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Fourgeaud J, Turlure P, Dupont M, Veyrenche N, Busquet C, Alain S, Leruez‐Ville M, Dheilly NM, Frange P. Remdesivir for the Treatment of Human Coronavirus OC43 Encephalitis. J Med Virol 2025; 97:e70314. [PMID: 40108967 PMCID: PMC11923506 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.70314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2025] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is predominantly associated with mild respiratory infections. HCoV-OC43 also has neuroinvasive properties, and severe encephalitis has been described in immunocompromised patients, with fatal outcomes due to the lack of specific antiviral treatment. We report a case of severe febrile encephalitis attributed to HCoV-OC43 that progressively worsened over 3 months in a 65-year-old immunocompromised man. Clinical symptoms improved remarkably after treatment with remdesivir, with an increase of the Glasgow Coma Score from 8 to 14 within 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Fourgeaud
- Université Paris Cité, URP 7328 FETUSParisFrance
- Microbiology DepartmentAP‐HP, Hôpital Necker‐Enfants maladesParisFrance
| | - Pascal Turlure
- Hematology DepartmentLimoges University HospitalLimogesFrance
| | - Marine Dupont
- Microbiology DepartmentLimoges University HospitalLimogesFrance
| | - Nicolas Veyrenche
- Université Paris Cité, URP 7328 FETUSParisFrance
- Microbiology DepartmentAP‐HP, Hôpital Necker‐Enfants maladesParisFrance
| | | | - Sophie Alain
- Microbiology DepartmentLimoges University HospitalLimogesFrance
| | - Marianne Leruez‐Ville
- Université Paris Cité, URP 7328 FETUSParisFrance
- Microbiology DepartmentAP‐HP, Hôpital Necker‐Enfants maladesParisFrance
| | | | - Pierre Frange
- Université Paris Cité, URP 7328 FETUSParisFrance
- Microbiology DepartmentAP‐HP, Hôpital Necker‐Enfants maladesParisFrance
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Li M, Yang Y, Wang P, Que W, Zhong L, Cai Z, Liu Y, Yang L, Liu Y. Transcriptome dynamics of the BHK21 cell line in response to human coronavirus OC43 infection. Microbiol Res 2024; 285:127750. [PMID: 38761489 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The progress of viral infection involves numerous transcriptional regulatory events. The identification of the newly synthesized transcripts helps us to understand the replication mechanisms and pathogenesis of the virus. Here, we utilized a time-resolved technique called metabolic RNA labeling approach called thiol(SH)-linked alkylation for the metabolic sequencing of RNA (SLAM-seq) to differentially elucidate the levels of steady-state and newly synthesized RNAs of BHK21 cell line in response to human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) infection. Our results showed that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was significantly enriched with the newly synthesized transcripts of BHK21 cell line in response to HCoV-OC43 infection. Moreover, inhibition of the Wnt pathway promoted viral replication in the early stage of infection, but inhibited it in the later stage of infection. Furthermore, remdesivir inhibits the upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway induced by early infection with HCoV-OC43. Collectively, our study showed the diverse roles of Wnt/β-catenin pathway at different stages of HCoV-OC43 infection, suggesting a potential target for the antiviral treatment. In addition, although infection with HCoV-OC43 induces cytopathic effects in BHK21 cells, inhibiting apoptosis does not affect the intracellular replication of the virus. Monitoring newly synthesized RNA based on such time-resolved approach is a highly promising method for studying the mechanism of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianhuan Li
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China; Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, People's Republic of China
| | - Pusen Wang
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, People's Republic of China
| | - Weitao Que
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Cai
- Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co.,Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China; Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang M, Leong MW, Mitch WA, Blish CA, Boehm A. Persistence and free chlorine disinfection of human coronaviruses and their surrogates in water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0005524. [PMID: 38511945 PMCID: PMC11022552 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00055-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic illustrates the importance of understanding the behavior and control of human pathogenic viruses in the environment. Exposure via water (drinking, bathing, and recreation) is a known route of transmission of viruses to humans, but the literature is relatively void of studies on the persistence of many viruses, especially coronaviruses, in water and their susceptibility to chlorine disinfection. To fill that knowledge gap, we evaluated the persistence and free chlorine disinfection of human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and its surrogates, murine hepatitis virus (MHV) and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), in drinking water and laboratory buffer using cell culture methods. The decay rate constants of human coronavirus and its surrogates in water varied, depending on virus and water matrix. In drinking water without disinfectant addition, MHV showed the largest decay rate constant (estimate ± standard error, 2.25 ± 0.09 day-1) followed by HCoV-OC43 (0.99 ± 0.12 day-1) and TGEV (0.65 ± 0.06 day-1), while in phosphate buffer without