 unique mSFP (excluding those from multi-gene families) and ~18,000 new mSFP, producing a genetic map with an average of one unique mSFP per 570 bp. Genomic copy number variation (CNV) among the parasites was also cataloged and compared. Conclusion A large number of mSFP were discovered from the P. falciparum genome using a high-density microarray, most of which were in clusters of highly polymorphic genes at chromosome ends. Our method for accurate mSFP detection and the mSFP identified will greatly facilitate large-scale studies of genome variation in the P. falciparum parasite and provide useful resources for mapping important parasite traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Jiang
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Iriko H, Kaneko O, Otsuki H, Tsuboi T, Su XZ, Tanabe K, Torii M. Diversity and evolution of the rhoph1/clag multigene family of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007; 158:11-21. [PMID: 18155305 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A complex of high-molecular-mass proteins (PfRhopH) of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum induces host protective immunity and therefore is a candidate for vaccine development. Understanding the level of polymorphism and the evolutionary processes is important for advancements in both vaccine design and knowledge of the evolution of cell invasion in this parasite. In the present study, we sequenced the entire open reading frames of seven genes encoding the proteins of the PfRhopH complex (rhoph2, rhoph3, and five rhoph1/clag gene paralogs). We found that four rhoph1/clag genes (clag2, 3.1, 3.2, and 8) were highly polymorphic. Amino acid substitutions and indels are predominantly clustered around amino acid positions 1000-1200 of these four rhoph1/clag genes. An excess of nonsynonymous substitutions over synonymous substitutions was detected for clag8 and 9, indicating positive selection. The McDonald-Kreitman test with a Plasmodium reichenowi orthologous sequence also supports positive selection on clag8. Based on the ratio of interspecific genetic distance to intraspecific distance, the time to the most recent common ancestor of the clag2 and 8 polymorphisms was estimated to be 1.89 and 0.87 million years ago, respectively, assuming divergence of P. falciparum and P. reichenowi 6 million years ago. In addition to a copy number polymorphism, gene conversion events were detected for the rhoph1/clag genes on chromosome 3, which likely play a role in increasing the diversity of each locus. Our results indicate that a high diversity of the PfRhopH1/Clag multigene family is maintained by diversifying selection forces over a considerably long period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Iriko
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Bockhorst J, Lu F, Janes JH, Keebler J, Gamain B, Awadalla P, Su XZ, Samudrala R, Jojic N, Smith JD. Structural polymorphism and diversifying selection on the pregnancy malaria vaccine candidate VAR2CSA. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007; 155:103-12. [PMID: 17669514 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
VAR2CSA is the main candidate for a pregnancy malaria vaccine, but vaccine development may be complicated by sequence polymorphism. Here, we obtained partial or full-length var2CSA sequences from 106 parasites and applied novel computational methods and three-dimensional modeling to investigate VAR2CSA geographic variation and selection pressure. Our analysis reveals structural patterns of VAR2CSA sequence variation in which polymorphic sites group into segments of limited diversity. Within these segments, two or three basic types characterize a substantial majority of the parasite samples. Comparison to the primate malaria Plasmodium reichenowi shows that these basic types have ancient origins. Globally, var2CSA genes are comprised of a mosaic of these ancestral polymorphic segments that have recombined extensively between var2CSA alleles. Three-dimensional modeling reveals that polymorphic segments concentrate in flexible loops at characteristic locations in the six VAR2CSA Duffy binding-like (DBL) adhesion domains. Individual DBL domain surfaces have distinct patterns of diversifying selection, suggesting that limited and differing portions of each DBL domain are targeted by host antibody. Since standard phylogenetic tree analysis is inadequate for highly recombining genes like var2CSA, we developed a novel phylogenetic approach that incorporates recombination and tracks new mutations in segment types. In the resulting tree, P. reichenowi is confirmed as an outlier and African and Asian P. falciparum isolates have slightly diverged. These findings validate a new approach to modeling protein evolution in the presence of frequent recombination and provide a clearer understanding of how var gene products function as immunoevasive binding ligands.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/chemistry
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Computational Biology/methods
- DNA, Protozoan/chemistry
- DNA, Protozoan/genetics
- Female
- Geography
- Humans
- Malaria/immunology
- Malaria/parasitology
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Plasmodium falciparum/genetics
- Plasmodium falciparum/isolation & purification
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/immunology
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/prevention & control
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Selection, Genetic
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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44
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Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is highly susceptible to mutations due to the low level of DNA repair and the presence of a high level of reactive oxygen species in the organelle. Although mtDNA mutations have been implicated in degenerating diseases, aging, and cancer, very little is known about the role of T cells in immunosurveillance for mtDNA aberrations. Here, we describe T-cell recognition of a peptide translated from an alternative open reading frame of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene in melanoma cells established from a patient. To understand how the cyt b gene is transcribed and translated in tumor cells, we found that cyt b-specific CD4(+) T cells only recognized protein fractions derived from cytoplasm and not from mitochondria. However, T-cell recognition of tumor cells could be inhibited by treatment of tumor cells with rhodamine 6G inhibitor, which depletes mitochondria. These findings suggest that cyt b mRNA is leaked out of the mitochondria and then translated in the cytoplasm for presentation to CD4(+) T cells. The cyt b cDNAs from this patient contain highly heteroplasmic transition mutations compared with control cell lines, suggesting a compromise of mitochondrial integrity that may have contributed to melanoma induction or progression. These findings provide the first example of a mitochondrial immune target for CD4(+) T cells and therefore have implications for the immunosurveillance of mitochondrial aberrations in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Shin Voo
