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Andersson A, Brady MV, Pohjola J. How unnecessarily high abatement costs and unresolved distributional issues undermine nutrient reductions to the Baltic Sea. AMBIO 2022; 51:51-68. [PMID: 34109539 PMCID: PMC8651968 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper systematically reviews the literature on how to reduce nutrient emissions to the Baltic Sea cost-effectively and considerations for allocating these costs fairly among countries. The literature shows conclusively that the reduction targets of the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) could be achieved at considerably lower cost, if countries would cooperate to implement the least costly abatement plan. Focusing on phosphorus abatement could be prudent as the often recommended measures-wastewater treatment and wetlands-abate nitrogen too. An implication of our review is that the potential for restoring the Baltic Sea to good health is undermined by an abatement strategy that is more costly than necessary and likely to be perceived as unfair by several countries. Neither the BSAP nor the cost-effective solution meet the surveyed criteria for fairness, implying a need for side-payments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andersson
- Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences & AgriFood Economics Centre, Box 7080, 220 07 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark V. Brady
- Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences & AgriFood Economics Centre, Box 7080, 220 07 Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science (CEC), Lund University, Box 188, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johanna Pohjola
- Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Gren IM, Brutemark A, Jägerbrand A. Air pollutants from shipping: Costs of NO x emissions to the Baltic Sea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 300:113824. [PMID: 34649319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite a large body of literature on the calculations of costs of air emissions from shipping, calculations of damages to the marine water are missing. This paper calculated the costs of NOx emissions from shipping entering an environmentally heterogeneous sea by applying the abatement cost approach. The total costs and unit shadow cost of NOx were then calculated by means of the marginal abatement cost for international agreements on targets of nitrogen loads to the sea. This conceptual model highlighted the need to distinguish between direct emissions of NOx on the sea and indirect emissions through deposition of emissions on land in the catchment with subsequent transportation into the sea. Calculated total cost amounted to 240 million euros, where indirect deposition accounted for 23% of the costs. The unit shadow costs ranged between 1.41 and 3.69 euros/kg NOx-N depending on location of the vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Marie Gren
- Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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3
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Czajkowski M, Andersen HE, Blicher-Mathiesen G, Budziński W, Elofsson K, Hagemejer J, Hasler B, Humborg C, Smart JCR, Smedberg E, Thodsen H, Wąs A, Wilamowski M, Żylicz T, Hanley N. Increasing the cost-effectiveness of nutrient reduction targets using different spatial scales. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:147824. [PMID: 34380262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the potential gains in cost-effectiveness from changing the spatial scale at which nutrient reduction targets are set for the Baltic Sea, with particular focus on nutrient loadings from agriculture. The costs of achieving loading reductions are compared across five levels of spatial scale, namely the entire Baltic Sea; the marine basin level; the country level; the watershed level; and the grid square level. A novel highly-disaggregated model, which represents decreases in agricultural profits, changes in root zone N concentrations and transport to the Baltic Sea is used. The model includes 14 Baltic Sea marine basins, 14 countries, 117 watersheds and 19,023 10-by-10 km grid squares. The main result which emerges is that there is a large variation in the total cost of the program depending on the spatial scale of targeting: for example, for a 40% reduction in loads, the costs of a Baltic Sea-wide target is nearly three times lower than targets set at the smallest level of spatial scale (grid square). These results have important implications for both domestic and international policy design for achieving water quality improvements where non-point pollution is a key stressor of water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Czajkowski
- Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, Poland; Charles University, Environmental Center, Czechia.