disinfectant addition, HCoV-OC43 (0.51 ± 0.10 day-1) had a larger decay rate constant than MHV (0.28 ± 0.03 day-1) and TGEV (0.24 ± 0.02 day-1). Upon free chlorine disinfection, the inactivation rates of coronaviruses were independent of free chlorine concentration and were not affected by water matrix, though they still varied between viruses. TGEV showed the highest susceptibility to free chlorine disinfection with the inactivation rate constant of 113.50 ± 7.50 mg-1 min-1 L, followed by MHV (81.33 ± 4.90 mg-1 min-1 L) and HCoV-OC43 (59.42 ± 4.41 mg-1 min-1 L). IMPORTANCE This study addresses an important knowledge gap on enveloped virus persistence and disinfection in water. Results have immediate practical applications for shaping evidence-based water policies, particularly in the development of disinfection strategies for pathogenic virus control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michelle Wei Leong
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - William A. Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Catherine A. Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alexandria Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Park H, Kim KR, Huh HJ, Yoon Y, Park E, Cho J, Lee J, Lee J, Kim JH, Kim YJ. Complications of the Central Nervous System in Pediatric Patients With Common Cold Coronavirus Infection During 2014-2019. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e358. [PMID: 38013644 PMCID: PMC10681840 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pediatric patients, the common cold coronavirus (ccCoV) usually causes mild respiratory illness. There are reports of coronavirus causing central nervous system (CNS) infection in experimental animal models. Some immunocompromised patients have also been reported to have fatal CNS infections with ccCoV. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of CNS complications related to ccCoV infection. METHODS From January 2014 to December 2019, a retrospective analysis was performed of medical records from hospitalized patients under 19 years of age whose ccCoV was detected through polymerase chain reaction in respiratory specimens. The CNS complications were defined as clinically diagnosed seizure, meningitis, encephalopathy, and encephalitis. RESULTS A total of 436 samples from 420 patients were detected as ccCoV. Among the 420 patients, 269 patients were immunocompetent and 151 patients were immunocompromised. The most common type of ccCoV was OC43 (52% in immunocompetent, 37% in immunocompromised). CNS complications were observed in 9.4% (41/436). The most common type of CNS complication was the fever-provoked seizure under pre-existing neurologic disease (42% in immunocompetent and 60% in immunocompromised patients). Among patients with CNS complications, two immunocompetent patients required intensive care unit admission due to encephalitis. Three patients without underlying neurological disease started anti-seizure medications for the first time at this admission. There was no death related to ccCoV infection. CONCLUSION ccCoV infection may cause severe clinical manifestations such as CNS complications or neurologic sequelae, even in previously healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwanhee Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ran Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoonsun Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Esther Park
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joongbum Cho
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeehun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yae-Jean Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Deb N, Roy P, Biswakarma A, Mary T, Mahajan S, Khan J, Shah A. Neurological Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Mpox in Pediatric Patients and Their Management: A State-of-the-Art Systematic Review. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 146:65-78. [PMID: 37441883 PMCID: PMC10195769 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increasing number of cases being reported of neurological manifestations of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and Monkeypox (Mpox), both during the course of the infection and as a presenting symptom. We aim to review the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and monkeypox in pediatric patients and their management. METHODS We conducted a systematic review that included cohort studies and case series or reports involving a pediatric population of patients with a confirmed COVID-19 or Mpox infection and their neurological manifestations. We searched the following electronic databases: PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus. RESULTS From 1136 articles identified, 127 studies were included. Headache, stroke, Guillain-Barré syndrome, seizure, nerve palsies, and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children were the most common neurological symptoms caused by COVID-19, whereas encephalitis was commonly seen in patients with Mpox. Rare neurological manifestations of COVID-19 included cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, plexopathies, demyelinating disorders, encephalitis, etc., and rare neurological manifestations of Mpox included headache. CONCLUSIONS Our review highlights the importance of investigating possible neurological manifestations and closely monitoring these patients to develop a better understanding of the treatment strategies that can be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novonil Deb
- North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal, India
| | - Poulami Roy
- North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal, India.