- The Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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45
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Vieira PP, Ferreira MU, Alecrim MDG, Alecrim WD, da Silva LHP, Sihuincha MM, Joy DA, Mu J, Su XZ, Zalis MG. pfcrtPolymorphism and the Spread of Chloroquine Resistance inPlasmodium falciparumPopulations across the Amazon Basin. J Infect Dis 2004; 190:417-24. [PMID: 15216481 DOI: 10.1086/422006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2003] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of drug-resistant malaria parasites in South America presents a formidable obstacle to disease control in this region. To characterize parasite populations and the chloroquine-resistance profile of Plasmodium falciparum in the Amazon Basin, we analyzed a DNA segment of the pfcrt gene, spanning codons 72-76, and genotyped 15 microsatellite (MS) markers in 98 isolates from 6 areas of Brazil, Peru, and Colombia where malaria is endemic. The K76T mutation, which is critical for chloroquine resistance, was found in all isolates. Five pfcrt haplotypes (S[tct]MNT, S[agt]MNT, CMNT, CMET, and CIET) were observed, including 1 previously found in Asian/African isolates. MS genotyping showed relatively homogeneous genetic backgrounds among the isolates, with an average of 3.8 alleles per marker. Isolates with identical 15-loci MS haplotypes were found in different locations, suggesting relatively free gene flow across the Amazon Basin. Allopatric isolates carrying SMNT and CMNT haplotypes have similar genetic backgrounds, although parasites carrying the CIET haplotype have some exclusive MS alleles, suggesting that parasites with CIET alleles were likely to have been introduced into Brazil from Asia or Africa. This study provides the first evidence of the Asian pfcrt allele in Brazil and a detailed analysis of P. falciparum populations, with respect to pfcrt haplotypes, in the Amazon Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paulo Vieira
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundao, Rio de Janeiro, Gerencia de Malaria, Fundacao de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fang
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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47
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Feng X, Carlton JM, Joy DA, Mu J, Furuya T, Suh BB, Wang Y, Barnwell JW, Su XZ. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and genome diversity in Plasmodium vivax. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:8502-7. [PMID: 12799466 PMCID: PMC166258 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1232502100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of genetic variation in malaria parasites has practical significance for developing strategies to control the disease. Vaccines based on highly polymorphic antigens may be confounded by allelic restriction of the host immune response. In response to drug pressure, a highly plastic genome may generate resistant mutants more easily than a monomorphic one. Additionally, the study of the distribution of genomic polymorphisms may provide information leading to the identification of genes associated with traits such as parasite development and drug resistance. Indeed, the age and diversity of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has been the subject of recent debate, because an ancient parasite with a complex genome is expected to present greater challenges for drug and vaccine development. The genome diversity of the important human pathogen Plasmodium vivax, however, remains essentially unknown. Here we analyze an approximately 100-kb contiguous chromosome segment from five isolates, revealing 191 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 44 size polymorphisms. The SNPs are not evenly distributed across the segment with blocks of high and low diversity. Whereas the majority (approximately 63%) of the SNPs are in intergenic regions, introns contain significantly less SNPs than intergenic sequences. Polymorphic tandem repeats are abundant and are more uniformly distributed at a frequency of about one polymorphic tandem repeat per 3 kb. These data show that P. vivax has a highly diverse genome, and provide useful information for further understanding the genome diversity of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Feng
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research,
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Parasite Genomics
Group, The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850;
Department of Bioinformatics, American Type
Culture Collection, Manassas, VA 20110; and
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Jane M. Carlton
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research,
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Parasite Genomics
Group, The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850;
Department of Bioinformatics, American Type
Culture Collection, Manassas, VA 20110; and
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Deirdre A. Joy
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research,
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Parasite Genomics
Group, The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850;
Department of Bioinformatics, American Type
Culture Collection, Manassas, VA 20110; and
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Jianbing Mu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research,
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Parasite Genomics
Group, The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850;
Department of Bioinformatics, American Type
Culture Collection, Manassas, VA 20110; and
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Tetsuya Furuya
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research,
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Parasite Genomics
Group, The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850;
Department of Bioinformatics, American Type
Culture Collection, Manassas, VA 20110; and
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Bernard B. Suh
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research,