| | - Hans E Andersen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Jan Hagemejer
- Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Berit Hasler
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Hans Thodsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Adam Wąs
- Institute of Economics and Finance, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Żylicz
- Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nick Hanley
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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4
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Gren IM. The economic value of mussel farming for uncertain nutrient removal in the Baltic Sea. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218023. [PMID: 31199831 PMCID: PMC6570029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mussel farming has been recognised as a low cost option for mitigating damage caused by eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. However, uncertain nutrient removal owing to weather and environmental conditions at the mussel farm site has not been previously considered. The purpose of this study was to estimate whether mussel farming has cost advantages even in conditions of uncertainty. To this end, the replacement cost method was used for the valuation of ecosystem services and a numerical cost minimisation model was constructed based on the safety-first approach to account for uncertainty in nutrient removal. This study showed that the value of mussel farming depends on the cost at the farm, and the impact on the mean and variability of nutrient removal in relation to other abatement measures. The study also pointed out the need of data on the decision makers’ risk attitudes and measurement of uncertainty. The application to the Baltic Sea showed that the total value of mussel farming increased from 0.34 billion Euro/year to 0.41 or 1.21 billion Euro when accounting for uncertainty depending on assumption of probability distribution. The increase was unevenly distributed between the Baltic Sea countries, with it found to be lower for countries equipped with highly productive mussel farms and long coastlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Marie Gren
- Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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5
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Viikmäe B, Soomere T. Temporal scales for nearshore hits of current-driven pollution in the Gulf of Finland. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 106:77-86. [PMID: 27004999 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lagrangian trajectories of water parcels reconstructed using the TRACMASS model from three-dimensional velocity fields by the RCO model for 1965-2004 are used to analyse the temporal scales and the probability for the hits to the nearshore by pollution originating from a major fairway in the Gulf of Finland and transported by surface currents. Increasing the simulation length from 10 to 20days induces a linear increase in particle age, but the pattern of nearshore hits remains the same. A reasonable benefit can be reached by relatively small shifts of certain parts of the present fairway in a few locations. The overall probabilities do not reveal any trend for 1965-2004. The largest changes in the nearshore hits are revealed for the proportion of hits to the opposite nearshore areas. This feature probably reflects an abrupt turn of the geostrophic air-flow over the southern Baltic Sea by ~40° since 1987.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Viikmäe
- Institute of Cybernetics at Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 21, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Tarmo Soomere
- Institute of Cybernetics at Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 21, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia.
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6
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Cunha DGF, Benassi SF, de Falco PB, Calijuri MDC. Trophic State Evolution and Nutrient Trapping Capacity in a Transboundary Subtropical Reservoir: A 25-Year Study. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 57:649-659. [PMID: 26604008 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Artificial reservoirs have been used for drinking water supply, other human activities, flood control and pollution abatement worldwide, providing overall benefits to downstream water quality. Most reservoirs in Brazil were built during the 1970s, but their long-term patterns of trophic status, water chemistry, and nutrient removal are still not very well characterized. We aimed to evaluate water quality time series (1985-2010) data from the riverine and lacustrine zones of the transboundary Itaipu Reservoir (Brazil/Paraguay). We examined total phosphorus and nitrogen, chlorophyll a concentrations, water transparency, and phytoplankton density to look for spatial and temporal trends and correlations with trophic state evolution and nutrient retention. There was significant temporal and spatial water quality variation (P < 0.01, ANCOVA). The results indicated that the water quality and structure of the reservoir were mainly affected by one internal force (hydrodynamics) and one external force (upstream cascading reservoirs). Nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations tended to be lower in the lacustrine zone and decreased over the 25-year timeframe. Reservoir operational features seemed to be limiting primary production and phytoplankton development, which exhibited a maximum density of 6050 org/mL. The relatively small nutrient concentrations in the riverine zone were probably related to the effect of the cascade reservoirs upstream of Itaipu and led to relatively low removal percentages. Our study suggested that water quality problems may be more pronounced immediately after the filling phase of the artificial reservoirs, associated with the initial decomposition of drowned vegetation at the very beginning of reservoir operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi Gasparini Fernandes Cunha
- Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13566-590, Brazil.