| | | | - Therese Mary
- Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanah Mahajan
- Government Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Javeria Khan
- Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Aatam Shah
- Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
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Kim MI, Lee C. Human Coronavirus OC43 as a Low-Risk Model to Study COVID-19. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020578. [PMID: 36851792 PMCID: PMC9965565 DOI: 10.3390/v15020578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had irreversible and devastating impacts on every aspect of human life. To better prepare for the next similar pandemic, a clear understanding of coronavirus biology is a prerequisite. Nevertheless, the high-risk nature of the causative agent of COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), requires the use of a cumbersome biosafety level-3 (BSL-3) confinement facility. To facilitate the development of preventive and therapeutic measures against SARS-CoV-2, one of the endemic strains of low-risk coronaviruses has gained attention as a useful research alternative: human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43). In this review, its history, classification, and clinical manifestations are first summarized. The characteristics of its viral genomes, genes, and evolution process are then further explained. In addition, the host factors necessary to support the life cycle of HCoV-OC43 and the innate, as well as adaptive, immunological responses to HCoV-OC43 infection are discussed. Finally, the development of in vitro and in vivo systems to study HCoV-OC43 and its application to the discovery of potential antivirals for COVID-19 by using HCoV-OC43 models are also presented. This review should serve as a concise guide for those who wish to use HCoV-OC43 to study coronaviruses in a low-risk research setting.
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Abstract
The existence of coronaviruses has been known for many years. These viruses cause significant disease that primarily seems to affect agricultural species. Human coronavirus disease due to the 2002 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and the 2012 outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome made headlines; however, these outbreaks were controlled, and public concern quickly faded. This complacency ended in late 2019 when alarms were raised about a mysterious virus responsible for numerous illnesses and deaths in China. As we now know, this novel disease called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and rapidly became a worldwide pandemic. Luckily, decades of research into animal coronaviruses hastened our understanding of the genetics, structure, transmission, and pathogenesis of these viruses. Coronaviruses infect a wide range of wild and domestic animals, with significant economic impact in several agricultural species. Their large genome, low dependency on host cellular proteins, and frequent recombination allow coronaviruses to successfully cross species barriers and adapt to different hosts including humans. The study of the animal diseases provides an understanding of the virus biology and pathogenesis and has assisted in the rapid development of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Here, we briefly review the classification, origin, etiology, transmission mechanisms, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies, including available vaccines, for coronaviruses that affect domestic, farm, laboratory, and wild animal species. We also briefly describe the coronaviruses that affect humans. Expanding our knowledge of this complex group of viruses will better prepare us to design strategies to prevent and/or minimize the impact of future coronavirus outbreaks.