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Parasite Genomics
Group, The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850;
Department of Bioinformatics, American Type
Culture Collection, Manassas, VA 20110; and
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research,
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Parasite Genomics
Group, The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850;
Department of Bioinformatics, American Type
Culture Collection, Manassas, VA 20110; and
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - John W. Barnwell
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research,
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Parasite Genomics
Group, The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850;
Department of Bioinformatics, American Type
Culture Collection, Manassas, VA 20110; and
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research,
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Parasite Genomics
Group, The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850;
Department of Bioinformatics, American Type
Culture Collection, Manassas, VA 20110; and
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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48
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Abstract
The Malaria's Eve hypothesis, proposing a severe recent population bottleneck (about 3,000-5,000 years ago) of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, has prompted a debate about the origin and evolution of the parasite. The hypothesis implies that the parasite population is relatively homogeneous, favouring malaria control measures. Other studies, however, suggested an ancient origin and large effective population size. To test the hypothesis, we analysed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 204 genes on chromosome 3 of P. falciparum. We have identified 403 polymorphic sites, including 238 SNPs and 165 microsatellites, from five parasite clones, establishing chromosome-wide haplotypes and a dense map with one polymorphic marker per approximately 2.3 kilobases. On the basis of synonymous SNPs and non-coding SNPs, we estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor to be approximately 100,000-180,000 years, significantly older than the proposed bottleneck. Our estimated divergence time coincides approximately with the start of human population expansion, and is consistent with a genetically complex organism able to evade host immunity and other antimalarial efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Mu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0425, USA
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49
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Wootton JC, Feng X, Ferdig MT, Cooper RA, Mu J, Baruch DI, Magill AJ, Su XZ. Genetic diversity and chloroquine selective sweeps in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 2002; 418:320-3. [PMID: 12124623 DOI: 10.1038/nature00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use of antimalarial agents can profoundly influence the evolution of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Recent selective sweeps for drug-resistant genotypes may have restricted the genetic diversity of this parasite, resembling effects attributed in current debates to a historic population bottleneck. Chloroquine-resistant (CQR) parasites were initially reported about 45 years ago from two foci in southeast Asia and South America, but the number of CQR founder mutations and the impact of chlorquine on parasite genomes worldwide have been difficult to evaluate. Using 342 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers from a genetic map, here we show that the level of genetic diversity varies substantially among different regions of the parasite genome, revealing extensive linkage disequilibrium surrounding the key CQR gene pfcrt and at least four CQR founder events. This disequilibrium and its decay rate in the pfcrt-flanking region are consistent with strong directional selective sweeps occurring over only approximately 20-80 sexual generations, especially a single resistant pfcrt haplotype spreading to very high frequencies throughout most of Asia and Africa. The presence of linkage disequilibrium provides a basis for mapping genes under drug selection in P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Wootton
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894-6075, USA
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Cooper RA, Ferdig MT, Su XZ, Ursos LMB, Mu J, Nomura T, Fujioka H, Fidock DA, Roepe PD, Wellems TE. Alternative mutations at position 76 of the vacuolar transmembrane protein PfCRT are associated with chloroquine resistance and unique stereospecific quinine and quinidine responses in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 61:35-42. [PMID: 11752204 DOI: 10.1124/mol.61.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine resistance (CQR) in Plasmodium falciparum is associated with multiple mutations in the digestive vacuole membrane protein PfCRT. The chloroquine-sensitive (CQS) 106/1 line of P. falciparum has six of seven PfCRT mutations consistently found in CQR parasites from Asia and Africa. The missing mutation at position 76 (K76T in reported population surveys) may therefore be critical to CQR. To test this hypothesis, we exposed 106/1 populations (10(9)-10(10) parasites) to a chloroquine (CQ) concentration lethal to CQS parasites. In multiple independent experiments, surviving CQR parasites were detected in the cultures after 28 to 42 days. These parasites showed novel K76N or K76I PfCRT mutations and corresponding CQ IC(50) values that were approximately 8- and 12-fold higher than that of the original 106/1 IC(50). A distinctive feature of the K76I line relative to 106/1 parasites was their greatly increased sensitivity to quinine (QN) but reduced sensitivity to its enantiomer quinidine (QD), indicative of a unique stereospecific response not observed in other CQR lines. Furthermore, verapamil had the remarkable effect of antagonizing the QN response while potentiating the QD response of K76I parasites. In our single-step drug selection protocol, the probability of the simultaneous selection of two specific mutations required for CQR is extremely small. We conclude that the K76N or K76I change added to the other pre-existing mutations in the 106/1 PfCRT protein was responsible for CQR. The various mutations that have now been documented at PfCRT position 76 (K76T, K76N, K76I) suggest that the loss of lysine is central to the CQR mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland A Cooper
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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