| | - Simone Frederigi Benassi
- Itaipu Binacional, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, 6731, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, CEP 85866-900, Brazil
| | | | - Maria do Carmo Calijuri
- Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13566-590, Brazil
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7
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Gachango FG, Pedersen SM, Kjaergaard C. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands (SFCW) for Nutrient Reduction in Drainage Discharge from Agricultural Fields in Denmark. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 56:1478-1486. [PMID: 26239649 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands have been proposed as cost-effective and more targeted technologies in the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorous water pollution in drainage losses from agricultural fields in Denmark. Using two pig farms and one dairy farm situated in a pumped lowland catchment as case studies, this paper explores the feasibility of implementing surface flow constructed wetlands (SFCW) based on their cost effectiveness. Sensitivity analysis is conducted by varying the cost elements of the wetlands in order to establish the most cost-effective scenario and a comparison with the existing nutrients reduction measures carried out. The analyses show that the cost effectiveness of the SFCW is higher in the drainage catchments with higher nutrient loads. The range of the cost effectiveness ratio on nitrogen reduction differs distinctively with that of catch crop measure. The study concludes that SFCW could be a better optimal nutrients reduction measure in drainage catchments characterized with higher nutrient loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Gachango
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rølighedsvej 25, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - S M Pedersen
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rølighedsvej 25, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - C Kjaergaard
- Department of Agroecology - Soil Physics and Hydropedology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
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8
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Czajkowski M, Ahtiainen H, Artell J, Budziński W, Hasler B, Hasselström L, Meyerhoff J, Nõmmann T, Semeniene D, Söderqvist T, Tuhkanen H, Lankia T, Vanags A, Zandersen M, Żylicz T, Hanley N. Valuing the commons: An international study on the recreational benefits of the Baltic Sea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 156:209-217. [PMID: 25846001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Baltic Sea provides benefits to all of the nine nations along its coastline, with some 85 million people living within the catchment area. Achieving improvements in water quality requires international cooperation. The likelihood of effective cooperation is known to depend on the distribution across countries of the benefits and costs of actions needed to improve water quality. In this paper, we estimate the benefits associated with recreational use of the Baltic Sea in current environmental conditions using a travel cost approach, based on data from a large, standardized survey of households in each of the 9 Baltic Sea states. Both the probability of engaging in recreation (participation) and the number of visits people make are modeled. A large variation in the number of trips and the extent of participation is found, along with large differences in current annual economic benefits from Baltic Sea recreation. The total annual recreation benefits are close to 15 billion EUR. Under a water quality improvement scenario, the proportional increases in benefits range from 7 to 18% of the current annual benefits across countries. Depending on how the costs of actions are distributed, this could imply difficulties in achieving more international cooperation to achieve such improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Czajkowski
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Dluga 44/50, 00241 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Heini Ahtiainen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Artell
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wiktor Budziński
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Dluga 44/50, 00241 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Berit Hasler
- Environmental Social Science Group, Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Linus Hasselström
- Enveco Environmental Economics Consultancy, Måsholmstorget 3, SE127 48 Skärholmen, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Meyerhoff
- Institute for Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, Technische Universitat Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tea Nõmmann
- Stockholm Environment Institute Tallinn Centre, Lai str 34, 10133 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Daiva Semeniene
- Center for Environmental Policy, Juozapavičiaus Str. 6/2, Building D, LT09310 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tore Söderqvist
- Enveco Environmental Economics Consultancy, Måsholmstorget 3, SE127 48 Skärholmen, Sweden
| | - Heidi Tuhkanen
- Stockholm Environment Institute Tallinn Centre, Lai str 34, 10133 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tuija Lankia
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alf Vanags
- Baltic International Centre for Economic Policy Studies, Strēlnieku iela 4a, LV1010 Riga, Latvia
| | - Marianne Zandersen
- Environmental Social Science Group, Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Żylicz
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Dluga 44/50, 00241 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nick Hanley
- Department of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, Irvine Building, North Street, KY16 9AL, Fife, St Andrews, Scotland, UK
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9
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Undeman E, Gustafsson BG, Humborg C, McLachlan MS. Application of a novel modeling tool with multistressor functionality to support management of organic contaminants in the Baltic Sea. AMBIO 2015; 44 Suppl 3:498-506. [PMID: 26022331 PMCID: PMC4447700 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Organic contaminants constitute one of many stressors that deteriorate the ecological status of the Baltic Sea. When managing environmental problems in this marine environment, it may be necessary to consider the interactions between various stressors to ensure that averting one problem does not exacerbate another. A novel modeling tool, BALTSEM-POP, is presented here that simulates interactions between climate forcing, hydrodynamic conditions, and water exchange, biogeochemical cycling, and organic contaminant transport and fate in the Baltic Sea. We discuss opportunities to use the model to support different aspects of chemicals management. We exemplify these opportunities with a case study where two emission-reduction strategies for a chemical used in personal care products (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane) are evaluated, and where the confounding influence of future climate change and eutrophication on the impact of the emission-reduction strategies are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Undeman