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Key Words
- bcov, bovine coronavirus
- ccov, canine coronavirus
- cov(s), coronavirus(es)
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- crcov, canine respiratory coronavirus
- e, coronaviral envelope protein
- ecov, equine coronavirus
- fcov, feline coronavirus
- fipv, feline infectious peritonitis virus
- gfcov, guinea fowl coronavirus
- hcov, human coronavirus
- ibv, infectious bronchitis virus
- m, coronaviral membrane protein
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
- mhv, mouse hepatitis virus
- pedv, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
- pdcov, porcine deltacoronavirus
- phcov, pheasant coronavirus
- phev, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus
- prcov, porcine respiratory coronavirus
- rt-pcr, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
- s, coronaviral spike protein
- sads-cov, swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus–2
- tcov, turkey coronavirus
- tgev, transmissible gastroenteritis virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso S Gozalo
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;,
| | - Tannia S Clark
- Office of Laboratory Animal Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David M Kurtz
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina
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Hickerson BT, Sheikh F, Donnelly RP, Ilyushina NA. Comparison of the Antiviral Activity of Remdesivir, Chloroquine, and Interferon-β as Single or Dual Agents Against the Human Beta-Coronavirus OC43. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2023; 43:35-42. [PMID: 36651846 PMCID: PMC9885548 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The human beta-coronavirus strain, OC43, provides a useful model for testing the antiviral activity of various agents. We compared the activity of several antiviral drugs against OC43, including remdesivir, chloroquine, interferon (IFN)-β, IFN-λ1, and IFN-λ4, in two distinct cell types: human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT-8 cells) and normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. We also tested whether these agents mediate additive, synergistic, or antagonistic activity against OC43 infection when used in combination. When used as single agents, remdesivir exhibited stronger antiviral activity than chloroquine, and IFN-β exhibited stronger activity than IFN-λ1 or IFN-λ4 against OC43 in both HCT-8 and NHBE cells. Anakinra (IL-1 inhibitor) and tocilizumab (IL-6 inhibitor) did not mediate any antiviral activity. The combination of IFN-β plus chloroquine or remdesivir resulted in higher synergy scores and higher expression of IFN-stimulated genes than did IFN-β alone. In contrast, the combination of remdesivir plus chloroquine resulted in an antagonistic interaction in NHBE cells. Our findings indicate that the combined use of IFN-β plus remdesivir or chloroquine induces maximal antiviral activity against human coronavirus strain OC43 in primary human respiratory epithelial cells. Furthermore, our experimental OC43 virus infection model provides an excellent method for evaluating the biological activity of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady T. Hickerson
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Faruk Sheikh
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Raymond P. Donnelly
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Natalia A. Ilyushina
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Address correspondence to: Dr. Natalia A. Ilyushina, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Zhao L, Qin X, Lin T, Xie F, Yao L, Li Y, Xiong B, Xu Z, Ye Y, Chen H, Qiu SX. Multi-target mechanisms against coronaviruses of constituents from Chinese Dagang Tea revealed by experimental and docking studies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 297:115528. [PMID: 35835344 PMCID: PMC9273292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The leaves of Eurya chinensis(Chinese Dagang Tea)have been consumed as herbal tea for centuries in Guangdong, China, and have also been used to prevent influenza and treat colds and fevers in traditional Chinese medicine. However, there are no reports on the chemical profile and efficacy of its leaves for the treatment of fever and viral infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical constituents of Eurya chinensis leaves were isolated and identified by phytochemical study and spectroscopic data, E. chinensis extracts and compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities by cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction and antibody-based EC50 assay. The antiviral effect of the main component was confirmed by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Virtual screening and docking enzyme inhibition experiments were performed to analyze the anti-coronavirus mechanisms of the compounds from E. chinensis leaves. RESULTS In this study, we found for the first time that E. chinensis leaf extract exhibited inhibitory effects against coronaviruses HCoV-OC43 in vitro. Among 23 monomer compounds isolated from E. chinensis leaf extract, the triterpenoids (betulinic acid, α-amyrin) and the flavonoids (naringenin, eriodictyol and quercetin) showed marked antiviral activity. Microscopic optical analyses further demonstrated that betulinic acid can remove virus particles from HCoV-OC43 infected cells. Virtual screening and docking analysis towards the coronavirus in vogue revealed that betulinic acid was able to bind well to PLpro and Nsp14N7-MTase, and that the flavonoids prefer to bind with PLpro, Nsp3MES, NspP14N7-MTase, Nsp16GTA, and Nsp16SAM. The enzyme inhibition experiments demonstrated that betulinic acid (1) exhibited significant inhibition of PLpro and N7-MTase activity of SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSION This study proposes E. chinensis and its triterpenoids and flavonoids as promising potential treatments for coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Xubing Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Tingting Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Fuda Xie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Liyuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yulin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Binhong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Yongchang Ye
- Dongguan Natural Reserve Service Center of Guangdong Province, Dongguan, 523000, PR China
| | - Hongfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Sheng-Xiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China.
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Channappanavar R, Selvaraj M, More S, Perlman S. Alveolar macrophages protect mice from MERS-CoV-induced pneumonia and severe disease. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:627-638. [PMID: 35499307 PMCID: PMC11992969 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221095270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging human coronaviruses (hCoVs) cause severe respiratory illness in humans, but the basis for lethal pneumonia in these diseases is not well understood. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are key orchestrators of host antiviral defense and tissue tolerance during a variety of respiratory infections, and AM dysfunction is associated with severe COVID-19. In this study, using a mouse model of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, we examined the role of AMs in MERS pathogenesis. Our results show that depletion of AMs using clodronate (CL) liposomes significantly increased morbidity and mortality in human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 knock-in (hDPP4-KI) mice. Detailed examination of control and AM-depleted lungs at different days postinfection revealed increased neutrophil activity but a significantly reduced MERS-CoV-specific CD4 T-cell response in AM-deficient lungs during later stages of infection. Furthermore, enhanced MERS severity in AM-depleted mice correlated with lung inflammation and lesions. Collectively, these data demonstrate that AMs are critical for the development of an optimal virus-specific T-cell response and controlling excessive inflammation during MERS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudragouda Channappanavar
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK, 74078
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74084
| | - Muneeswaran Selvaraj
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK, 74078
| | - Sunil More
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK, 74078
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74084
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa. Iowa City, IA 52242
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Tan HY, Yong YK, Xue YC, Liu H, Furihata T, Shankar EM, Ng CS. cGAS and DDX41-STING mediated intrinsic immunity spreads intercellularly to promote neuroinflammation in SOD1 ALS model. iScience 2022; 25:104404. [PMID: 35712074 PMCID: PMC9194172 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation exacerbates the progression of SOD1-driven amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), although the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that misfolded SOD1 (SOD1Mut)-causing ALS results in mitochondrial damage, thus triggering the release of mtDNA and an RNA:DNA hybrid into the cytosol in an mPTP-independent manner to activate IRF3- and IFNAR-dependent type I interferon (IFN-I) and interferon-stimulating genes. The neuronal hyper-IFN-I and pro-inflammatory responses triggered in ALS-SOD1Mut were sufficiently robust to cause a strong physiological outcome in vitro and in vivo. cGAS/DDX41-STING-signaling is amplified in bystander cells through inter-neuronal gap junctions. Our results highlight the importance of a common DNA-sensing pathway between SOD1 and TDP-43 in influencing the progression of ALS. Constitutive basal activation of IFN-I was found in the SOD1-ALS animal model SOD1-ALS damaged mitochondria to release mtDNA and RNA:DNA to activate the STING-pathway Blocking cGAS and STING diminishes neurodegeneration in vivo in the SOD1-ALS model Connexin and pannexin channels are required to propagate neuroinflammation in SOD1-ALS
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yien Tan
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yean Kong Yong
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yuan Chao Xue
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Huitao Liu
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tomomi Furihata
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Esaki Muthu Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Chen Seng Ng
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
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12
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Valizadeh N, Rudmann E, Solomon IH, Mukerji SS. Mechanisms of Entry Into the Central Nervous System by Neuroinvasive Pathogens. J Neuroophthalmol 2022; 42:163-172. [PMID: 35195546 PMCID: PMC9124664 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature on neurological manifestations, cerebrospinal fluid analyses, and autopsies in patients with COVID-19 continues to grow. The proposed mechanisms for neurological disease in patients with COVID-19 include indirect processes such as inflammation, microvascular injury, and hypoxic-ischemic damage. An alternate hypothesis suggests direct viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, given varying reports regarding isolation of viral components from these anatomical sites. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed, Google Scholar databases, and neuroanatomical textbooks were manually searched and reviewed. RESULTS We provide clinical concepts regarding the mechanisms of viral pathogen invasion in the central nervous system (CNS); advances in our mechanistic understanding of CNS invasion in well-known neurotropic pathogens can aid in understanding how viruses evolve strategies to enter brain parenchyma. We also present the structural components of CNS compartments that influence viral entry, focusing on hematogenous and transneuronal spread, and discuss this evidence as it relates to our understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). CONCLUSIONS Although there is a paucity of data supporting direct viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 in humans, increasing our knowledge of the structural components of CNS compartments that block viral entry and pathways exploited by pathogens is fundamental to preparing clinicians and researchers for what to expect when a novel emerging virus with neurological symptoms establishes infection in the CNS, and how to design therapeutics to mitigate such an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Valizadeh
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neuro-infectious Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- John C Lincoln Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Emily Rudmann
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neuro-infectious Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Isaac H. Solomon