- />Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- />Baltic Sea Center/Baltic Nest Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo G. Gustafsson
- />Baltic Sea Center/Baltic Nest Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Humborg
- />Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- />Baltic Sea Center/Baltic Nest Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael S. McLachlan
- />Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Hyytiäinen K, Ahlvik L. Prospects for cost-efficient water protection in the Baltic Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 90:188-195. [PMID: 25467871 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the economic consequences of the nutrient load reductions agreed in the 2013 revision of the Baltic Sea Action Plan. The cost of meeting the targets set for waterborne sources was estimated to be 1980 MEUR annually. The 2013 revision is a step towards cost-efficient water protection: the cost of meeting the earlier targets would have been 328 MEUR (14%) higher, although the revised targets are now more ambitious with respect to phosphorus. We demonstrate that there is potential for efficiency gains by introducing flexibility mechanisms, such as 'joint implementation' to trans-boundary water protection. The potential gains can be as high as 280 MEUR (14%). The most flexible interpretation of the basin targets, one allowing Contracting Parties to account for reductions in other sea basins in proportion to their effect in the focal basin, could further reduce the total cost by 200 MEUR (12%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Hyytiäinen
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Lassi Ahlvik
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
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11
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Wulff F, Humborg C, Andersen HE, Blicher-Mathiesen G, Czajkowski M, Elofsson K, Fonnesbech-Wulff A, Hasler B, Hong B, Jansons V, Mörth CM, Smart JCR, Smedberg E, Stålnacke P, Swaney DP, Thodsen H, Was A, Zylicz T. Reduction of Baltic Sea nutrient inputs and allocation of abatement costs within the Baltic Sea catchment. AMBIO 2014; 43:11-25. [PMID: 24414801 PMCID: PMC3888655 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-013-0484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) requires tools to simulate effects and costs of various nutrient abatement strategies. Hierarchically connected databases and models of the entire catchment have been created to allow decision makers to view scenarios via the decision support system NEST. Increased intensity in agriculture in transient countries would result in increased nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea, particularly from Poland, the Baltic States, and Russia. Nutrient retentions are high, which means that the nutrient reduction goals of 135 000 tons N and 15 000 tons P, as formulated in the BSAP from 2007, correspond to a reduction in nutrient loadings to watersheds by 675 000 tons N and 158 000 tons P. A cost-minimization model was used to allocate nutrient reductions to measures and countries where the costs for reducing loads are low. The minimum annual cost to meet BSAP basin targets is estimated to 4.7 billion Euro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Wulff
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Baltic Nest Institute (BNI), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden,
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12
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Mostofa KMG, Liu CQ, Vione D, Gao K, Ogawa H. Sources, factors, mechanisms and possible solutions to pollutants in marine ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 182:461-478. [PMID: 23992682 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Algal toxins or red-tide toxins produced during algal blooms are naturally-derived toxic emerging contaminants (ECs) that may kill organisms, including humans, through contaminated fish or seafood. Other ECs produced either naturally or anthropogenically ultimately flow into marine waters. Pharmaceuticals are also an important pollution source, mostly due to overproduction and incorrect disposal. Ship breaking and recycle industries (SBRIs) can also release various pollutants and substantially deteriorate habitats and marine biodiversity. Overfishing is significantly increasing due to the global food crisis, caused by an increasing world population. Organic matter (OM) pollution and global warming (GW) are key factors that exacerbate these challenges (e.g. algal blooms), to which acidification in marine waters should be added as well. Sources, factors, mechanisms and possible remedial measures of these challenges to marine ecosystems are discussed, including their eventual impact on all forms of life including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan M G Mostofa
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 46 Guanshui Road, Guiyang 550002, China.
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13
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Lundberg C. Eutrophication, risk management and sustainability. The perceptions of different stakeholders in the northern Baltic Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 66:143-50. [PMID: 23174306 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental condition of the Baltic Sea is not only of concern for natural scientists. The awareness of the deteriorating state of the ecosystem has become an issue of interdisciplinary interest, and the amount of organizations with the marine environment and ecosystem health on the agenda is large. To present holistic and sustainable solutions and results of the actions taken, an active cooperation between all stakeholder groups and levels are needed. How different stakeholders in the northern Baltic Sea perceive the structures and assessments of the eutrophication were analyzed by semi-structured interviews with 17 stakeholders representing authorities, scientists, NGOs and national interest organizations. The focus was the view of the governance structures, risk assessment, management and communication. There was an overall consensus that eutrophication is a serious problem. Still variations in the opinions both within and between the stakeholder groups were seen. The scientists were most divergent from the rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lundberg
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland.
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