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Shibani S. Mukerji
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neuro-infectious Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Ngai HW, Kim DH, Hammad M, Gutova M, Aboody K, Cox CD. Stem Cell-based therapies for COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:2483-2504. [PMID: 35426198 PMCID: PMC9077311 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As the number of confirmed cases and resulting death toll of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to increase around the globe - especially with the emergence of new mutations of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in addition to the known alpha, beta, gamma, delta and omicron variants - tremendous efforts continue to be dedicated to the development of interventive therapeutics to mitigate infective symptoms or post-viral sequelae in individuals for which vaccines are not accessible, viable or effective in the prevention of illness. Many of these investigations aim to target the associated acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS, which induces damage to lung epithelia and other physiologic systems and is associated with progression in severe cases. Recently, stem cell-based therapies have demonstrated preliminary efficacy against ARDS based on a number of preclinical and preliminary human safety studies, and based on promising outcomes are now being evaluated in phase II clinical trials for ARDS. A number of candidate stem cell therapies have been found to exhibit low immunogenicity, coupled with inherent tropism to injury sites. In recent studies, these have demonstrated the ability to modulate suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine signals such as those characterizing COVID-19-associated ARDS. Present translational studies are aiming to optimize the safety, efficacy and delivery to fully validate stem cell-based strategies targeting COVID-19 associated ARDS for viable clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Wa Ngai
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineCity of Hope Beckman Research InstituteDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dae Hong Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineCity of Hope Beckman Research InstituteDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mohamed Hammad
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineCity of Hope Beckman Research InstituteDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Margarita Gutova
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineCity of Hope Beckman Research InstituteDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Karen Aboody
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineCity of Hope Beckman Research InstituteDuarteCaliforniaUSA
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14
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Chen Y, Wang X, Shi H, Zou P. Montelukast Inhibits HCoV-OC43 Infection as a Viral Inactivator. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050861. [PMID: 35632604 PMCID: PMC9143845 DOI: 10.3390/v14050861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) consist of a large group of RNA viruses causing various diseases in humans and in lots of animals. Human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43, the prototype of beta-coronavirus discovered in the 1960s, has been circulating in humans for long time, and infection with other emerging strains of beta-coronavirus (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV) can lead to severe illness and death. In this study, we found that montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, potently inhibited the infection of HCoV-OC43 in distinct cells in a dose- and time- dependent manner. Additionally, the results showed that montelukast induced release of HCoV-OC43 genomic RNA by disrupting the integrity of the viral lipid membrane, and irreversibly inhibited viral infection. Considering the similarity among HCoV-OC43, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, it suggests that montelukast may be a potential candidate for the treatment of human beta-coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peng Zou
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-3799-0333 (ext. 5273)
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15
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Bohmwald K, Andrade CA, Gálvez NMS, Mora VP, Muñoz JT, Kalergis AM. The Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:755875. [PMID: 34916908 PMCID: PMC8668867 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.755875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports regarding brain inflammation, known as encephalitis, have shown an increasing frequency during the past years. Encephalitis is a relevant concern to public health due to its high morbidity and mortality. Infectious or autoimmune diseases are the most common cause of encephalitis. The clinical symptoms of this pathology can vary depending on the brain zone affected, with mild ones such as fever, headache, confusion, and stiff neck, or severe ones, such as seizures, weakness, hallucinations, and coma, among others. Encephalitis can affect individuals of all ages, but it is frequently observed in pediatric and elderly populations, and the most common causes are viral infections. Several viral agents have been described to induce encephalitis, such as arboviruses, rhabdoviruses, enteroviruses, herpesviruses, retroviruses, orthomyxoviruses, orthopneumovirus, and coronaviruses, among others. Once a neurotropic virus reaches the brain parenchyma, the resident cells such as neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, can be infected, promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and the subsequent immune cell infiltration that leads to brain damage. After resolving the viral infection, the local immune response can remain active, contributing to long-term neuropsychiatric disorders, neurocognitive impairment, and degenerative diseases. In this article, we will discuss how viruses can reach the brain, the impact of viral encephalitis on brain function, and we will focus especially on the neurocognitive sequelae reported even after viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A Andrade
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina P Mora
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José T Muñoz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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